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Sanitation and toilets are important infrastructure for public health and societal stability. However, the adoption of adequate treatment technologies and techniques is a major challenge for both developing and underdeveloped areas. Answering the question of how to improve sanitation and toilet infrastructure in rural areas, for poverty alleviation, inequality mitigation, and good health and well-being under the Sustainable Development Goals, is more challenging compared with urban areas. Decision support models (DSMs) are important for selecting rural sanitation and toilet technologies. However, previous models have not fully respected local standards, needs, and operational environments, and are mainly limited to technological sustainability performance. To overcome such research gaps, this study developed a rural sanitation and toilet technology decision support model (DSM) assessing economic, environmental, and technological sustainability. Both technology and village weighting methods based on 217 general experts and seven local residents, respectively, were adopted to fully tailor indicator weights to rural contexts. The results showed an economic sustainability weight of 0.205, an environmental sustainability weight of 0.466, and a technological sustainability weight of 0.329. The sanitation and toilet technologies were divided into wastewater treatment technologies and toilet technologies, with the former subdivided into primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment technologies. This study confirmed that the PSO-GWO algorithm outperformed in accuracy and effectiveness. Accordingly, the PSO-GWO algorithm was adopted to demonstrate the optimization of sanitation and toilet technologies in four villages in plateau, mountain, plain, and basin areas. The study can assist local governments in selecting appropriate rural sanitation and toilet technologies during the planning phase. This can enhance the living standards of rural residents and promote sustainable rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of recycled water is of great significance for increasing the supply of water resources and alleviating the pollution of the water environment. However, the public's rejection of recycled water has negative influences on the promotion of recycled water reuse. In order to solve this problem, this study took the behavior guiding policy of recycled water reuse as the research object. The related self-construction index, which measures the interaction between individuals and groups, was selected as the design basis of different individual interaction rules. On this basis, the agent-based model (ABM) was constructed to simulate the effect of different policies. Firstly, a questionnaire survey was carried out in the arid area of Northwest China, and the artificial neural network model of individual decision-making was trained on the basis of the first-hand data obtained. By embedding the neural network model into the ABM model, the individuals' decision-making in the simulation process was realized. The results showed that: (1) The demonstration guiding policy had a good effect on all kinds of recycled water reuse behaviors. (2) At the same time, the effect of environmental motivation stimulating policy and knowledge popularization policy could be enhanced or weakened with the increase of human contact degree of recycled water reuse behavior. The environmental motivation stimulating policy had a substantial impact on the recycled water reuses with a high contact degree. (3) The knowledge popularization policy had a good effect on the reuse behavior of recycled water with low human contact, but it even harmed the reuse behavior of recycled water with high contact. According to the research conclusion, the following policy recommendations are put forward: When a promotion policy of recycled water reuse is made, attention should be paid to distinguishing different types of recycled water reuse behavior and appropriate guiding policies should be chosen. As the demonstration guiding policy has an excellent guiding effect on all types of recycled water reuse behaviors, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the demonstration project of recycled water reuse. For the category of recycled water reuse with high human contact, attention should be paid to the publicity of its environmental protection attribute to stimulate the publi's motivation for environmental protection. As for the category of recycled water with a low human contact degree, attention should be paid to the dispelling of the public's misgivings by strengthening the popularization of relevant knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel tetraphenylethene-diketopyrrolopyrrole Schiff base ( TPE-DPP ) was synthesized by one-pot protocol. Based on thiol group and acid-base property of glutathione, nanoaggregates of TPE-DPP for sensitive and selective detection of diff ;erent concentration ranges of glutathione by two distinct reaction mechanisms was reported. It showed a turn-on mode of fluorescence signals towards low concentration of GSH by hydrolysis of TPE-DPP , but a ratiometric mode of fluorescence signal was elicited towards high concentration of GSH by addition reaction of thiol with TPE-DPP . What’s more, the probe was successfully utilized for monitoring GSH in living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling between quinazoline 3-oxides and unactivated aldehydes was described. The reaction worked well for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and produced not only the direct oxidative coupling ketones but also cyclic hydroxamic esters derived from quinazolines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel fluorescent π-gelator, incorporating a crown ether with host-guest recognition capability and a photoactive cyanostilbene unit, was designed. This unique structure enables the successful transition from a one-component gel to a two-component gel and exhibits gel-sol transition behaviors under heat, ions, and light stimuli.

The suitability and feasibility of public-private partnership (PPP) patterns in a rural context have not been well-documented and understood. To address this research gap and practical plight, this study aims to analyze the rural resident's willingness to pay for and participate in the improvement of rural sanitation facilities, and further explore the drivers and barriers affecting their decisions. This study was performed in rural areas of three western provinces, including Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia, of western China's rural areas by conducting a survey on 1,248 rural residents. In Inner Mongolia, the proportion of respondents who were willing to pay was highest, while the proportion of respondents who may provide labor was lowest among the three provinces. Respondents from Ningxia had the least willing to pay, and respondents from Shaanxi had the highest willingness to participate. Overall, respondents' rural (living) duration time, personal interest in local government notice, and the latest time when the sanitation facilities were improved could significantly affect their willingness. In Inner Mongolia, occupation and water availability could significantly influence respondents' willingness, and both gender and health conditions had significant impacts. In Ningxia, respondents' personal interest in local government notice had a notable impact on willingness, and low-income respondents showed a more notable willingness to pay and participate. In Shaanxi, occupation and water availability could significantly influence respondents' willingness. Respondents' personal interest in local government notice had a notable impact on their willingness. This study is of significant importance to understand rural resident's participation in sanitation infrastructure improvement to support relevant PPP projects, and is important to solve poverty-caused dilemmas., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wu, Zhang and He.)