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Candida is a yeast like fungus. it causes candidiasis which is a spectrum of disease from cutaneous, mucosal, systemic & multisystem dissemination. it is a coloniser of mucocutaneous surfaces of body but it is an opportunistic fungus causing severe type of infection. Objective of the study was to detect colonization of Candida species in diabetic patient & to detect virulence factors i.e., phospholipase, proteinase, esterase activity & homolysis activity in isolated strains of Candida from colonised diabetic patients. throat swab and urine sample were collected from diabetic patients visiting the General Medicine OPD/Ward diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before six months and was submitted in microbiology department. Candida species were identified tested for production of virulence factors. total 30 diabetes mellitus patients diagnosed 6 months before. in 41-65 years age groups, Candida colonization was found predominantly, 63% patients. Amongst these 78% had fasting sugar levels greater than the normal limits. the study revealed a strong correlation between higher fasting blood sugar levels and Candida colonization. the predominant isolate was Candida albicans in throat followed by Candida glabrata. Out of 27 Candida species isolates, 16 strains showed production of virulence factors. Amongst these 44 % (7/16) strains were positive for proteinase production, 38 % (6/16) were positive for esterase production, 13% (2/16) strains were positive for hemolysin and single strain (6%, 10/16) showed the production of phospholipase. the study concludes that Candida albicans was the predominant colonising species found followed by Candida glabrata in diabetic patients. Non- Candida albicans species can be seen as an emerging colonizing species in the diabetic patients and thereby are increasingly gaining clinical importance. Colonized or commensal Candida species showed in vitro production of virulence factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fifty-nine-year-old female with corneal ulcer with a history of trauma in the past having clinical presentation of fungal keratitis visited the Ophthalmology outpatient department with a history of redness, watering, pain and white discoloration of the right eye cornea for two months. Sample was cultured on non-nutrient agar medium and revealed Acanthamoeba. Patient was managed with Chlorhexidine eye drop and keratoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycetoma is disorder of subcutaneous tissue, skin, and bones, mainly the feet. Etiologically divided in Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma, since the treatment of both is different, the diagnosis is mandatory. This is the case of 35-year-old lady with swelling in left foot with multiple discharging sinuses for 5 years that was none responding to antifungal treatment. Change of treatment after the culture confirmation of Actinomadura species improves patient condition drastically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoentomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus is a rare, chronic, granulomatous disease, occurring mainly in tropical countries including India. We report two cases of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in an 18-year-old female and a farmer of 35 years residents of Chhattisgarh shifted from Madhya Pradesh and Orrisa. It was diagnosed by microscopy and isolation C. coronatus in culture. The patient presented with a swollen nose with obstruction that had progressed slowly over 1 year. His nasal swelling was bilateral, diffuse, mildly tender, erythematous, nonpitting, with mucosal crusting and hypertrophy of inferior turbinates but no regional lymphadenopathy. Culture of tissue from the nasal biopsy on sabouraud dextrose agar yielded multiple colonies of a mold with satellite smaller colonies at periphery. The isolate demonstrated the macroscopic and microscopic morphologic characteristics of C. coronatus. The patients were earlier treated with itraconazole or its combination with potassium iodide and the patients were treated successfully with amphotericin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratitis is a very serious clinical condition caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. It is associated with serious complications like blindness or endophthalmitis if remained undiagnosed. A 42-year-old male patient with the history of foreign body inoculation presented with mild pain and redness. After clinical examination, fungal keratitis was diagnosed. Corneal scrapping was sent for microbiological investigation. A very rare fungi Colletotrichum dematium was isolated and identified. Patient was managed with Natamycin tab fluconazole and atropin eye drops. To know the geographical distribution of the rare fungi, more and more cases should be studied and reported, which will help in management of rare fungi and standardisation of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen year young male patient presented with complain of burning micturation, fever since 8 days and ulcer in genital area. After clinical examination impression smear and swab from ulcer were received. Gram stain showed presence of pus cells, gram negative plump coccobacilli. Even though primary isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi is difficult we get growth on Muller Hinton based chocolate agar containing 1 % IsovitaleX supplement and 3 µg/ml of vancomycin. Phenotypically the organism was identified as Haemophilus ducreyi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are the most common serious bacterial infections which are seen during infancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate aetiology, and antimicrobial resistance patterns among infants and children who approached our hospital for treatment of UTIs. Methods: In this observational study which was carried out from 2007 to 2010, 1575 urine samples which were collected from children with suspected UTIs were studied. Demographic characteristics, aetiological agents and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated. Results: UTIs were more common in the 0-1 year age group, among males. Among females, UTIs were commonly seen after 2 years of life. The most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli spp (45.12%), followed by Klebsiella spp (18.17%) and Enterococcus spp (9.23%). Isolated pathogens were highly resistant to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and norfloxacin (82%- 98%) and highly sensitive to gentamicin (83%),amikacin (76.5%), and nitrofurantoin (71.5%). Conclusion: The most common pathogen which caused UTIs in children was E. coli spp. The isolated pathogens were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, while they were highly sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin and nitrofurantoin. So, these antibiotics may be used as alternative drug therapies for the treatment of UTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal rhinosinusitis is an increasingly recognized entity in both immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients. Aspergillus spp. is commonest of all causative fungi. A case of chronic fungal rhinosinusitis in a 35-year-old immunocompetent female is reported. Presenting symptoms were bilateral nasal block, discharge, and change of voice. Initially, it was diagnosed as nasal polyposis. Microscopy and culture established the diagnosis of chronic fungal rhinosinusitis due to Aspergillus versicolor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare case of aspergillosis of larynx with involvement of epiglottis and subglottic region in immunocompetent patient is described in this study. A 65-year old male was presented with complain of upper airway obstruction, difficulty in swallowing, and hoarseness of voice. Presentation was similar to malignancy. Microbiological diagnosis was made by isolation and identification of Aspergillus fumigatus from the specimen. This diagnosis changed the treatment to antifungal drugs in day-by-day deteriorating patient. Patient responded dramatically to the antifungal therapy. Despite various radiological, histopathological investigations, microbiological reports supported clinicians in early and correct management of the case to prevent the development of serious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of a 26-year-old female patient diagnosed with chronic otomastoiditis caused due to Mycobacterium fortuitum. Definitive identification of pathogen was done on the basis of growth characteristics and biochemical reaction. M. fortuitum was isolated from the lesion. M. fortuitum is a rarely reported cause of otitis media and mastoiditis. The isolate showed resistance to antitubercular drugs and sensitivity to amikacin, ciprofloxacin and imipenem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.