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ABSTRACT Brazil boasts a vast variety of environmental conditions conducive to maize cultivation. Given the various maize hybrids available in the Brazilian market, properly selecting and positioning different genetic materials are critical for successful grain production. Thus, this study aimed to determine the adaptability and stability of different maize hybrids, comparing the Eberhart and Russell and AMMI models, to guide the positioning of these maize hybrids in subtropical regions. A randomized block experimental design with six hybrids and three replicates was used. The experimental environments were defined by combinations of factors such as location, sowing time, fungicide management and irrigation, resulting in 12 distinct environments. Notably, the two models largely agree. For instance, the AG 9025 PRO3 hybrid showed a high yield during early sowing under favorable conditions, whereas the AS 1730 PRO3 and DKB 230 PRO3 hybrids had good yields even under unfavorable conditions. The main limitation of the Eberhart and Russell model is its limited ability to interpret stability, classifying hybrids only as having high or low predictability, limiting the detailed interpretation of stability. Conversely, the AMMI model offers a more detailed analysis of stability, allowing the interpretation of hybrid stability within a broader set and presenting information graphically, which facilitates understanding and enables a more comprehensive and accurate analysis for the appropriate positioning of maize hybrids.

ABSTRACT The flaxseed is little explored under Brazilian cultivation conditions, generating a gap in information about the appropriate management of the crop, in the country. Hence, the objective was to find the appropriate dose of nitrogen for the development of the variables: technical length, yield length, main stem diameter, number of grains per pod, plant grain yield, and plant dry mass of two flaxseed varieties, brown and golden, in places with subtropical and tropical climate in Brazil. The treatments consisted of a two-factor 2 x 6 experiment, consisting of two flax varieties (brown and golden) and six nitrogen doses (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 and 150 kg ha-1), in randomized blocks with four repetitions and three different environments: Santa Maria and Frederico Westphalen, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais. The brown variety obtained greater technical and yield length compared to the golden variety, on the other hand, the golden variety showed a higher number of grains per capsule and higher plant grain yield compared to the brown variety, in the three environments. The plant dry mass increased linearly and proportionally to the increase in nitrogen doses in Santa Maria and Frederico Westphalen environments. Therefore, flaxseed responds differently to nitrogen supplementation according to the cultivation environment, showing wide variability. The different doses of nitrogen influenced the variables analyzed and the varieties of flaxseed differently, depending on the environment.

Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar o número ótimo de ensaios necessários à predição da produtividade de grãos de genótipos de trigo, em diferentes regiões de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU), com vistas à seleção e recomendação de cultivares. Foram usados os dados de produtividade de grãos de 285 ensaios de competição, avaliados em 31 locais, nas safras agrícolas de 2007 a 2011, nas regiões de VCU 1, 2, 3 e 4. Existem diferenças entre as regiões de VCU quanto ao coeficiente de repetibilidade e ao número de ensaios necessários para uma precisão pré-estabelecida. Constatou-se a necessidade de aumentar o número de ensaios nas regiões de VCU 2 e 4 e reduzir o número de ensaios nas regiões de VCU 1 e 3. Nas regiões de VCU 1, 2, 3 e 4, para um nível de precisão de 80%, são necessários 8, 14, 10 e 12 ensaios, respectivamente.

The potential yield of wheat is mainly determined by temperature, solar radiation and the photothermal quotient. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal and spatial variability of the photothermal quotient and the frost risk to identify suitable sowing dates for wheat in Parana State, Brazil. The results showed that the photothermal quotient has greater spatial variability than temporal variability. The sowing date affects crop conditions that can in turn affect yield. However, the photothermal quotient and frost risk fluctuate differently in different Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) regions. The regions VCU 1 and VCU 2 showed greater temporal variability of the photothermal quotient. The photothermal quotient ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 MJ m-2 day ºC in VCU 1, from 1.1 to 1.5 MJ m-2 day ºC in VCU 2 and from 1.0 to 1.2 MJ m-2 day ºC in VCU 3. Sowing performed in June provided the greatest photothermal quotient in all VCU regions. However, June sowing increased the frost risk in VCU 1. Thus, the sowing date can be used as a management tool for the attainment of higher yield in wheat.

Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar o número ótimo de ensaios necessários à predição da produtividade de grãos de genótipos de trigo, em diferentes regiões de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU), com vistas à seleção e recomendação de cultivares. Foram usados os dados de produtividade de grãos de 285 ensaios de competição, avaliados em 31 locais, nas safras agrícolas de 2007 a 2011, nas regiões de VCU 1, 2, 3 e 4. Existem diferenças entre as regiões de VCU quanto ao coeficiente de repetibilidade e ao número de ensaios necessários para uma precisão pré-estabelecida. Constatou-se a necessidade de aumentar o número de ensaios nas regiões de VCU 2 e 4 e reduzir o número de ensaios nas regiões de VCU 1 e 3. Nas regiões de VCU 1, 2, 3 e 4, para um nível de precisão de 80%, são necessários 8, 14, 10 e 12 ensaios, respectivamente.

The aim of this study was to verify whether using the Papadakis method improves model assumptions and experimental accuracy in field trials used to determine grain yield for wheat lineages indifferent Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) regions. Grain yield data from 572 field trials at 31 locations in the VCU Regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 2007-2011 were used. Each trial was run with and without the use of the Papadakis method. The Papadakis method improved the indices of experimental precision measures and reduced the number of experimental repetitions required to predict grain yield performance among the wheat genotypes. There were differences among the wheat adaptation regions in terms of the efficiency of the Papadakis method, the adjustment coefficient of the genotype averages and the increases in the selective accuracy of grain yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adequação de estatísticas de precisão experimental em conjuntos de ensaios de competição de genótipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum), realizados em regiões homogêneas de adaptação. As estatísticas herdabilidade, coeficiente de determinação, valor do teste F para genótipo, índice de diferenciação de Fasoulas, acurácia seletiva e coeficiente de repetibilidade foram calculadas a partir de resultados de produtividade de grãos de trigo de 572 ensaios de competição com 25 genótipos, em quatro regiões homogêneas de adaptação, nas safras de 2007 a 2011. Foram estimadas as correlações lineares entre as estatísticas e realizada a análise de trilha. As estatísticas foram agrupadas pelo método hierárquico de Ward. As médias das estatísticas de cada região de adaptação foram comparadas pelo teste t "bootstrap". As estatísticas acurácia seletiva, coeficiente de determinação, coeficiente de herdabilidade e coeficiente de repetibilidade apresentam relação algébrica e são adequadas para avaliar a precisão experimental de ensaios de competição de trigo em diferentes regiões de adaptação. As regiões utilizadas para avaliação do valor de cultivo e uso do trigo diferem quanto à acurácia seletiva e ao coeficiente de repetibilidade.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as melhores épocas de semeadura e avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares de trigo, em duas regiões tritícolas do Paraná. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos de sete cultivares, em Guarapuava, e de nove, em Palotina, em quatro épocas de semeadura, em 2006, 2007 e 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições em Guarapuava, e três em Palotina. Foram utilizadas a metodologia REML/BLUP e a dos efeitos principais dos genótipos e da interação genótipo x ambiente (GGE biplot) para a avaliação da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade das cultivares, e o métodoAMMI para a identificação das melhores épocas de semeadura. Semeaduras em julho, em Guarapuava, e em abril, em Palotina, maximizam a produtividade de grãos. As cultivares Safira, em Guarapuava, e CD 113, em Palotina, são estáveis, amplamente adaptadas e apresentam alta produtividade de grãos.

Foi avaliada a capacidade combinatória de oito cultivares de trigo, por meio de um esquema dialélico analisado segundo o modelo quatro da metodologia de Griffing. Paralelamente, foi realizada uma análise de dissimilaridade com marcadores SSR, a partir de estimativas de distância genética baseadas em pedigree. Oito características foram avaliadas num experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. O agrupamento das cultivares a partir das distâncias genéticas foi efetuado com os métodos UPGMA e Tocher. Ficou evidenciada a variabilidade entre os genótipos de trigo. As cultivares 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' e 'CD 104' apresentaram grande capacidade geral de combinação para vários caracteres. Os maiores valores de capacidade específica de combinação foram detectados nos híbridos mais heterozigotos, formados pelo cruzamento de parentais integrantes de grupos diferentes. Os agrupamentos indicados pelo pedigree não coincidiram com os indicados a partir dos marcadores moleculares. As distâncias dos marcadores SSR provavelmente refletem melhor as relações entre as cultivares de trigo do que as distâncias medidas com base na genealogia. A falta de associação entre os padrões de agrupamento foi provavelmente devida às propriedades intrínsecas de cada forma de estimação das distâncias genéticas, as quais podem modificar a interpretação e a distribuição da variabilidade genética entre os genótipos avaliados.The combining ability of eight wheat varieties was evaluated according to the fourth model of the Griffing's diallelic methodology. Studies on genetic dissimilarity based on microsatellite markers and genetic distance among genotypes from pedigree data were also performed. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with two replications. Eight traits were evaluated in the diallel. Genotypes were grouped according to the UPGMA and Tocher methods. Genetic variability among genotypes was evident. Varieties 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' and 'CD 104' were those who showed high values for general combining ability in several traits. Since the effects of specific combining ability were more important in those particularly heterozygous combinations obtained from varieties allocated in different clusters, field and molecular results coincided in a certain way. There was no a good coincidence between the dendrogram based on parentage coefficient and the one based on microssatellite markers. The very small association between standards of grouping was probably related to the intrinsic properties of each way of estimating the genetic distance, which can modify the interpretation and the distribution of the genetic variability in the evaluated genotypes.

A aptidão tecnológica representa uma oportunidade de agregar valor de mercado ao trigo, principalmente em face do mercado internacional e do setor industrial, o qual busca diferencial de qualidade aos seus produtos. Os fatores genéticos, meteorológicos e de manejo são determinantes para a obtenção da qualidade desejada. Nesse sentido, a adequada escolha da cultivar, o conhecimento das limitações climáticas da região de cultivo e da fertilidade do solo e a execução dos tratos culturais recomendados pela pesquisa podem contribuir substancialmente para a obtenção das características físicas, químicas e biológicas que conferem qualidade à farinha e aos produtos derivados de farinha, conforme abordado nesta revisão.Technological performance represents an opportunity to add market value to wheat, especially considering international market and industrial sector which seek to achieve distinctive quality of their products. Genetic, metereological, and management factors are crucial to obtain the desired quality. With respect to the selection of an adequate cultivar, knowledge about the climatic limitations of the wheat-growing region and soil fertility, and accomplishing the management practices recommended by research can substantially contribute toward obtaining the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that lend quality to flour and flour-based products, as discussed in this review.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food staples in the south of Brazil. Understanding genetic variability among the assortment of Brazilian wheat is important for breeding. The aim of this work was to molecularly characterize the thirty-six wheat cultivars recommended for various regions of Brazil, and to assess mutual genetic distances, through the use of microsatellite markers. Twenty three polymorphic microsatellite markers (PMM) delineated all 36 of the samples, revealing a total of 74 simple sequence repeat (SSR) alleles, i.e. an average of 3.2 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC value) calculated to assess the informativeness of each marker ranged from 0.20 to 0.79, with a mean of 0.49. Genetic distances among the 36 cultivars ranged from 0.10 (between cultivars Ocepar 18 and BRS 207) to 0.88 (between cultivars CD 101 and Fudancep 46), the mean distance being 0.48. Twelve groups were obtained by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means analysis (UPGMA), and thirteen through the Tocher method. Both methods produced similar clusters, with one to thirteen cultivars per group. The results indicate that these tools may be used to protect intellectual property and for breeding and selection programs.

A demanda por alimentos com maior qualidade e valor nutritivo propiciou à aveia se destacar como uma importante cultura para alimentação humana e animal. Assim, caracteres que conferem a qualidade do grão como o percentual de cariopse, passaram a receber maior atenção nos programas de melhoramento. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a herança genética do caráter percentual de cariopse, um dos principais caracteres responsável pela qualidade do grão. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos de 1999 e 2000, na Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Foram utilizados quatro cultivares para realizar os cruzamentos e obter a geração F1. Uma nova semeadura em telado (janeiro/2000) foi realizada com os genitores e a F1 para produzir a 1ª geração de retrocruzamentos. As sementes produzidas por autofecundação de plantas F1, originaram a geração F2. Os genitores (P1 e P2) e as gerações F1, F2, RC1F1 e RC2F1, foram semeadas separadamente a campo em junho/2000. As seis gerações obtidas foram conduzidas a campo e, em cada geração, uma amostra de 20 sementes de cada panícula foi selecionada, pesada e descascada para determinar o percentual de cariopse. Os cruzamentos entre CTC 5 × OR 2 e UPF 7 × UFRGS 19 evidenciaram as maiores variâncias fenotípicas e genéticas propiciando estimar valores altos de herdabilidade nestes cruzamentos. Os resultados indicaram que a aditividade é a de maior participação no controle do caráter. A observação de segregação transgressiva confirma a idéia de diferentes genes com a manifestação de 1 a 3 genes conforme os cruzamentos. Estes resultados indicam que a seleção para indivíduos superiores poderá ter sucesso mesmo ocorrendo em gerações altamente segregantes.

A seleção de plantas para caracteres governados por mais de um gene é, muitas vezes, uma tarefa difícil de ser conduzida. Neste sentido, a utilização de caracteres correlacionados pode favorecer na identificação dos melhores indivíduos, para que estes sejam selecionados. Todavia, a presença de correlação fenotípica "per se" não garante ao melhorista uma existência causal de correlação genética entre dois caracteres. Assim, o presente trabalho foi proposto com o objetivo de determinar a relação existente entre seis caracteres agronômicos e de qualidade do grão, através da estimativa da correlação fenotípica, genética e de ambiente. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2000 na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - Brasil. Os estudos de correlações envolveram os caracteres percentual de cariopse, peso médio do grão, número de grãos/panícula, peso de panícula, ciclo vegetativo e estatura de plantas em dois cruzamentos de aveia branca, OR 2 ×UPF 7 e UPF 7 × CTC 5. Os coeficientes de correlação fenotípica apresentaram uma alta significância; fato este determinado pelo elevado número de graus de liberdade, em função do grande número de plantas. Os maiores valores de correlação fenotípica foram observados entre os caracteres peso de panícula e o número de grãos/panícula com valores similares de 0,93 e 0,94 para os cruzamentos OR 2 ×UPF 7 e UPF 7 × CTC 5, respectivamente. Entretanto, os valores da correlação de ambiente considerando estes mesmos caracteres foram os maiores entre todos os caracteres. Os coeficentes de correlação genética, por sua vez evidenciaram valores baixos, o que permite afirmar que o uso de caracteres correlacionados não forneceu subsídios confiáveis à seleção indireta.

Medidas de dissimilaridade são artifícios que os melhoristas de plantas dispõem para a identificação de genitores dissimilares na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a dissimilaridade genética entre 53 genótipos de feijão carioca (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), foram utilizados dados de seis caracteres agronômicos avaliados em experimento conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram empregadas análises por variáveis canônicas e técnicas de agrupamentos pelo método de Tocher e vizinho mais próximo, utilizando como medida de dissimilaridade a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D 2). Os genótipos testados constituíram 26 grupos distintos pelo agrupamento de Tocher. O caráter peso de mil grãos apresentou a maior contribuição relativa para a dissimilaridade genética total. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a identificação de genótipos dissimilares para serem estrategicamente utilizados em hibridações artificiais dirigidas.

Os diferentes caracteres de importância econômica para a cultura da aveia estão correlacionados entre si em magnitude e sentido variado. Tal fato implica que a seleção realizada sobre um caráter pode proporcionar alterações em outros, cujo resultado pode ou não ser de interesse. Assim, a quantificação dos efeitos diretos e indiretos da seleção de um ou vários caracteres sobre outros é de fundamental importância para orientar programas de melhoramento em que se tenham constituições genéticas que reúnam atributos favoráveis, constituindo-se no objetivo do trabalho. Foram avaliadas 58 linhagens de aveia, em Pelotas, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sobre as quais foram realizadas avaliações fenotípicas, que foram utilizadas para a determinação dos coeficientes de correlação simples entre as variáveis. A partir desses coeficientes, aplicou-se o procedimento de análise de trilha sobre a variável rendimento de grãos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, nenhuma variável analisada apresentou efeito direto sobre o rendimento de grãos semelhante ao coeficiente de correlação fenotípico total, demonstrando a existência de outras características influenciando, tanto na magnitude, como no sentido da correlação, impedindo a seleção isolada sobre um caractere visando ao rendimento de grãos. O caráter peso de panícula apresentou a maior correlação positiva com o rendimento de grãos, ao passo que os caracteres estatura de planta e ciclo apresentaram os menores coeficientes de correlação, o que dificulta a seleção indireta para rendimento de grãos por essas variáveis. Os caracteres número de grãos e peso de grãos, embora positivos e contribuindo para a determinação do peso de panícula, apresentaram correlação intermediária com o rendimento de grãos. Assim, considerar os efeitos do peso de panícula, número de grãos e peso de grãos parece ser a melhor estratégia para seleção indireta visando ao rendimento de grãos em aveia.Different traits of economic importance for oat are correlated to each other in magnitude and varied sense. Such fact implies that the selection on a character can provide changes in the other, whose result can be or not interesting. Thus, the quantification of direct and indirect selection effects of one or several traits on others are of fundamental importance to guide improvement programs, representing the objective of this paper. 58 oat genotypes were evaluated, in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, in random block design with three replicates, on which phenotypic evaluations were conducted. These data were used to determine the simple correlation coefficients among variables. Starting from these coefficients, the path analysis procedure was applied on grain yield trait. In agreement with the obtained results, no analyzed variable presented direct effect on the grain yield similar to the phenotypic correlations coefficient, showing the existence of another traits influencing both in the magnitude and in the sense of the correlation, preventinng isolated selection on grain yield. Panicle weight showed the highest positive correlation with grain yield. However, stature and head date showed lower correlation coefficients, what makes difficult the indirect selection for grain yields. Grain number and grain weight, although positive and contributing to determine panicle weight, showed intermediary correlation with grain yield. Thus, to consider the effects of panicle weight, grain number and grain weight seems to be the best strategy for indirect selection of grain yield in oat.

Soil organisms are vital for soil quality and can indicate environmental conditions. This study aimed to understand the diversity of soil fauna and its connection to plant residue decomposition and maize grain yield across various locations and crop seasons in a subtropical setting. We conducted experiments in Frederico Westphalen, Santa Maria, and São Vicente do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during two crop seasons in 2020/2021, totalling six experiments. We assessed parameters such as plant residue decomposition rate, soil fauna abundance, and grain yield. Results showed significant variations in decomposition rate, fauna abundance, and diversity measures (Shannon, Margalef, and Pielou indices, plus relative frequency) across environments. Four taxonomic groups comprised over 80% of collected individuals, with Araneae and Coleoptera showing more than half of relative frequency Our analysis revealed that areas with higher grain yields had faster decomposition rates, suggesting they fostered greater organism activity and nutrient cycling, indicating their potential as soil quality indicators.

ABSTRACT The use of corn hybrids adapted to the soil and climate conditions of the cultivation region under adequate optimum plant density is a determining factor for the maximization of grain yield. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the productivity of corn hybrids under two sowing densities during the 2020/21 crop season in the medium-high Uruguay region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The corn hybrids AS1555 PRO3, B2401 PWU, B2418 VYHR, B2612 PWU, BG7061 YHR, DKB235 PRO3, NS45 VIP3, NS73 VIP3, NS80 VIP3, P2501, P3016 VYHR, P3565 PWU and 30F53 VYHR were submitted to densities of 66,667 and 88,889 plants ha-1, in a randomized block design with ten replications. Corn hybrids showed superior grain yield when subjected to the density of 88,889 plants ha-1 in the medium-high Uruguay region of Rio Grande do Sul, surpassing in most cases the state and national average yield of harvest 2020/21. Most of the corn hybrids used present potential for cultivation at higher sowing density than their respective recommendations. Considering the superior productivity of hybrids NS80 VIP3, B2401 PWU and NS73 VIP3, their cultivation under conditions similar to those of the study is recommended.

Abstract The objective of this work was to identify the most adapted and stable genotypes for dry mass and seed yield using the genotype plus environment interaction (GGE) biplot technique. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, using five lines and two cultivars of black oat, in a randomized complete block experimental design, with three replicates. The adaptability and stability of the genotypes, as well as their behavior in the environments, were evaluated using the GGE biplot. The seed yield of black oat genotypes is highly influenced by the environmental conditions over the four studied cultivation years. The UFSMFW 2-07 genotype stands out, but shows instability. The UFSMFW 2-07 and 'UPFA 21-Moreninha' genotypes show adaptability in specific years. Mega environments are formed for the dry mass trait in 2018 and 2021 and seed yield in 2018, 2020, and 2021, whereas, 2019 is considered the year for genotype discrimination.

ABSTRACT: Fungal diseases in Brazilian regions with tropical and subtropical climates reduce the production potential of corn crops. The use of fungicides is one of the strategies to maintain productivity. This study evaluated the agronomic performance and grain quality of corn hybrids associated with the preventive use of fungicides in subtropical environments. Six experiments were conducted in Santa Maria-RS, São Vicente do Sul-RS, and FredericoWestphalen-RS during two sowing seasons. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, in which the main plot consisted of two levels of the fungicide factor (with and without) and the sub-plot consisted of six levels of corn hybrids (AG9025, AS1730, P3016, MG300, DKB230, and FEROZ). A total of 216 experimental plots were evaluated for grain productivity, and eight plants per plot were evaluated for other traits, totaling 1,728 evaluated plants. Therefore, environmental conditions influence the interaction between the factors of fungicide use and hybrid cultivar positioning, with no significant interaction in years with a water deficit. Early sowings in subtropical environments indicate better agronomic performance and a lower percentage of moldy grains regardless of the cultivation location, contributing to grain quality.

ABSTRACT The agronomic traits have complex quantitative inheritance, wheat breeding has a highly cost and time expending to achieve advanced lines, and new cultivars. The objective of this work was to estimate the phenotypic (rp), genotypic (rg) and environmental (re) correlation coefficients and the genetic parameters, as well as to estimate the selection gains between agronomic traits in wheat using multivariate analysis. F6 generation was carried out in a randomized block experimental design, with fifteen wheat genotypes arranged in three replications. The traits measured were days of emergence to flowering, plant height, number of tillers, spike length, number of spikelets, kernel weight and thousand kernel weight. Correlation coefficients, variance components, genetic parameters, selection gain, Euclidiana’s distance, relative contribution of traits and canonical variables were estimated. Selection based on number of tillers, kernel weight and thousand kernel weight may result in expressive selection gains. The number of fertile tillers per plant showed a significant and positive intermediate association with kernel weight and positive correlation with number of spikelets. The cycle showed greater contribution to the genetic divergence among genotypes studied. Distinct groups highlighted the genetic variability among genotypes.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the agronomic performance through mixed models, and determined the genetic divergence between black oat genotypes. The experiment was carried out at Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen/RS. Fourteen black oat genotypes were evaluated, being 11 lines developed by Breeding Program of University, and three commercial cultivars (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha and, IPR Cabocla). We evaluated quantitative traits associated to plant height, cycle, dry mass yield and seeds yield; and 19 qualitative traits, being these morphological descriptors. The results showed that lines UFSMFW 2-05 and UFSMFW 2-07 stand out with characteristics such as early cycle, higher dry mass and grain yield. Divergence analysis revealed the formation of three distinct groups, indicating the presence of variability. These results suggested the potential for the development of new cultivars of black oat, presenting early cycle and good grain yield.

In Brazil, in view of the different soil and climatic conditions of the sugarcane-producing regions, a strategy of creating small breeding programs for the crop is being used. Since 2008, the sugarcane breeding program of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), has been developing new, better adapted and higher-yielding sugarcane cultivars for the climate conditions of the southern region of Brazil. Cultivar UFSM XIKA FW was developed at the Laboratories of Agroclimatology and Genetic Breeding and Plant Production of the UFSM, Campus Frederico Westphalen. It is the first mutation-induced sugarcane cultivar that was protected by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Brazil. The genotype used for mutation induction was cultivar IAC 87-3396, due to its good performance characteristics in the southern region. The mutation mechanism was induced in 2011, by immersing individual buds in a solution of the chemical mutagenic agent methyl methane sulfonate. The best genotypes were selected and tested in plant cane in 2013 and 2018 and in ratoon cane trials in 2014 and 2015. The new cultivar has a higher sugar production potential, and the mean yield of four years was 8.2 t ha-1 higher than that of the control, indicating a high yield potential.

Mixed models and multivariate analysis are powerful tools for selecting superior genotypes in plant breeding programs. The BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) method has been used to predict genetic values without environmental effects. Furthermore, the FAI-BLUP (ideotype-design index) procedure is especially valuable for plant breeding because of multiple-trait selection. This study aimed to determine the genetic potential of advanced wheat generations using REML/BLUP in combination with multivariate techniques for the selection of superior genotypes. The experiment consisted of eleven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three replications. Plant height, spike insertion height, number of tillers, number of spikelets, kernel width, hectoliter weight and kernel weight per plant were determined. The genetic parameters were estimated using the REML/BLUP methodology, and the FAI-BLUP index was calculated using predicted genetic values. The genotypes UFSMFW 1-02, UFSMFW 1-05 and UFSMFW 1-04 show potential to increase the grain yield. The selection gains for number of tillers (14.63 %) and kernel weight per plant (22.35 %) indicate the potential to select superior genotypes.

CD 1104 is a cultivar indicated for the wheat-producing regions 1, 2, 3, 4 (irrigated) and 4 (rainfed) of the states of RS, SC, PR, SP, MS, MG, DF, GO, and MT. Its suitability for the industrial segment of strong flours and yield potential (mean of 4.427 kg ha-1) are high.

Resulting from the search for wheat cultivars with high yield potential, plant health, processing quality and tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting, CD 1252 was developed from the cross between cultivar IPR 85 and line OR1/3/BOW/GLENSON//BAGULA. Cultivar CD 1252 was tested in preliminary grain yield trials in 2005 and 2006, and then tested to determine the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) from 2007 to 2014, labelled CD 0711. All tests were arranged in an experimental design of randomized blocks, with three replications. The yield of cultivar CD 1252 was 5%, 4% and 1% higher than the average yield of the two best controls, respectively, in the wheat-growing regions VCU 2, 3 and 4. The wheat quality, potential for grain yield, and tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting of this cultivar are superior and it is tolerant to the main wheat diseases.

Resulting from the search for wheat cultivars with high yield potential, plant health, processing quality and tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting, CD 1252 was developed from the cross between cultivar IPR 85 and line OR1/3/BOW/GLENSON//BAGULA. Cultivar CD 1252 was tested in preliminary grain yield trials in 2005 and 2006, and then tested to determine the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) from 2007 to 2014, labelled CD 0711. All tests were arranged in an experimental design of randomized blocks, with three replications. The yield of cultivar CD 1252 was 5%, 4% and 1% higher than the average yield of the two best controls, respectively, in the wheat-growing regions VCU 2, 3 and 4. The wheat quality, potential for grain yield, and tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting of this cultivar are superior and it is tolerant to the main wheat diseases.

CD 1805, indicated for the wheat growing in Regions 1, 2 and 3 in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. The cultivar has quality standards for cookie production and high yield performance with a mean of 3899 kg ha-1, exceeding the controls by 4%.

Cultivar CD 1550 is well-suited for the wheat-growing regions 1 and 2 of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná and 3 of Paraná. It has the characteristics of bread wheat and high gluten strength. The average potential yield is 3828 kg ha-1, 7% higher than that of the controls.

Com o uso da análise de trilha, é possível avaliar as associações entre caracteres e desdobrar a correlação existente em efeitos diretos e indiretos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar correlações genotípicas e desdobrar os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos componentes do rendimento de grãos sobre a produtividade de cultivares de trigo. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2008, no campo experimental da Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (Coodetec) no município de Palotina/PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As características avaliadas foram: tamanho da espiga, número de espiguetas por espiga, número de grãos por espiga, número de espigas por metro, massa de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de trilha. A análise de variância mostrou diferença entre os genótipos avaliados, indicando a presença de variabilidade genética para os caracteres avaliados. A seleção indireta, por meio do número de grãos por espiga, levando em consideração a massa de mil grãos, é a melhor estratégia para a obtenção de genótipos superiores em rendimento de grãos.

The cultivar CD 120, developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) is suitable for cultivation in the VCU wheat-producing regions 1 and 2 of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. It is tolerant to the major wheat diseases and pre-harvest germination and has soft wheat quality and a 6.5 % higher grain yield (3.678 kg ha-1) than the control.

Cultivar CD 123 is recommendable for the wheat-growing regions 1, 2 and 3 of the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. It is a white flour wheat destined for production in cooler regions. The mean potential yield is 3514 kg ha-1, exceeding that of the control cultivars by 5%.

The cultivar CD 122 was tested in the wheat-producing regions VCU 1, 2 and 3, with an average grain yield of 3,527 kg ha-1 when fungicide-treated, exceeding the average of the control cultivars by 5%. CD 122 is resistant to leaf rust and was classified as bread wheat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.The objective of the study was to identify the differences in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat spikes cultivars analyzed in artificial rain. Experiments were carried out in two locations of Paraná, Brazil (Palotina and Cascavel) with 12 cultivars. Spikes from plants in physiological maturation were harvested and dried at room temperature for 20 days. Ten spikes per cultivar were used and subjected to artificial rain. After the wetness duration were recorded notes from scale 1 to 11. In the next step, spikes were threshed and subjected to counting of sprouted and nonsprouted seeds. This results made possible to identify 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' and 'IPR 85' as the cultivars with the best level of tolerance. In general, Frontana was the most promising cultivar to be used in breeding programs. The use of visual grades as criteria of sprouting in the ears permitted a prompt and accurate evaluation of great number of cultivars without affecting the results of tolerant genotypes selection.

The cultivar CD 115 was developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) and isrecommended for cultivation in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. The cultivar is tolerant todiseases and pre-harvest sprouting. The mean grain yield in four years of evaluation was 3,420 kg ha-1, exceeding thecontrols by 7%.

 Wheat breeding programs focus on potential grain yield, industrial quality, low plant height, and disease resistance. Cultivar CD 154 was a result of the search for cultivars with high yield potential and industrial wheat quality. This cultivar was derived from a cross between CD 104 and CDI 200104, by COODETEC, in 1999. Cultivar CD 154 was included in preliminary grain yield trials in 2005 and 2006, and was then tested to determine the Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) from 2007 to 2012, with the acronym CD 0705. All trials were arranged in an experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. The yield of cultivar CD 154 was 16 %, 10 % and 4 % higher than the mean yield of the two best controls, respectively, in the wheat-growing regions VCU 2, 3 and 4. The analysis of industrial quality, resulted in a mean gluten strength of 364 and mean stability of 17.1 min, which allows the inclusion cultivar CD 154 in the cultivar group of strong gluten wheat. The cultivar is classified as strong gluten wheat, has a high yield potential and good lodging resistance, and is therefore another promising alternative for wheat farmers of the hottest regions of Brazil.

 Wheat breeding programs focus on potential grain yield, industrial quality, low plant height, and disease resistance. Cultivar CD 154 was a result of the search for cultivars with high yield potential and industrial wheat quality. This cultivar was derived from a cross between CD 104 and CDI 200104, by COODETEC, in 1999. Cultivar CD 154 was included in preliminary grain yield trials in 2005 and 2006, and was then tested to determine the Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) from 2007 to 2012, with the acronym CD 0705. All trials were arranged in an experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. The yield of cultivar CD 154 was 16 %, 10 % and 4 % higher than the mean yield of the two best controls, respectively, in the wheat-growing regions VCU 2, 3 and 4. The analysis of industrial quality, resulted in a mean gluten strength of 364 and mean stability of 17.1 min, which allows the inclusion cultivar CD 154 in the cultivar group of strong gluten wheat. The cultivar is classified as strong gluten wheat, has a high yield potential and good lodging resistance, and is therefore another promising alternative for wheat farmers of the hottest regions of Brazil.

CD 121 is indicated for wheat regions with the classification Value for Cultivation and Use 1 and 2, in the states of PR,SC and RS. The cultivar is tolerant to leaf rust, has good agronomic traits, flour suited for cookie baking and an average grain yieldof 3.622 kg ha-1.

Vinte genótipos de aveia (Avena sativa L.), testados em 13 ambientes, foram submetidos à análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da utilização de fungicida nestes parâmetros, através do modelo de regressão segmentado de CRUZ et al. (1989). A aplicação de fungicida afetou os parâmetros de adaptabilidade (b1), responsividade (b1+b2) e estabilidade (), indicando que as estimativas devam ser realizadas em separado nos ambientes com e sem fungicida. Além disso, o uso de fungicida proporcionou efeito favorável sobre a estabilidade de rendimento de grãos, sendo que quatro genótipos testados mostraram ser estáveis (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4), enquanto que na ausência de fungicida todos os genótipos revelaram instabilidade de rendimento de grãos. Entretanto, nenhuma cultivar testada evidenciou características de genótipo ideal, conforme preconizado pelo modelo adotado.Twenty oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) tested in thirteen environments were submitted to adaptability and stability analyses aiming at evaluating the effects of fungicide utilization following the segmented regression model of CRUZ et al. (1989). Fungicide application affected the parameters of adaptability (b1), responsiveness (b1 + b²) and stability () indicating that estimatives must be performed individually in environments with and without fungicide. Fungicide application had a favorable effect on the stability of grain yield, inasmuch as four of the tested genotypes were shown to be stable (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4); however, all genotypes revealed instability of grain yield in the absence of fungicide. No tested cultivar showed characteristics of the ideal genotype, as predicted by the adopted model.

A seleção com base no fenótipo pode ser influenciada por fatores de ambiente, sendo necessário que o melhorista utilize métodos de seleção que separem efeitos genéticos dos de ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os componentes do rendimento de populações segregantes de aveia em diferentes métodos de semeadura. Oito populações foram conduzidas em três métodos de semeadura: planta espaçada, cova e linha cheia, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com duas repetições. Foram selecionadas as panículas com peso superior à média mais um desvio padrão e, a partir destas, obtidos os caracteres peso de grãos e número de grãos por panícula. Os resultados revelaram uma interação significativa das populações com o ambiente. A herdabilidade foi alta, exceto para o caráter número de grãos/panícula na de semeadura em linha cheia. O peso de panícula pode ser um caráter de alta eficiência na seleção de genótipos superiores para o incremento no rendimento de grãos.

Dezoito genótipos de aveia foram testados quanto à dissimilaridade genética, com e sem o controle de moléstias da parte aérea. As variáveis avaliadas foram rendimento de grãos desaristados, peso de mil grãos, peso do hectolitro, estatura de planta e dias da emergência à floração. Foram empregados análises por variáveis canônicas e técnicas de agrupamento por meio dos métodos de otimização de Tocher e o método hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo, tendo como medida de dissimilaridade a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. Pelos resultados, constatou-se significativa dissimilaridade genética entre os genótipos, indicando a existência de variabilidade para os caracteres avaliados. O método de Tocher e o método do vizinho mais próximo permitiram a separação dos genótipos em grupos distintos, possibilitando a identificação de futuros genitores que possam ser utilizados em cruzamentos artificiais que produzam progênies com maior heterose. Os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética foram o peso do hectolitro e a estatura de planta.Eighteen oat genotypes were tested for genetic dissimilarity, with and without shoot disease control. The evaluated variables were grain yield, weight of one thousand grains, test weight, plant stature and days from emergence to flowering. Cannonical variables and clustering methods by Tocher's optimization test and the hierarchical method of nearest neighbor were employed, having as a measure of dissimilarity the general distance of Mahalanobis. The results showed a significant genetic dissimilarity among the genotypes, indicating the presence of genetic variability for the evaluated traits. Tocher's and nearest neighbor methods allowed the separation of genotypes in distinct groups, enabling the identification of potential parents for artificial crosses to obtain progenies with higher heterosis. The major traits contributing to genetic dissimilarity in our study were test weight and plant stature.

Dez constituições genéticas de aveia (Avena saliva L.) e doze ambientes foram utilizados para o estudo deadaptabilidade e estabilidade de rendimento de grãos, visando discriminar os genótipos conforme seu comportamento esua utilização em programas de melhoramento. O método estatístico adotado foi à regressão linear bissegmentada. Aanálise dos dados revelou significância da interação genótipo x ambiente e permitiu verificar que a variação entre ambien-tes contribuiu com maior parcela do que a variabilidade entre genótipos para a significãncia desta interação. Os resultadosevidenciaram que o comportamento dos genótipos analisados foi diferenciado para os distintos ambientes, revelandoexistência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos testados. Com exceção da UFRGS 7. todos os demais genótiposrevelaram instabilidade de rendimento de grãos.

The industrial quality and lodging resistance of CD 150, a cross between CD104 and CD108, are high and the plant heightis short. The average yield was 10 % higher than of the controls in the regions II, III and IV. It is suitable for cultivation in the states of PR,SP, MS and GO, MG, and DF.

A cultivar de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) CD 117 foi obtida pela Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola, por meio do cruzamento entre os genótipos PF 87373 e OC 938, a partir de uma linha selecionada na geração F6. Após dois anos de ensaios preliminares e cinco anos de avaliação em ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso, a cv. CD 117 foi indicada para cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal. Essa cultivar de trigo apresenta ampla adaptação, elevada qualidade industrial e rendimento médio de grãos de 3.877 kg ha-1, que supera em 6,3% a média das cultivares testemunhas.The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar CD 117 was obtained by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola as a result of crossing the PF 87373 and OC 938 genotypes. One selected line from generation F6 originated the referred cultivar. After two years of preliminary assays and five years of value of cultivation and use trials, cultivar CD 117 was recommended for cultivation in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, and Minas Gerais and in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. This wheat cultivar has wide adaptation, high industrial quality and a mean grain yield of 3,877 kg ha-1, which exceeds the control cultivar mean yields in 6.3%.

Cultivar CD 116 was developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) and issuitable for cultivation in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Goiás, andDistrito Federal. CD 116 is tolerant to the major diseases, particularly blast, has a high industrial grain quality and meanyield of 3908 kg ha-1, exceeding the control cultivars by 6%.

Trinta e dois acessos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram avaliados em Lages/SC, através da influência de oito caracteres de importância agronômica sobre a produção de grãos por unidade de área. O experimento, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, foi conduzido no período de "safrinha" no ano agrícola de 1996/97. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar os coeficientes de trilha entre os caracteres primários e secundários. O primeiro grupo de variáveis (primários) foi constituído pelo número de grãos por legume, número de legumes por planta, peso de mil grãos e a população de plantas (POP), e o segundo grupo (secundários), pelo número de dias entre a emergência e o florescimento (FL), número de dias entre a emergência e a maturação de colheita (MC), estatura de planta (EP) e o ponto de inserção do primeiro legume (PIL). Pela análise do coeficiente de trilha, ficaram caracterizados e avaliados os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos caracteres primários NLP e PMG, revelando os maiores efeitos diretos associados à alta correlação. O NLP foi altamente influenciado por plantas de maturação precoce e estatura de planta elevada. Assim, os coeficientes de trilha permitem concluir que os maiores efeitos diretos sobre o rendimento de grãos estão associados, principalmente a NLP, PMG, NGL e ciclo da planta.Thirty two bean accesses (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for the influence of eight characters of agronomic importance the production of grains for unit of area, in Lages/SC. The experiment, in randomized blocks with four repetitions, was conducted during the period off-season in the agricultural year of 1996/97. This work aimed estimating the degree of association between grain yield and its secondary components. The first group of variables (primary) was constituted by the number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of a thousand grains and the population of plants (POP). The second group (secondary), was constituted by the number of days between emergence and flowering (FL), number of days between emergence and harvesting point (MC), plant stature (EP) and the height of first pod insertion (PIL). For the analysis of the trail coefficient, the direct and indirect effects of primary characters NLP and PMG were characterized and evaluated, revealing the large direct effects associated with the high correlation. The NLP was highly influenced by plants of shorter cycle and higher stature. The trail coefficients allow to point out that the largest direct effects on the yield of grains NLP are mainly associated to PMG, NGL and cycle of the plant.

Potencial produtivo e qualidade industrial são objetivos dos programas de melhoramento de trigo, neste sentido foi desenvolvida a cultivar CD 151. Esta cultivar foi obtida do cruzamento entre as cultivares BRS 120 e ORL 95282, pela COODETEC, em 1999. A cultivar CD 151, participou dos Ensaios Preliminares de rendimento de grãos em 2006 e 2007, sendo em seguida testada em Ensaios de Determinação de Valor e Uso (VCU), nos anos de 2008, 2009 e 2010, com a sigla CD 0818. Todos os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A cultivar CD 151, apresentou um rendimento 12%, 7% e 9% superior à média das duas melhores testemunhas, respectivamente, nas Regiões Tritícolas de VCU 2, 3 e 4. A referida cultivar possui qualidade trigo melhorador, alto potencial de rendimento de grãos, boa resistência à ferrugem da folha, oídio, brusone e acamamento, sendo assim mais uma opção importante aos triticultores do Brasil.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters, the selection gain, and the cause and effect relationships among traits in order to identify important traits for direct and indirect selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines. Three strategies were used to obtain selection gains: direct and indirect selection, an index based on “ranks,” and the Smith and Hazel index. In the 2017 crop season in Brazil, 420 wheat lines from the F5 generation were conducted in families with intercalary controls. High heritability of spike weight, number of kernels, and total kernel weight resulted in the best direct selection gains. The selection of plants with a high number of tillers resulted in grain yield improvement. The use of selection indexes is important in advanced wheat lines; they promote genetic gains distributed among agronomic traits.

ABSTRACT Selection of disease resistant genotypes is the main goal of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs. However, because of the lack of genotypes resistant to all diseases and the strong influence of the environment on the level of resistance of the genotypes, the use of fungicides is necessary in the cultivation of wheat. The objective of this study was to compare the gain in yield and the selection efficiency of wheat genotypes due to the fungicide application in trials carried out in different sites and years. This study used grain yield data from 816 wheat genotypes evaluated in 248 advanced trials at eight sites during the years from 2004 to 2012. The gain resulting from fungicide application for a given genotype was estimated by the difference between yield of plots on which fungicide was applied and control treatment. The greatest gains with fungicide application were observed in sites with lower average temperatures and higher rainfall indices, such as Campo Mourão, Castro, Não-Me-Toque and Guarapuava. On the other hand, the lowest gains with fungicide application occurred in Dourados and Palotina, environments where crops in general suffer water stress and present higher average temperatures. The year effect resulted in yield increases due to fungicide application ranging from 16.9 to 60.7%. The selection and evaluation of the response to the application of fungicide in wheat should be environment-specific to maximize the use of genotype x environment interaction.