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In the environmental recovery projects regarding urban rivers, the importance of management models that were used in the past has been minimized with regard to the knowledge of the institutional arrangements that affected the current configuration of the territory. This article uses documentary sources from the 'Historical Archive of Water' to reconstruct the two most important management models that the Magdalena River was subjected to prior to 1974, when it was used as a source of drinking water for the south west of Mexico City. The first model corresponds to the distribution of water that was carried out in the 17th and 18th Centuries, in accordance with the laws prevailing in the area; while the second refers to the functioning of the Water Board promoted by the Mexican State in the first governments emanating from the Mexican Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Car wash can be defined as a facility used to clean the exterior and in some cases, the interior of motor vehicles. These facilities are common in Bauchi and other cities in Nigeria. They use water as a major input thereby causing serious challenges to water resources management. Car wash facilities in Bauchi depend on municipal water supply by water board. The study aimed at determining the rate of municipal water consumption by car wash facilities in Bauchi. It was carried out by measuring the volume of water used in washing cars by some selected car wash facilities in the town using both bucket and hose methods. The data collected were analysed using statistical method such as random sampling techniques and simple descriptive method like Tables, Figures and mean. The result shows that 1,710,091.2L is withdrawn daily from the municipal water supply by car wash facilities. This is more than the quantity of water serving zone ‘L’ of the 16-zones of Bauchi Water Demand Zones. It also shows that the use of hose consume 441.2L/day and the use of bucket consume 115.5L/day which indicate that more water is wasted using hose method. Therefore, car wash facilities consume significant amount of water supplied by the Water Board. If the current trend continues and with the proliferation of car wash in Bauchi, there will be water shortage to the populace who are the primary beneficiaries. Keywords: car wash, Bauchi, input,Water Board, consumption, volume

The South African Government of National Unity inherited a large population without adequate water or sanitation. In order to overcome the institutional shortfalls for delivery, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry chose to use water boards as its agents. The scope and function of the water boards was expanded to cover both direct delivery as well as support to assist delivery. In the absence of a water board, new ones had to be created. This process involves the activeparticipation of the communities. Empowerment is necessary in most instances. In the Highveld region this process was successfully followed and the establishment of a new water board is proceeding well. In Bushbuckridge the process has been delayed due to inadequate representation of the stakeholders as well as poor planning and focus of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]