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This research includes the hiking trails of Istria County as an element in the slow tourism supply. The official tourist supply of hiking trails managed by the Istrian Tourism Development Agency was analysed. The supply includes 84 trails with a total length of 859.4 kilometres, classified into six hiking regions. The objectives of the research were to determine the spatial layout and tourism supply of hiking trails as an element of slow tourism development in Istria County. Further objectives were to propose a more purposeful regionalization of existing trails as well as the distribution and definition of non-valorized trails. A complex method of field research of trails was used, including the methods of participant observation, autoethnography and mapping with the support of GIS. The hiking regions Rovinj and Poreč-Vrsar have the best tourism supply and opportunities for slow tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complete and fully developed theory of all optical phenomena (refraction, reflection, absorption, and transparency) and the corresponding optical properties of ultrathin crystalline films (optical indices) are presented in this paper, especially along the direction in which the structure is spatially limited (perpendicular to surfaces). While these indices depend on the position of the crystallographic plane (where the mentioned optical phenomena occur) with respect to the two interfaces, these values can be measured/ determined in experiments only for the film as a whole. For these reasons, it is important to answer the question of how to define these optical indices precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the Monte Paradiso hardcore punk festival in the city of Pula as an important subcultural event for the punk scene and its impact on tourism. The research aims to determine the importance of the festival in relation to tourism supply and the specific spatial features of this event. Pula was a military and industrial city, but it later became famous as a festival destination. In the summer of 1992, a group of punk enthusiasts organized the first Monte Paradiso festival. The event took place in an abandoned Austro-Hungarian fortress. That venue hosted the festival every summer from 1992 to 2000. The festival programme attracted numerous punk fans, but its impact on tourism was irrelevant. Since 2001, the festival has been organized in the Karlo Rojc Community Centre, housed in a former Yugoslav army building in the Monte Zaro urban district. The findings indicate that the festival has become a part of the city's tourist promotion and the rebranding of Pula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the spatial layout and possibilities of the antifascism tangible heritage for memorial tourism development in the municipalities and towns of Southern Istria. In the first half of the 20th century, the antifascist struggle in Istria was a crucial part of several political turning points. Those historical turning points had far-reaching consequences and, for the most part, were marked by armed conflicts, individual and mass human casualties and terror over the population. The motive of travel in memorial tourism here is to visit the places where these tragic events occurred and commemorate the victims. The aim of the research was to determine the geographical distribution of the antifascism tangible heritage in Southern Istria and their suitability for the development of memorial tourism. An additional objective was to propose thematic routes of memorial tourism in Southern Istrian municipalities and towns. Methods of analyses of historical research, fieldwork, participant observation, spatial and GIS analysis were used. The survey indicated that six South Istrian municipalities and two towns have 167 well-preserved and marked tangible antifascism monuments. The largest number of monuments are located in the central district of the city of Pula. The main contribution of this article was to provide re-evaluation of antifascism tangible heritage as the potential resource for the memorial tourism development as the innovation in the tourism supply of Istria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to determine the state and development perspectives of tourism in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the example of the municipality of Vrsar. This municipality is part of the tourist micro-region Poreč-Vrsar Littoral on the western coast of Istria and is a typical destination of high tourism intensity with a strong concentration of tourist arrivals and overnight stays in the summer season. The research procedure included the analysis of statistical indicators of the Tourist Board of the municipality of Vrsar, a complex method of field research and participant observation, and the method of interview with a representative of the Tourist Board. The paper discusses the changes in the tourism of the municipality that have occurred as a result of the pandemic and trends in future development. The number of tourist arrivals in the pandemic 2020 decreased compared to 2019 by 60%, and the number of overnight stays by 56%. At the same time, the arrivals of non-commercial tourists decreased by 15%, and overnight stays by 20%. The structure of guests by country of origin in the conditions of the pandemic remained unchanged. With the end of the pandemic, tourism is expected to resume at the previous levels of tourist arrivals and overnight stays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the geographical features and potential of memorial tourism development in the tourism region of Istria in Croatia. In the past century, Istria has had several political and socio-economic turning points, with far-reaching consequences for its overall development. For the most part, the historical turning points in the 20th century in Istria were marked by armed conflict, followed by individual and mass human casualties, terror, and the persecution of the population. The motive of travel in memorial tourism here is to visit the places where these tragic events occurred. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the geographical distribution of potential sites in Istria suitable for the development of memorial tourism. An additional objective was to propose thematic routes of memorial tourism in the areas of Istrian towns and municipalities. A secondary aim of this research was to provide a geographical contribution to the scientific evaluation of memorial tourism in Croatian tourism regions, with proposals for measures in the planning of the development of this form of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The nature of transmission and distribution networks has drastically changed over the last several decades, due to a high penetration of electronically interfaced energy resources (EIERs). Consequently, the complexity of the operation and the management of these networks have considerably increased. This strongly affected the energy management systems and distribution management systems, especially the power flow calculation as their basic power application. Electronically interfaced energy resources can employ a wide range of control strategies that cannot be represented with traditional single‐phase bus types used for traditional alternating current machines in a symmetrical operation. Power flow is the main subject of this paper, and the main objectives are as follows: (i) to prove that the traditional bus classification—θV (slack bus), PQ, and PV—is not sufficient for an unbalanced power flow formulation and the calculation of emerging large‐scale unbalanced electric networks containing traditional alternating current machines and particularly EIERs; (ii) to introduce a new bus classification suitable for the power flow modeling and calculation of these networks; and (iii) to present a robust and accurate unbalanced power flow method based on the new bus classification and a bus type inspection principle. Numerical tests show that the developed power flow method can be successfully applied in the on‐line calculation mode of both energy management system and distribution management system dealing with large‐scale networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist intensity in Croatia's leading tourist destinations will be analysed here. 25 tourist towns and municipalities were selected, with the criteria that they achieved more than one million overnight stays in 2016. According to geographical distribution there are ten such locations in Istria, six in the Kvarner region, eight in Dalmatia, and one in central Croatia. In 2016, these leading tourist towns and municipalities had 48% of tourist beds for commercial accommodation in their offers, and collectively achieved 57% of all tourist arrivals and 54% of all overnight stays in the Republic of Croatia. In this analysis of tourist intensity the following indicators were used: the total number of tourist beds, the total number of tourist arrivals, the total number of tourist overnight stays, and an approximation of the population number in municipalities and cities at the end of 2016 according to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, as well as the area of municipalities and cities according to the data of the State Geodetic Administration. The data cited here were used in order to calculate the tourist intensity rate (TIR), the tourist penetration rate (TPR) according to the total number of total tourist overnight says, the tourism density rate (TDR) which calculates tourism density according to the total number of tourist arrivals and overnight stays, and coefficient of tourist functionality (CTF). The results of this analysis derived from the evaluation of every different percentage all showed that the greatest tourist intensity among all the leading towns and municipalities in the Republic of Croatia are in the municipalities of Funtana and Tar-Vabriga on the west coast of Istria, as well as the Municipality of Medulin in the furthest south of Istria. According to these percentages, the smallest intensity is in the largest cities such as Zagreb, Šibenik and Zadar. Field research and an interview with the representative of the tourist board of the Municipality of Funtana showed that tourist intensity did not endanger the sustainability of this municipality, that it strengthened the local economy by encouraging employment, stimulated the preservation of traditions, and that there were no conflicting relationships between tourists and the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this work is field research as a complex method of the methodological system of tourism geography, a scientific discipline of human geography. Tourism as a geographical phenomenon is researched here as a complex dynamic system in constant flux and transformation. The complexity of tourism is to be found in its spatial, socio-economical, political, cultural, psychological, historical, administrative, legal, organisational and other components, which are all interconnected in geographical space, and thus compliment and oppose each other, thereby transforming the cultural landscape of a tourist region. This work will single out basic characteristics of fieldwork: complexity, all-inclusiveness, depth and the use of triangular procedures and methods. Triangular methods and procedures such methods of observation as individual interviews and focus groups, questionnaires, landscape mapping, photo and video recording as well participatory observation. Furthermore, special focus will be placed on the three separate stages of field research: the preparatory, executing and concluding phase. Student achievements at the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate level in the study of geography by applying practical field examinations will be suggested here: the aim of this is to increase competence in applied research and other projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this work is the analysis of abiotic and ecological indicators to investigate environmental sustainability of tourism in Inner Istria, which consists of 24 municipalities and towns. Five quantitative indicators were chosen, respecting the criteria of availability, reliability, predictability, clarity and feasibility. Within the first indicator, "protected natural areas", the greatest share of natural areas under protection was established in the Municipality of Lupoglav. Indicators "overall tourists' water consumption" and "maximum water consumption in tourism industry" have confirmed the low share of tourists' consumption of drinking water in all municipalities and towns in Inner Istria. The analysis of the fourth indicator, "the share of tourist accommodation facilities and connection to the sewerage system", showed that ten municipalities and towns have such facilities on their territories. The fifth indicator analyzed "resorts with tourist accommodation facilities and their coverage with recycling containers for selective municipal waste disposal" and showed that a part of the settlements in the twelve municipalities and towns had this kind of containers. All accommodation facilities in the municipality of Grožnjan have recycling containers. Qualitative indicators realized through problemoriented interviews with experts in the Istrian water-company and municipal companies, and field researches have confirmed the quantitative indicators. The conclusion derived from the interviews is that tourism is currently in its initial stages of development that does not disturb the regular water supply and waste disposal. Finally, the results of this study confirmed the hypothesis that Inner Istria is a region for ecologically sustainable tourism whose touristification does not threaten the protected natural area, water resources and water supply, wastewater and municipal waste disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cilj ovoga rada je analizom abiotičko-ekoloških indikatora istražiti ekološku održivost turizma na prostoru unutrašnje Istre koju čine 24 općine i grada. Poštujući kriterije dostupnosti, pouzdanosti, prediktivnosti, jasnoće i izvodljivosti odabrano je pet kvantitativnih indikatora. Prvim indikatorom zaštićena priroda utvrđen je najveći udjel prirode pod zaštitom u površini općine Lupoglav. Indikatorima ukupna potrošnje vode turista i maksimalna moguća potrošnja vode u turizmu potvrđeni su niski udjeli turističke potrošnje pitke vode u svim općinama i gradovima unutrašnje Istre. Analiza četvrtog indikatora udjel smještajnih turističkih kapaciteta s priključkom na kanalizacijsku mrežu pokazala je da 10 općina i gradova imaju takve objekte na svojem teritoriju. Petim indikatorom analizirana su naselja sa smještajnim objektima i njihova pokrivenost reciklažnim otocima za selektivno zbrinjavanje komunalnog otpada te je utvrđeno da dio naselja u 12 općina i gradova imaju takav način zbrinjavanja. Potpunu pokrivenost imaju smještajni objekti na prostoru općine Grožnjan. Kvantitativni indikatori potvrđeni su kvalitativnim indikatorom ostvarenim kroz problemski usmjerene intervjue sa stručnim osobama iz istarskih vodovoda i komunalnih poduzeća te terenskim istraživanjem. Zaključak proistekao iz tih intervjua je da je turizam u začecima razvoja koji ne remeti redovitu opskrbu vodom i zbrinjavanje otpada. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su hipotezu prema kojoj je unutrašnja Istra regija ekološki održivog turizma čija turistifikacija ne ugrožava zaštićenu prirodu, vodne resurse i vodoopskrbu te zbrinjavanje otpadnih voda i komunalnog otpada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the stagnation of a tourist destination taking the example of Pula, Istria's largest urban economic centre. The paper aims to explore the causes of stagnation as one of the stages within the life cycle of a tourist destination and suggest measures for revitalization of tourism and the attraction basis that the tourism development has been based upon. The most intensive tourism development had been recorded from 1981 to 1990, and was interrupted by the Homeland War and post-war reconstruction. Compared to the pre-war period, the number of beds in the city decreased by 14% from 2001 to 2010, the number of tourists decreased by 18% and there were 42% less overnight stays. Pula is not a typical example of a destination going through a stagnation stage, as its stagnation had not been caused by surpassing the capacity of the attraction basis or accommodation facilities. The most important causes of stagnation have been the decrease in the number of tourists from states created after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, development of neighbouring destinations, neglect of its real attraction basis, decrease in quality and the shutting down of accommodation facilities. Measures fortourism revitalization would include revalorization of the existing segment of the attraction basis, which would include stronger development of cultural tourism products, tourism valorisation of military facilities and former military terrains, enabling Pula to gain more affirmation as a tourist destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]