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BackgroundThe specificity of the aquaporin-4 antibody to predict recurrent inflammatory central nervous system disease has led to the design of the 2015 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder criteria which capture all aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive patients.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare treatment outcomes in aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive patients who met the previous 2006 clinical criteria for neuromyelitis optica with patients who meet the 2015 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder criteria.MethodsThe study involved a three-center retrospective chart review of clinical outcomes among aquaporin-4 patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.ResultsHazard ratios of relapse during immunosuppressive therapy, relative to pre-therapy, were not significantly different for patients who met the 2006 criteria of neuromyelitis optica versus the 2015 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder criteria among those treated with azathioprine ( p = 0.24), mycophenolate mofetil ( p = 0.63), or rituximab ( p = 0.97).ConclusionReductions in the hazard of relapse during treatment with immunosuppressive therapies, relative to average pre-treatment, were not different for aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive patients categorized using the 2006 criteria of neuromyelitis optica and the 2015 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder criteria. These therapeutic findings support the design of the 2015 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder criteria which capture all aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review available evidence regarding whether second-generation antiepileptic drugs (AED5) contribute to the risk of balance disorders. METHODS: We systematically evaluated data from randomized controlled trials that compared adjunctive therapy with a second-generation AED (gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, tiagabine, topiramate, or zonisamide) vs placebo for partial epilepsy and that reported dose-specific rates of ataxia or imbalance for each group. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool ratios (risk ratio [RR]) and associated 95% confidence intervals to determine whether there was evidence of an overall AED class effect or a dose-response effect and whether there were differences between individual AEDs. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria, representing 4279 individuals randomized to a second-generation AED and 1830 patients to placebo. Pooled analyses of all AEDs demonstrated that they increase imbalance risk at any dose (RR, 2.73; 95% confidence Interval, 2.07-3.61) and at lowest dose (RR, 1.76; 95% confidence Interval, 1.26-2.46). The highest dose analysis showed heterogeneity; evaluation of individual AEDs revealed that oxcarbamazepine and topiramate increased imbalance risk at all doses, whereas gabapentin and levetiracetam did not increase imbalance risk at any dose. A dose-response effect was observed for most AEDs. CONCLUSION: Second-generation AEDs at standard dosages, except for gabapentin and levetiracetam, increase the imbalance risk, and evidence exists for a dose-response effect. The mechanisms, risk factors, and consequences of this risk for individual AEDs warrant further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) should be prescribed to patients with brain tumors who have no history of seizures. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (1966-2004) that evaluated the efficacy of AED prophylaxis vs no treatment or placebo to prevent seizures in patients with brain tumors who had no history of epilepsy. Summary odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Three subanalyses were performed to assess pooled ORs of seizures in patients with primary glial tumors, cerebral metastases, and meningiomas. RESULTS: Of 474 articles found in the initial search, 17 were identified as primary studies. Five trials met inclusion criteria: patients with a neoplasm (primary glial tumors, cerebral metastases, and meningiomas) but no history of epilepsy who were randomized to either an AED or placebo. The 3 AEDs studied were phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproic acid. Of the 5 trials, 4 showed no statistical benefit of seizure prophylaxis with an AED. Meta-analysis confirmed the lack of AED benefit at 1 week (OR, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-1.83) and at 6 months (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.51-1.98) of follow-up. The AEDs had no effect on seizure prevention for specific tumor pathology, including primary glial tumors (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 0.32-37.47), cerebral metastases (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 0.25-24.72), and meningiomas (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.10-3.85). CONCLUSIONS: No evidence supports AED prophylaxis with phenobarbital, phenytoin, or valproic acid in patients with brain tumors and no history of seizures, regardless of neoplastic type. Subspecialists who treat patients with brain tumors need more education on this issue. Future randomized controlled trials should address whether any of the newer AEDs are useful for seizure prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiological and ecological studies suggest links between vitamin D deficiency and increased multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence.Objective: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of oral calcitriol therapy in an open label pilot study.Methods: 15 ambulatory patients with relapsing-remitting MS and at least one clinical relapse within the previous 12 months received oral calcitriol (target dose: 2.5 microg/d) for 48 weeks. Dietary calcium was restricted to 800 mg/d. Patients were monitored using frequent clinical and laboratory examinations, the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results: Two patients withdrew because of symptomatic hypercalcaemia (serum calcium >3.35 mmol/l in each case) resulting from persistent dietary indiscretion. Two diet compliant patients required temporary dose adjustments for mild asymptomatic hypercalcaemia. Diet compliant patients experienced mild adverse effects. The on-study exacerbation rate (27%) was less than baseline. Four patients experienced five clinical relapses but only one patient worsened by >1 EDSS point. Brain MRI revealed enhancing lesions in five patients at baseline (33%) and in four (29%) at both 24 and 48 weeks.Conclusions: Oral calcitriol is safe and well tolerated for up to one year by diet compliant relapsing-remitting MS patients. Further study of vitamin D related mechanisms is warranted in MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illustrates a case example of the neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome with extratrigeminal pain. Medical history of the patient's childhood migraine with aura; Characteristics of the SUNCT syndrome and the glossopharyngeal neuralgia syndrome; Implications of the presence of ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms.

Background: Inebilizumab, an anti-CD19 B-cell-depleting antibody, demonstrated safety and efficacy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the randomised controlled period of the N-MOmentum trial. Here, end-of-study data, including the randomised controlled period and open-label extension period, are reported., Methods: In the double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 N-MOmentum trial, adults aged 18 years and older with an neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder diagnosis, Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 8·0 or less, and history of either at least one acute inflammatory attack requiring rescue therapy in the past year or two attacks requiring rescue therapy in the past 2 years, were recruited from 81 outpatient specialty clinics or hospitals in 24 countries. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (3:1), using a central interactive voice system or interactive web response system, and a permuted block randomisation scheme (block size of 4), to receive intravenous inebilizumab (300 mg) or identical placebo on days 1 and 15 of the randomised period, which lasted up to 197 days. Participants and all study staff were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint of the randomised period of the trial was time to onset of adjudicated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attack on or before day 197. Participants in the randomised controlled period who had an adjudicated attack, completed 197 days in the study, or were in the randomised controlled period when enrolment stopped, could voluntarily enter the open-label period. In the open-label period, participants either initiated inebilizumab if assigned placebo (receiving 300 mg on days 1 and 15 of the open-label period) or continued treatment if assigned inebilizumab (receiving 300 mg on day 1 and placebo on day 15, to maintain B-cell depletion and masking of the randomised controlled period). All participants subsequently received inebilizumab 300 mg every 6 months for a minimum of 2 years. The end-of-study analysis endpoints were time to adjudicated attack and annualised attack rate (assessed in all participants who received inebilizumab at any point during the randomised controlled period or open-label period [any inebilizumab population] and the aquaporin-4 [AQP4]-IgG seropositive subgroup [any inebilizumab-AQP4-IgG seropositive population]) and safety outcomes (in all participants who were exposed to inebilizumab, analysed as-treated). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02200770, and is now complete., Findings: Between Jan 6, 2015, and Sept 24, 2018, 467 individuals were screened, 231 were randomly assigned, and 230 received at least one dose of inebilizumab (n=174) or placebo (n=56). Between May 19, 2015, and Nov 8, 2018, 165 (95%) of 174 participants in the inebilizumab group and 51 (91%) of 56 in the placebo group entered the open-label period (mean age 42·9 years [SD 12·4], 197 [91%] of 216 were female, 19 [9%] were male, 115 [53%] were White, 45 [21%] were Asian, 19 [9%] were American Indian or Alaskan Native, and 19 [9%] were Black or African American). As of data cutoff for this end of study analysis (Dec 18, 2020; median exposure 1178 days [IQR 856-1538], total exposure of 730 person-years) 225 participants formed the any inebilizumab population, and 208 (92%) participants were AQP4-IgG seropositive. Overall, 63 adjudicated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks occurred in 47 (21%) of 225 treated participants (60 attacks occurred in 44 [21%] of 208 in the AQP4-IgG seropositive subgroup); 40 (63%) of 63 attacks occurred in 34 (15%) of 225 treated participants during the first year of treatment. Of individuals who had an adjudicated attack while receiving inebilizumab, 36 (77%) of 47 were subsequently attack-free at the end of 4 years. Annualised attack rates decreased year-on-year, with end-of-study adjusted annualised attack rates being similar in the any inebilizumab-AQP4-IgG seropositive subgroup (0·097 [95% CI 0·070-0·14]) and any inebilizumab populations (0·092 [0·067-0·13]). Overall, 208 (92%) of 225 participants who received any inebilizumab had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event, the most frequent of which were urinary tract infection (59 [26%]), nasopharyngitis (47 [21%]), and arthralgia (39 [17%]). Infection rates did not increase over 4 years. Three (1%) of 225 participants in the any inebilizumab population died during the open-label period (one each due to a CNS event of unknown cause and pneumonia, respiratory insufficiency resulting from an neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attack and viral pneumonia related to COVID-19), all of which were deemed to be unrelated to treatment., Interpretation: Data from the end-of-study analysis of the N-MOmentum trial showed continued and sustained clinical benefits of long-term inebilizumab treatment in individuals with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, which supports the role of inebilizumab as a CD19+ B-cell-depleting therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder., Funding: MedImmune and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics, now part of Amgen., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests BACC reports personal fees for consulting from Alexion, Atara, Autobahn, Avotres, Biogen, Boston Pharma, EMD Serono, Gossamer Bio, Hexal/Sandoz, Horizon Therapeutics, Neuron23, Novartis, Sanofi, Siemens, TG Therapeutics, and Therini Bio, and has received research support from Genentech. HJK has received a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea and research support from AprilBio, Eisai, and UCB; consultancy or speaker fees from Alexion, Altos Biologics, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Eisai, GC Pharma, Handok Pharmaceuticals, Kaigene, Kolon Life Science, MDimune, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme; serves on a steering committee for MedImmune/Viela Bio; and is a co-editor for the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and an associate editor for the Journal of Clinical Neurology. BGW receives payments for serving as chair of attack adjudication committees for clinical trials in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder for Alexion, MedImmune, UCB Bioscience, and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; has consulted with CANbridge Pharmaceuticals, Chugai, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, and Roche Pharmaceuticals; has received payments for speaking for Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, and Roche; and has a patent for NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, with royalties paid by Hospices Civils de Lyon, MVZ Labor PD Dr Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, RSR Limited, and the University of Oxford. SJP reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Alexion; grants from Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance and Grifols; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from MedImmune and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; consulting support from Astellas, Genentech, and Sage Therapeutics; personal fees for consulting services from for F Hoffman-La Roche AG, Genentech, and UCB; and has a patent #9,891,219 (Application#12-573942) “Methods for Treating Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) by Administration of Eculizumab to an individual that is Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG Autoantibody positive”. DMW reports personal fees from Alexion, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Imcyse, Merck, Novartis, and Reistone Biopharma; serves on a clinical trial adjudication committee for MedImmune, Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics, and UCB Pharma; and serves on a data and safety monitoring board for Alexion and Abscuro. KF serves on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Chugai, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nihon Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; has received funding for travel and speaker fees from Asahi Kasei Medical, Astellas, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Daiichi Sankyo, Dainippon Sumitomo, Eisai, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nihon Pharmaceutical, Novartis, and Takeda; and research support from Asahi Kasei Medical, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Chugai, Genzyme Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor of Japan, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nihon Pharmaceutical, Ono Pharmaceutical, Teijin, and Teva. FP has received research support, speaker fees, and travel reimbursement from Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva; is supported by the German Competence Network for Multiple Sclerosis and the German Research Council (DFG Exc 257); has received travel reimbursement from the Guthy–Jackson Charitable Foundation; and serves on the steering committee of the OCTiMS study sponsored by Novartis. GRC has received personal fees for participation on data and safety monitoring boards from AI Therapeutics, AMO Pharma, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, BioLineRx, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, CSL Behring, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Green Valley Pharma, Horizon Therapeutics, Immunic Therapeutics, Karuna Therapeutics, Mapi Pharma, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US; Protocol Review Committee), Novartis, OPKO Biologics, Prothena Biosciences, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, the University of Texas Southwestern, the University of Pennsylvania, and Visioneering Technologies; personal fees for consulting or advisory board participation from Alexion, Antisense Therapeutics, Biogen, Clinical Trial Solutions, Entelexo Biotherapeutics, Genentech, Genzyme, GW Pharmaceuticals, Immunic Therapeutics, Immunosis, Klein Buendel, Merck/Serono, Novartis, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals, Perception Neurosciences, Protalix BioTherapeutics, Recursion/CereXis, Regeneron, Roche, and SAB Biotherapeutics. GRC is employed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is President of Pythagoras, a private consulting company based in Birmingham, AL, USA. RM serves on scientific advisory boards for MedImmune and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; and has received funding for travel and fees from Alexion, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics. AJG reports grants from the Conrad N Hilton Foundation and the Tom Sherak MS Hope Foundation; other financial relationships for activities as expert witness, associate editor, advisory board or steering committee participation, and endpoint adjudication with Bionure, Inception Sciences, JAMA Neurology, MedImmune/Viela Bio, Mylan, Synthon, and Trims Pharma; and personal fees from Pipeline Therapeutics. OA reports grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research (known as BMBF) and the German Research Foundation (known as DFG); grants and personal fees from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Teva, and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; and personal fees from Alexion, Almirall, Horizon Therapeutics, Merck Serono, Roche, and Zambon. H-PH has received fees for consulting, speaking, and serving on steering committees from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Celgene Receptos, CSL Behring, GeNeuro, Genzyme, MedDay, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, TG Therapeutics, and Viela Bio with approval by the Rector of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. DS, WR, MS, and DC hold stock or are employees of Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics, or both. EK was an employee of Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics during the preparation of this manuscript. JLB reports payment for study design or consultation from MedImmune/Viela Bio; personal fees from AbbVie, Alexion, Antigenomycs, BeiGene, Chugai, Clene Nanomedicine, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, and TG Therapeutics; grants and personal fees from Novartis; grants from Alexion, the Guthy–Jackson Charitable Foundation, Mallinckrodt, and the National Institutes of Health; and has a patent for aquaporumab issued (US10654916B2: Compositions and methods for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica)., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: E.C.C. has received reimbursement for developing educational presentations, educational and research grants, consultation fees, and/or travel stipends from Biogen Argentina and LATAM, Genzyme Argentina, Merck Argentina and LATAM, Roche Argentina and LATAM, Raffo, Novartis Argentina, AstraZeneca Argentina, Horizon therapeutics, LACTRIMS, Harvard Medical School (Postgraduate Medical Education), The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, and The Sumaira Foundation. D.M.W. reports personal fees for consulting or advisory board participation from Biogen, Genentech, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Reistone Biopharma, Bristol Meyer Squib, Imcyse, Merck Serono, Roche Pharmaceuticals, TTY Biopharm, Viela Bio, UCB Pharma, and Alexion; research support paid to the Mayo Clinic by Alexion; and payment for service on clinical trial adjudication committees for MedImmune, Viela Bio, and UCB Pharma.

Introduction: Limited data exist on brain MRI enhancement in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and differences from aquaporin-4-IgG-positive-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder (AQP4+NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS)., Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we identified 122 Mayo Clinic MOGAD patients (1 January 1996-1 July 2020) with cerebral attacks. We explored enhancement patterns using a discovery set (n=41). We assessed enhancement frequency and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores at nadir and follow-up in the remainder (n=81). Two raters assessed T1-weighted-postgadolinium MRIs (1.5T/3T) for enhancement patterns in MOGAD, AQP4+NMOSD (n=14) and MS (n=26). Inter-rater agreement was assessed. Leptomeningeal enhancement clinical correlates were analysed., Results: Enhancement occurred in 59/81 (73%) MOGAD cerebral attacks but did not influence outcome. Enhancement was often patchy/heterogeneous in MOGAD (33/59 (56%)), AQP4+NMOSD (9/14 (64%); p=0.57) and MS (16/26 (62%); p=0.63). Leptomeningeal enhancement favoured MOGAD (27/59 (46%)) over AQP4+NMOSD (1/14 (7%); p=0.01) and MS (1/26 (4%); p<0.001) with headache, fever and seizures frequent clinical correlates. Ring enhancement favoured MS (8/26 (31%); p=0.006) over MOGAD (4/59 (7%)). Linear ependymal enhancement was unique to AQP4+NMOSD (2/14 (14%)) and persistent enhancement (>3 months) was rare (0%-8%) across all groups. Inter-rater agreement for enhancement patterns was moderate., Conclusions: Enhancement is common with MOGAD cerebral attacks and often has a non-specific patchy appearance and rarely persists beyond 3 months. Leptomeningeal enhancement favours MOGAD over AQP4+NMOSD and MS., Competing Interests: Competing interests: PE has no conflicts of interests or financial disclosures to declare regarding this submission. LC received speaker and consultant honoraria from Biomedia, ACCMED, Roche, BMS Celgene and Sanofi. KNK and DG reports no disclosures. JJC has received consulting fees from Roche, UCB and Horizon. ASL-C has served on advisory boards for Genentech and Horizon Therapeutics. ES, VR and PPM reports no disclosures. JLC has received research support from Roche and Genentech for an MS clinical trial, and serves as chair of the DMSC for several migraine clinical trials. DMW has received consulting fees from Alexion, Roche, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Imcyse, Bristol Myers Squibb and Reistone, serves on an attack adjudication committee for a MOGAD clinical trial funded by UCB Pharma and is co-editor in chief of the neurologist. J-MT is associate editor for Journal of Child Neurology. CV-S and ST no disclosures. SJP reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals; grants, personal fees, non-financial support and other support from MedImmune, Inc/Viela Bio.; personal fees for consulting from Genentech/Roche. He has a patent, Patent# 8889102 (application#12-678350, Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantibodies as a Marker for Neoplasia)—issued; a patent, Patent# 9891219B2 (application#12-573942, Methods for Treating Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) by Administration of Eculizumab to an individual that is Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG Autoantibody positive)—issued. EPF has served on advisory boards for Alexion, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics and UCB. He has received research support from UCB. He has received speaker honoraria from Pharmacy Times. He received royalties from UpToDate. EPF was a site primary investigator in a randomised clinical trial on Inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder run by Medimmune/Viela-Bio/Horizon Therapeutics. EPF has received funding from the NIH (R01NS113828). EPF is a member of the medical advisory board of the MOG project. EPF is an editorial board member of the Journal of the Neurological Sciences and Neuroimmunology Reports. A patent has been submitted on DACH1-IgG as a biomarker of paraneoplastic autoimmunity., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate factors associated with aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG serostatus change using a large serological database., Methods: This retrospective study utilizes Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology Laboratory data from 2007 to 2021. We included all patients with ≥2 AQP4-IgG tests (by cell-based assay). The frequency and clinical factors associated with serostatus change were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined whether age, sex, or initial titer was associated with serostatus change., Results: There were 933 patients who had ≥2 AQP4-IgG tests with an initial positive result. Of those, 830 (89%) remained seropositive and 103 (11%) seroreverted to negative. Median interval to seroreversion was 1.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.4-3.5). Of those with sustained seropositivity, titers were stable in 92%. Seroreversion was associated with age ≤ 20 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-4.63; p = 0.028) and low initial titer of ≤1:100 (OR = 11.44, 95% CI = 3.17-41.26, p < 0.001), and 5 had clinical attacks despite seroreversion. Among 62 retested after seroreversion, 50% returned to seropositive (median = 224 days, IQR = 160-371). An initial negative AQP4-IgG test occurred in 9,308 patients. Of those, 99% remained seronegative and 53 (0.3%) seroconverted at a median interval of 0.76 years (IQR = 0.37-1.68)., Interpretation: AQP4-IgG seropositivity usually persists over time with little change in titer. Seroreversion to negative is uncommon (11%) and associated with lower titers and younger age. Seroreversion was often transient, and attacks occasionally occurred despite prior seroreversion, suggesting it may not reliably reflect disease activity. Seroconversion to positive is rare (<1%), limiting the utility of repeat testing in seronegative patients unless clinical suspicion is high. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:727-735., (© 2023 The Authors. Annals of Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association.)

Objective: To investigate relationships between serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (sUCHL1), tau (sTau) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) levels and disease activity/disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and the effects of inebilizumab on these biomarkers in N-MOmentum., Methods: N-MOmentum randomised participants to receive inebilizumab or placebo with a randomised controlled period (RCP) of 28 weeks and an open-label follow-up period of ≥2 years. The sNfL, sUCHL1, sTau and sGFAP were measured using single-molecule arrays in 1260 scheduled and attack-related samples from N-MOmentum participants (immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies to aquaporin-4-positive, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-positive or double autoantibody-negative) and two control groups (healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis)., Results: The concentration of all four biomarkers increased during NMOSD attacks. At attack, sNfL had the strongest correlation with disability worsening during attacks (Spearman R 2 =0.40; p=0.01) and prediction of disability worsening after attacks (sNfL cut-off 32 pg/mL; area under the curve 0.71 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.89); p=0.02), but only sGFAP predicted upcoming attacks. At RCP end, fewer inebilizumab-treated than placebo-treated participants had sNfL>16 pg/mL (22% vs 45%; OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.76); p=0.004)., Conclusions: Compared with sGFAP, sTau and sUCHL1, sNfL at attack was the strongest predictor of disability worsening at attack and follow-up, suggesting a role for identifying participants with NMOSD at risk of limited post-relapse recovery. Treatment with inebilizumab was associated with lower levels of sGFAP and sNfL than placebo., Trial Registration Number: NCT02200770., Competing Interests: Competing interests: OA reports grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Research Foundation (DFG); grants and personal fees from Biogen and Novartis; and travel support and personal fees from Alexion, Almirall, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi, Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics and Zambon. OA is a member of the European Reference Network for Rare Eye Diseases (ERN-EYE), co-funded by the Health Program of the European Union under the Framework Partnership Agreement No 739534 'ERN-EYE. H-PH has received fees for consulting, speaking and serving on steering committees from Bayer Healthcare, Biogen Idec, Celgene Receptos, CSL Behring, GeNeuro, Genzyme, MedDay, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, TG Therapeutics and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics, with approval by the Rector of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. KF has received fees for consulting, speaking and serving on steering committees from AbbVie, Alexion, Asahi Kasei Medical, Biogen, Chugai/Roche, Eisai, Japan Tobacco, MedImmune/Viela Bio, Merck, Merck Biopharma, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, Takeda, Teijin and UCB, and has received Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan. FP has received research support, speaker fees and travel reimbursement from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme and Teva; is supported by the German Competence Network for Multiple Sclerosis and the German Research Council (DFG Exc 257); has received travel reimbursement from the Guthy–Jackson Charitable Foundation; and serves on the steering committee of the OCTIMS study sponsored by Novartis. RM serves on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, Roche and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; and has received funding for travel and fees from Alexion, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics. JLB reports payment for study design/consultation from MedImmune/Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; reports personal fees from AbbVie, Alexion, Beigene, Chugai, Clene Nanomedicine, Genentech, Genzyme, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Reistone Biopharma and Roche; reports grants and personal fees from EMD Serono and Novartis; reports grants from Alexion, Mallinckrodt and the National Institutes of Health; and has a patent for Aquaporumab issued. HJK has received a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea; consultancy/speaker fees or research support from Alexion, AprilBio, ALTOS Biologics, Biogen, Celltrion, Daewoong, Eisai, GC Pharma, HanAll BioPharma, Handok, Horizon Therapeutics (formerly Viela Bio), Kolon Life Science, MDimune, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva-Handok and UCB; and is a co-editor for the Multiple Sclerosis Journal and an associated editor for the Journal of Clinical Neurology. BGW receives payments for serving as chair of attack adjudication committees for clinical trials in NMOSD for Alexion, MedImmune, UCB Bioscience and Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; has consulted with Chugai, Genentech, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Roche; has received payments for speaking for Genentech and Roche; and has a patent for NMO-IgG for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, with royalties paid by Hospices Civils de Lyon, MVZ Labor PD Dr Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, RSR and the University of Oxford. SJP has received personal compensation for serving as a consultant for Astellas, Genentech and Sage Therapeutics; has received personal compensation for serving on scientific advisory boards or data safety monitoring boards for F. Hoffman-La Roche AG, Genentech and UCB; has received research support from Alexion, Roche/Genentech and Viela Bio/MedImmune/Horizon; has a Patent# 8,889,102 (Application#12-678350, Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantibodies as a Marker for Neoplasia)—issued; has a patent, Patent# 9,891,219B2 (Application#12-573942, Methods for Treating Neuromyelitis Optica [NMO] by Administration of Eculizumab to an individual that is Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG Autoantibody positive)—issued; and his institution has received compensation for serving as a consultant for Alexion, Astellas and Viela Bio/MedImmune/Horizon. DMW reports personal fees from Biogen, Genentech, Horizon, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Roche, UCB Pharma and Viela Bio; and research support paid to Mayo Clinic by Alexion Pharmaceuticals. GC has received personal fees for participation on data and safety monitoring boards from AI Therapeutics, AMO Pharma, AstraZeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, Biolinerx, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Bristol Meyers Squibb/Celgene, CSL Behring, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Green Valley Pharma, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Karuna Therapeutics, Mapi Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), Novartis, Opko Biologics, Prothena Biosciences, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, University of Texas Southwestern, University of Pennsylvania and Visioneering Technologies; has received personal fees for consulting or advisory board participation from Alexion, Antisense Therapeutics, Biogen, Clinical Trial Solutions, Entelexo Biotherapeutics, Genentech, Genzyme, GW Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, Merck/Serono, Novartis, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals, Perception Neurosciences, Protalix Biotherapeutics, Recursion/Cerexis Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, Roche, SAB Biotherapeutics; and is employed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham and President of Pythagoras, a private consulting company located in Birmingham, Alabama. BAC reports personal compensation for consulting from Alexion, Atara Biotherapeutics, Autobahn, Avotres, Biogen, EMD Serono, Gossamer Bio, Horizon, Neuron23, Novartis, Sanofi, TG Therapeutics and Therini Bio; and has received research support from Genentech. MAS, WAR, DS and DC are employees of Horizon Therapeutics and own stock. MG and EK are former employees of Horizon Therapeutics and own stock., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The N-MOmentum trial investigated safety and efficacy of inebilizumab in participants with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)., Objective: Evaluate the attack identification process and adjudication committee (AC) performance in N-MOmentum., Methods: Adults ( n = 230) with NMOSD and Expanded Disability Status Scale score ⩽8 were randomized (3:1) to inebilizumab 300 mg or placebo. The randomized controlled period was 28 weeks or until adjudicated attack. Attacks were adjudicated according to 18 predefined criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarker (serum glial fibrillary acidic protein [sGFAP]) analyses were performed., Results: A total of 64 participant-reported neurological events occurred; 51 (80%) were investigator-determined to be attacks. The AC confirmed 43 of the investigator-determined attacks (84%). There was high inter- and intra-AC-member agreement. In 25/64 events (39%) and 14/43 AC-adjudicated attacks (33%), MRI was reviewed during adjudication. Retrospective analysis revealed new domain-specific T1 and T2 MRI lesions in 90% of adjudicated attacks. Increased mean sGFAP concentrations (>2-fold change) from baseline were observed in 56% of adjudicated attacks versus 14% of investigator-determined attacks rejected by the AC and 31% of participant-reported events determined not to be attacks., Conclusion: AC adjudication of NMOSD attacks according to predefined criteria appears robust. MRI lesion correlates and sGFAP elevations were found in most adjudicated attacks.

Background: Cumulative damage from multiple relapses in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is associated with poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and long-term disability in patients positive for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4+). This study assessed the effect of an individual relapse on HRQoL and disability outcomes in AQP4+ NMOSD., Methods: Post hoc analyses of data pooled from the PREVENT study and its open-label extension, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in AQP4+ NMOSD, examined the effect of a single relapse on 3 disability and 4 HRQoL outcome measures. Assuming the effect of 1 relapse extends to multiple relapses, an extrapolation was done to assess the effect of 2 relapses on these outcomes., Results: In 27 patients (placebo: n = 20; eculizumab: n = 7) experiencing an independently adjudicated relapse, 1 relapse led to significantly worse disability (modified Rankin Scale and Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) and HRQoL (36-item Short-Form Health Survey mental and physical component summaries; European Quality of Life 5-Dimension questionnaire 3-Level visual analogue scale and utility index) scores. In 4 of 7 outcomes, clinically meaningful worsening was more likely for relapsing versus non-relapsing patients ( n = 116). Extrapolating the effect of 2 relapses predicted that clinically meaningful worsening was more likely in 6 out of 7 outcomes, including EDSS, for patients experiencing multiple relapses versus patients experiencing no relapses., Conclusion: Findings from these clinical trial data demonstrate that a single NMOSD relapse can worsen disability and HRQoL, underscoring the role of relapse prevention in improving long-term outcomes in patients with AQP4+ NMOSD., Competing Interests: AB’s institution received compensations from Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease for participation in the PREVENT study. Outside the submitted work, he has participated in consultancy, speaker bureaus, and advisory boards with Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. ML received consulting fees from all 3 manufacturers involved in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder clinical trials including Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Viela Bio, and Genentech/Roche/Chugai. In addition, he has received consulting fees from Quest Diagnostics, Mitsubishi, and UCB Pharmaceuticals. DW is an employee of the Mayo Clinic and participated on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for Roche, Viela Bio, Genentech, Biogen, Reistone, TG Therapeutics, Celgene, and Novartis, with fees paid directly to himself; and for Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, with fees paid to his institution. He received grants for clinical trials through Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease and TerumoBCT paid directly to his institution and was personally paid consulting fees by Mitsubishi Tanabe. SP and his institution have received honorariums and travel expenses for attending NMOSD advisory board meetings (MedImmune, Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease), consulting fees (Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Euroimmun, Grifols, MedImmune), grant/research support (Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, the Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance, Euroimmun, Grifols, MedImmune), and other fees received from the National Institutes of Health and the Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation. He has a patent, Patent# 8889102 (Application# 12-678350, Neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies as a marker for neoplasia), issued; another patent, Patent# 9891219B2 (Application# 12-573942, Methods for treating neuromyelitis optica (NMO) by administration of eculizumab to an individual that is aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG autoantibody positive), issued. SS, AK, and GS are employees and stockholders of Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease. MR was an employee and stockholder of Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease during the development of this manuscript. JP has received support for scientific meetings and honorariums for advisory work from Merck Serono, Novartis, Chugai, Alexion, Roche, MedImmune, Argenx, UCB, Mitsubishi, Amplo, Janssen, Sanofi, and grants from Alexion, Roche, MedImmune, and Amplo Biotechnology; has patent ref. P37347WO, a license agreement with Numares for multi-marker MS diagnostics, and ISA shares in AstraZeneca; and acknowledges partial funding by Highly specialized services, NHS, England. The authors declare that this study received funding from Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, MA, USA. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, the decision to submit it for publication., (Copyright © 2023 Berthele, Levy, Wingerchuk, Pittock, Shang, Kielhorn, Royston, Sabatella and Palace.)

Introduction: We sought insights into the classification of and factors associated with relapse severity and disease stability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) clinical practice worldwide., Methods: Neurologists recruited from six countries (the USA, Germany, Italy, Brazil, South Korea, and China) participated in a 30-60 minute online survey and submitted two to four clinical records for aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-seropositive adults with NMOSD, which included patient demographics, diagnosis, maintenance treatment history, relapse occurrence, and severity. Separately, patients with NMOSD receiving maintenance therapy were interviewed over the telephone about their treatment journey, as well as perceptions of relapse severity and disease stability, and their potential influence on treatment decisions., Results: Clinical records for 1185 patients with AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD were provided by 389 neurologists (July-August 2020); 33 patients were interviewed (October-November 2020). There was no clear consensus on how relapse severity was defined in clinical practice, with geographical variations in relapse classification also found. Neurologists tended to rely on clinical assessments when determining severity, viewing each relapse in isolation, whereas patients had a more subjective view based on the changes in their daily lives and comparisons with prior relapses. Similarly, there was a disconnect in the definition of disease stability: the complete absence of relapses was more important for patients than for neurologists., Conclusion: A clear consensus on how to assess relapse severity and disease stability is needed to ensure that patients receive appropriate and timely treatment. In the future, clinical measures should be combined with patient-focused assessments., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: We sought insights into neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) treatment practices worldwide., Methods: Neurologists from the USA, Germany, Italy, Brazil, South Korea, and China completed an online survey, contributing clinical records for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) immunoglobulin G (IgG)-seropositive adults with NMOSD, which included patient demographics, diagnosis, maintenance treatment history, relapse occurrence, and severity. Interviewed patients receiving NMOSD maintenance therapy provided information about their diagnosis, treatment, perceptions about relapse severity or disease stability, and treatment switches., Results: A total of 389 neurologists submitted clinical records for 1185 patients with AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD; 33 patients with NMOSD were interviewed. Approximately 25% (228/910) of patients from the clinical record review (CRR) were initially misdiagnosed; 24% (8/33) of patients interviewed reported formal misdiagnosis. Misdiagnosis was associated with treatment delay and more relapses compared with correct diagnosis (mean 3.3 vs 2.8). Maintenance therapy was not initiated within 2 months for 47% (221/472) of patients from the CRR and 24% (8/33) of interviewed patients. Oral corticosteroids/immunosuppressive therapies were typically the first maintenance treatment initiated, except for the USA, where monoclonal antibodies were equally likely to be prescribed. Relapse severity influenced the decision to initiate/change therapy and use monoclonal antibodies. Of interviewed patients, 76% (25/33) did not recall having a choice of treatment and many did not know the rationale for treatment choice., Conclusion: Misdiagnosis of NMOSD appears to be common and is associated with a delay in initiation of maintenance therapy, with decisions influenced by relapse severity. Further real-world studies assessing relapse severity in treatment initiation/switch are required to revise NMOSD treatment recommendations., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: The clinical benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in adult individuals with neuroinvasive West Nile virus (niWNV) infection is not well substantiated. We sought to critically assess current evidence regarding the efficacy of IVIG in treating patients with niWNV., Methods: The objective was addressed through the development of a critically appraised topic that included a clinical scenario, structured question, literature search strategy, critical appraisal, assessment of results, evidence summary, commentary, and bottom-line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, a medical librarian, clinical epidemiologists, and a content expert in the field of neuro-infectious diseases., Results: The appraised study enrolled 62 participants with suspected niWNV, randomized into 3 different arms [37 participants in the Omr-IgG-am group, 12 in the Polygam group, and 13 in the normal saline (NS) group]. Omr-IgG-am and Polygam are different formulations of IVIG. IVIG safety, measured as rates of serious adverse events, was the primary study outcome while IVIG efficacy, measured as rates of unfavorable outcomes, was a secondary endpoint. The estimated rates of SAE were statistically similar in all groups (51.4% Omr-IgG-am, 58.3% Polygam, and 23.1% NS groups). Unfavorable outcomes also occurred at a similar rate between all the groups (51.5% Omr-IgG-am, 54.5% Polygam, and 27.3% NS)., Conclusions: The appraised trial showed that Omr-IgG-am and Polygam are as safe as NS. Data on efficacy from this trial were limited by a small sample size. Phase III clinical trials on IVIG efficacy in NiWNV infection are needed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to minimize long-term disability. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of NMOSD have led to multiple new therapies, but significant care and knowledge gaps persist. OBJECTIVES: To summarize current knowledge about the burden of disease and diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD in order to support managed care professionals and health care providers in making collaborative, evidence-based decisions to optimize outcomes among patients with NMOSD. In addition, this review also presents findings of a patient survey that provides insight into real-world experiences of those living with NMOSD. SUMMARY: Diagnosis of NMOSD is based on detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) in the context of compatible clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features. Patients who are AQP4-IgG seronegative and/or who are positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies may also satisfy criteria for NMOSD. The rarity of the condition combined with the significant overlap in clinical features with other autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system, most notably multiple sclerosis, can delay accurate diagnosis, which in turn can delay appropriate treatment, leading to the accumulation of long-term disability. Accumulating disability associated with NMOSD has a substantial negative impact on quality of life. The disease typically evolves as relapsing (ie, repeated) acute attacks. Treatment consists of management of acute attacks, prevention of subsequent attacks, and management of acute and chronic symptoms. The armamentarium of therapies to prevent attacks consists of several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) approved to treat AQP4-IgG-seropositive disease and several off-label therapies used for patients with either seropositive or seronegative disease. There is limited evidence to guide treatment decision-making, including which therapies to use first line, when to switch, and when to use monotherapy vs combination therapy. In addition, therapies with the greatest demonstrated safety and efficacy in NMOSD are costly and may not be accessible to all patients. Moreover, the results of the patient survey revealed significant clinical and financial burdens to patients with NMOSD including frequent attacks, delays in therapy initiation, need for urgent care and repeat hospitalizations, new and worsening symptoms, accumulating disability, and difficulties affording care. As such, key stakeholders must weigh them against the substantial economic costs of untreated or suboptimal treatment of disease. DISCLOSURES: Dr Wingerchuk has served on the advisory board or panel for Alexion, Biogen, Genentech, Horizon, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Roche, UCB, and Viela Bio and has received grants of research support from Alexion. Dr Weinshenker has served as a consultant or on the advisory board or panel for Alexion, Genentech, Horizon, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Roche, UCB, and Viela Bio, served on the speakers bureau or other promotional education for Genentech and Roche, and has received royalties from RSR Ltd.

Background: Combined PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibition for the has been shown to produce superior results in the treatment of malignant melanoma when compared to monotherapy. However, patients with intracranial disease were excluded from these studies given their poor prognosis., Objective: The objective of this study was to critically assess current evidence supporting the co-administration of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma brain metastases., Methods: The objective was addressed through the development of a critically appraised topic that included a clinical scenario, structured question, literature search strategy, critical appraisal, assessment of results, evidence summary, commentary, and bottom-line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, a medical librarian, clinical epidemiologists, and a content expert in the field of neuro-oncology., Results: A recent, open-label, non-comparative randomized phase II trial was selected for critical appraisal. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab alone or in combination with ipilimumab in 79 adult patients with untreated, asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases. The rates of the primary outcome (intracranial response at ≥12 wk) in the primary endpoint cohort were 46% for cohort A (combination therapy) and 20% for cohort B (nivolumab monotherapy). No treatment related deaths were observed in the study. Grade 4 adverse events occurred in 9% of patients in cohort A and none in cohort B., Conclusions: Co-administration of ipilimumab and nivolumab as first-line therapy is effective in the treatment of asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases, with an acceptable safety profile., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Asymptomatic or persistent optic nerve enhancement in aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is thought to be rare. Improved understanding may have important implications for assessment of treatment efficacy in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Our objective was to characterize NMOSD interattack optic nerve enhancement., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study performed between 2000 and 2019 (median follow-up 5.5 [range 1-35] years) of patients with AQP4-IgG-positive optic neuritis (ON) evaluated at Mayo Clinic. MRI orbits were reviewed by a neuroradiologist, neuro-ophthalmologist, and neuroimmunologist blinded to the clinical history. Interattack optic nerve enhancement (>30 days after attack) was measured. The correlation between interattack enhancement and Snellen visual acuity (VA), converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), at attack and at follow-up were assessed., Results: A total of 198 MRI scans in 100 patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD were identified, with 107 interattack MRIs from 78 unique patients reviewed. Seven scans were performed before any ON (median 61 days before attack [range 21-271 days]) and 100 after ON (median 400 days after attack [33-4,623 days]). Optic nerve enhancement was present on 18/107 (16.8%) interattack scans (median 192.5 days from attack [33-2,943]) of patients with preceding ON. On 15 scans, enhancement occurred at the site of prior attacks; the lesion location was unchanged, but the lesion length was shorter. Two scans (1.8%) demonstrated new asymptomatic lesions (prior scan demonstrated no enhancement). In a third patient with subjective blurry vision, MRI showed enhancement preceding detectable eye abnormalities on examination noted 15 days later. There was no difference in VA at preceding attack nadir (logMAR VA 1.7 vs 2.1; p = 0.79) or long-term VA (logMAR VA 0.4 vs 0.2, p = 0.56) between those with and without interattack optic nerve enhancement., Discussion: Asymptomatic optic nerve enhancement occurred in 17% of patients with NMOSD predominantly at the site of prior ON attacks and may represent intermittent blood-brain barrier breakdown or subclinical ON. New asymptomatic enhancement was seen only in 2% of patients. Therapeutic clinical trials for NMOSD require blinded relapse adjudication when assessing treatment efficacy, and it is important to recognize that asymptomatic optic nerve enhancement can occur in patients with ON., (© 2022 American Academy of Neurology.)

During PREVENT (a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, time-to-event study) and its open-label extension (interim analysis), 33 adults with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG + NMOSD) received eculizumab monotherapy for a median of 2.8 years (range, 14 weeks-5.2 years). At 192 weeks (~4 years), 96% of these patients were free from adjudicated relapses (Kaplan-Meier analysis; 95% confidence interval, 75.7-99.4). During PREVENT, 95% (20/21) of patients receiving eculizumab monotherapy had no disability worsening. Eculizumab monotherapy provides effective long-term relapse prevention, relieving the chronic immunosuppression burden in patients with AQP4-IgG + NMOSD. ClinicalTrials.gov; PREVENT: NCT01892345; open-label extension: NCT02003144.

Introduction: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease defined by attacks on the central nervous system that cause irreversible damage. Recent approval of NMOSD therapies warrants investigations of comparative efficacy to inform treatment decisions., Methods: A network meta-analysis (NMA) of all U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies (eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab) for adults with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive (AQP4+) NMOSD was conducted via a systematic literature review (SLR) using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Database searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were executed for the SLR. A fixed-effects proportional hazards Bayesian NMA was used to estimate relative treatment effects based on data extracted from RCTs identified during the SLR (search end date: 11 September 2020). Four unique RCTs (N-MOmentum, PREVENT, SAkuraSky, and SAkuraStar) were identified, and data from 29 publications were extracted for analysis. Network scenarios describing the most comparable patient population groups (such as by treatment settings) were evaluated in our analyses. Relative treatment effects were evaluated based on time-to-first relapse and were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs)., Results: In patients treated with a monoclonal antibody only, eculizumab was associated with a lower risk of relapse compared with satralizumab (HR 0.10, 95% CrI 0.01, 0.65) and inebilizumab (HR 0.11, 95% CrI 0.02, 0.68). In patients treated with monoclonal antibody with or without background immunosuppressive therapy (IST), patients treated with eculizumab ± IST were also less likely to relapse than patients treated with satralizumab ± IST (HR 0.24, 95% CrI 0.06, 0.98)., Conclusion: The NMA results suggest that complement component 5 (C5) inhibition prevents NMOSD relapses more effectively than broader mechanisms of action., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Functional movement disorders (FMD, aka psychogenic movement disorders) are very common and frequently chronic and disabling. Despite this, there is a paucity of evidence-based treatment to manage and alleviate these conditions. Specialized physical therapy (PT), involving sequential motor relearning and redirecting attention, has shown promise as a therapeutic intervention for motor symptoms., Methods: The objective of this study was to critically assess current evidence regarding specialized PT compared with usual care in improving motor symptoms among patients with FMD. This was addressed through the development of a structured critically appraised topic. This included a clinical scenario with a clinical question, literature search strategy, critical appraisal, results, evidence summary, commentary, and bottom-line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, a medical librarian, and content experts in the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical and occupational therapy, psychiatry, and psychology., Results: A randomized controlled feasibility trial was identified and selected for critical appraisal. This study randomized 60 patients with FMD to a 5-day specialized outpatient PT program or to general outpatient PT referral, and measured patient-reported and clinician-measured outcomes. At 6 months, 72% of patients in the intervention group had a good outcome compared with 18% of control group patients. Patients in the specialized outpatient PT program had significantly better outcomes in 3 Short-Form 36 (SF36) domains (d=0.46 to 0.79) and multiple other scales of physical and social function as well as clinician-measured outcomes. The intervention resulted in 0.08 additional quality-adjusted life years in a cost-effective manner., Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that in patients with FMD, specialized PT improves motor symptoms in a clinically significant, sustained, and cost-effective manner. This promising intervention warrants further investigation and replication., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The N-MOmentum trial, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 study of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), enrolled participants who were aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-seropositive (AQP4+) or -seronegative (AQP4-). This article reports AQP4- participant outcomes., Methods: AQP4-IgG serostatus was determined for all screened participants by a central laboratory, using a validated, fluorescence-observation cell-binding assay. Medical histories and screening data for AQP4- participants were assessed independently by an eligibility committee of three clinical experts during screening. Diagnosis of NMOSD was confirmed by majority decision using the 2006 neuromyelitis optica criteria. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) serology (using a clinically validated, flow cytometry assay) and annualized attack rates (AARs) were evaluated post hoc. Efficacy outcomes were assessed by comparing pre-study and on-study AARs in treated participants., Results: Only 18/50 AQP4- screened participants (36%) were initially considered eligible for randomization; 16 were randomized and received full treatment, 4 to placebo (1 MOG-IgG-seropositive [MOG+]) and 12 to inebilizumab (6 MOG+). The most common reason for failure to pass screening among prospective AQP4- participants was failure to fulfill the 2006 NMO MRI criteria. In inebilizumab-treated AQP4- participants, on-study AARs (95% confidence interval [CI]) calculated from treatment initiation (whether from randomization or when received at the start of the open-label period) to the end of study were lower than pre-study rates: for all AQP4- participants (n = 16), mean (95% CI) AAR was 0.048 (0.02-0.15) versus 1.70 (0.74-2.66), respectively. For the subset of AQP4-/MOG+ participants (n = 7), AAR was 0.043 (0.006-0.302) after treatment versus 1.93 (1.10-3.14) before the study. For the subset of AQP4-/MOG- participants (n = 9), post-treatment AAR was 0.051 (0.013-0.204) versus 1.60 (1.02-2.38). Three attacks occurred during the randomized controlled period in the AQP4- inebilizumab group and were of mild severity; no attacks occurred in the AQP4- placebo group. The low number of participants receiving placebo (n = 4) confounds direct comparison with the inebilizumab group. No attacks were seen in any AQP4- participant after the second infusion of inebilizumab. Inebilizumab was generally well tolerated by AQP4- participants and the adverse event profile observed was similar to that of AQP4+ participants., Conclusion: The high rate of rejection of AQP4- participants from enrollment into the study highlights the challenges of implementing the diagnostic criteria of AQP4- NMOSD. An apparent reduction of AAR in participants with AQP4- NMOSD who received inebilizumab warrants further investigation., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: Determine the utility of aquaporin 4 IgG (AQP4-IgG) testing (live cell-based assay) for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD)., Methods: We included Mayo Clinic patients (1/1/2018-12/31/2019) tested for serum AQP4-IgG by live cell-based flow-cytometric assay. Medical records were reviewed to assess if patients fulfilled 2015 NMOSD criteria., Results: Of 1371 patients tested, 41 were positive (3%) and all fulfilled NMOSD criteria with AQP4-IgG (specificity = 100%). Only 10/1330 testing negative met NMOSD criteria without AQP4-IgG (sensitivity = 80%) and seven of these 10 were MOG-IgG positive., Conclusions: AQP4-IgG by live cell-based assay was highly specific and without false positives in a high throughput setting., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Vyanka Redenbaugh – reports no financial disclosures, Mayra Montalvo – reports no financial disclosures, Elia Sechi – reports no financial disclosures, Marina Buciuc – reports no financial disclosures, James P. Fryer – reports no financial disclosures, Andrew McKeon – Dr McKeon received research funding from Alexion, Grifols, and MedImmune and has patents pending for the following IgGs as biomarkers of autoimmune neurological disorders: Septin-5, Septin-7, Kelch-like protein 11, GFAP, PDE10A, and MAP1B. Dr McKeon also reported grants from EUROIMMUN and Grifols outside the submittedVanda A. Lennon – Dr. Lennon receives royalties from RSR/Kronus and other providers of diagnostic testing for AQP4-IgG performed outside of Mayo Clinic and from licensing of AQP4-IgG monoclonal antibodies. John R. Mills – Dr. Mills holds patents on the use of mass spectrometry to measure monoclonal immunoglobulins and has received royalties related to these patents from The Binding Site.Brian G. Weinshenker – Dr Weinshenker reported personal fees from Alexion and Viela Bio for serving on attack adjudication committees for clinical trials in neuromyelitis optica; consulting fees from Chugai, Genentech, and Mitsubishi Tanabe regarding clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica; and consulting and speaking fees from Roche regarding clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica, outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr Weinshenker has a patent for neuromyelitis optica–IgG for a diagnostic test of neuromyelitis optica and associated conditions with royalties paid from RSR Ltd, Oxford University, Hospices Civil de Lyon, and MVZ Labor PD Dr Volkmann und Kollegen GbR. Dr Tobin has received research funding from Mallinckrodt Inc, the Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, and the National Institutes of Health (grant 1R01NS113803-01A1) outside the submitted work.Dean M. Wingerchuck – Dr. Wingerchuk has received research support paid to Mayo Clinic from Alexion and TerumoBCT. He serves on medical advisory boards for MedImmune, Horizon, Novartis, Biogen, Celgene, Genentech, TG Therapeutics, Reistone, and Mitsubishi TanabeJohn J. Chen – consultant to Roche and UCBM. Tariq Bhatti – reports no financial disclosures, A. Sebastian Lopez Chiriboga – reports no financial disclosures, Sean J. Pittock – : Dr Pittock reports receiving grants, personal fees paid to Mayo Clinic, and nonfinancial support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc and MedImmune Inc/Viela Bio; receiving personal fees from Genentech/Roche, UCB, and Astellas, outside the submitted work; holding patent 8,889,102 (application 12-678350) issued and patent 9,891,219B2 (application 12-573942) issued; and serving as a director of the Neuroimmunology Laboratory at Mayo Clinic. He receives no royalties from the sale of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–IgG1 testing at the Neuroimmunology Laboratory; however, Mayo Clinic Laboratories does receive revenue for conducting such tests. Eoin P. Flanagan - Dr Flanagan has served on advisory boards for Alexion, Genentech and Horizon Therapeutics. He has received speaker honoraria from Pharmacy Times. He received royalties from UpToDate. Dr Flanagan was a site primary investigator in a randomized clinical trial on Inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder run by Medimmune/Viela-Bio/Horizon Therapeutics. Dr Flanagan has received funding from the NIH (R01NS113828). Dr Flanagan is a member of the medical advisory board of the MOG project. Dr Flanagan is an editorial board member of the Journal of the Neurological Sciences and Neuroimmunology Reports., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Background and Objective: Severe attacks of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disorder (MOGAD) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) may require ventilatory support, but data on episodes are limited, particularly for MOGAD. We sought to compare the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD attacks requiring ventilatory support., Methods: This retrospective descriptive study identified Mayo Clinic patients (January 1, 1996-December 1, 2020) with MOGAD or AQP4-NMOSD and an attack requiring noninvasive or invasive ventilation at Mayo Clinic or an outside facility by searching for relevant terms in their electronic medical record. Inclusion criteria were (1) attack-related requirement for noninvasive (bilevel positive airway pressure or continuous positive airway pressure) or invasive respiratory support (mechanical ventilation); (2) MOG or AQP4 antibody positivity with fulfillment of MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD clinical diagnostic criteria, respectively; and (3) sufficient clinical details. We collected data on demographics, comorbid conditions, indication for and duration of respiratory support, MRI findings, treatments, and outcomes. The races of those with attacks requiring respiratory support were compared to those without such attacks in MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD., Results: Attacks requiring ventilatory support were similarly rare in patients with MOGAD (8 of 279, 2.9%) and AQP4-NMOSD (11 of 503 [2.2%]) ( p = 0.63). The age at attack (median years [range]) (MOGAD 31.5 [5-47] vs AQP4-NMOSD 43 [14-65]; p = 0.01) and percentage of female sex (MOGAD 3 of 8 [38%] vs AQP4-NMOSD 10 of 11 [91%]; p = 0.04) differed. The reasons for ventilation differed between MOGAD (inability to protect airway from seizure, encephalitis or encephalomyelitis with attacks of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 5 [62.5%] or unilateral cortical encephalitis 3 [37.5%]) and AQP4-NMOSD (inability to protect airway from cervical myelitis 9 [82%], rhombencephalitis 1 [9%], or combinations of both 1 [9%]). Median ventilation duration for MOGAD was 2 days (range 1-7 days) vs 19 days (range 6-330 days) for AQP4-NMOSD ( p = 0.01). All patients with MOGAD recovered, but 2 of 11 (18%) patients with AQP4-NMOSD died of the attack. For AQP4-NMOSD, Black race was overrepresented for attacks requiring ventilatory support vs those without these episodes (5 of 11 [45%] vs 88 of 457 [19%]; p = 0.045)., Discussion: Ventilatory support is rarely required for MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD attacks, and the indications differ. Compared to MOGAD, these attacks in AQP4-NMOSD may have higher morbidity and mortality, and those of Black race were more predisposed, which we suspect may relate to socially mediated health inequality., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.)

Background: High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HD-ASCT) is a promising alternative to whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in the treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). The objective of this study was to critically assess current evidence supporting the use of HD-ASCT as first-line consolidative therapy in PCNSL., Methods: The objective was addressed through the development of a critically appraised topic that included a clinical scenario, structured question, literature search strategy, critical appraisal, assessment of results, evidence summary, commentary, and bottom-line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, a medical librarian, clinical epidemiologists, and a content expert in the field of neuro-oncology., Results: A recent, open-label, noncomparative randomized phase II trial was selected for critical appraisal. This trial evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of consolidative therapy with HD-ASCT and WBRT in PCNSL in 2 separate treatment arms. A total of 140 patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL between the ages of 18 and 60 years were included. The primary endpoint of 2-year progression-free survival was met in 63% of patients in the WBRT arm and 87% in the HD-ASCT arm. Notably, an overall improvement in neurocognitive scores was observed following HD-ASCT, while WBRT was associated with worsened cognitive outcomes., Conclusions: In young patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL, consolidative therapy with HD-ASCT appears to be associated with less neurocognitive toxicity and may be more effective than WBRT at preventing relapses, however, at the cost of a higher treatment-related mortality., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: During PREVENT (NCT01892345), eculizumab significantly reduced relapse risk versus placebo in patients with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD). We report an interim analysis of PREVENT's ongoing open-label extension (OLE; NCT02003144) evaluating eculizumab's long-term safety and efficacy., Methods: Patients who completed PREVENT could enroll in the OLE to receive eculizumab (maintenance dose = 1,200 mg/2 weeks, after a blinded induction phase). Safety and efficacy data from PREVENT and its OLE (interim data cut, July 31, 2019) were combined for this analysis., Results: Across PREVENT and the OLE, 137 patients received eculizumab and were monitored for a median (range) of 133.3 weeks (5.1-276.9 weeks), for a combined total of 362.3 patient-years (PY). Treatment-related adverse event (AE) and serious adverse event (SAE) rates were 183.5 in 100 PY and 8.6 in 100 PY, respectively. Serious infection rates were 10.2 in 100 PY in eculizumab-treated patients versus 15.1 in 100 PY in the PREVENT placebo group. No patient developed a meningococcal infection. At 192 weeks (3.7 years), 94.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.6-97.3) of patients remained adjudicated relapse-free. The adjudicated annualized relapse rate was 0.025 (95% CI = 0.013-0.048) in all eculizumab-treated patients versus 0.350 (95% CI = 0.199-0.616) in the PREVENT placebo group. During the OLE, 37% of patients (44 of 119 patients) stopped or decreased background immunosuppressive therapy use., Interpretation: This analysis demonstrates that eculizumab's long-term safety profile in NMOSD is consistent with its established profile across other indications. This analysis also demonstrated the sustained ability of long-term eculizumab treatment to reduce relapse risk in patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1088-1098., (© 2021 The Authors. Annals of Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association.)

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are often prescribed following stroke due to high rates of depression. Interest in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use for poststroke motor and functional recovery was generated after the publication of the Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischemic stroke (FLAME) trial in 2011, which showed improved motor recovery in ischemic stroke patients with moderate to severe motor deficits. The objective of this study was to critically assess current evidence regarding the use of fluoxetine compared with placebo for poststroke functional recovery., Methods: The objective was addressed through the development of a structured critically appraised topic. This included a clinical scenario and question, literature search, critical appraisal, results, evidence summary, commentary, and clinical bottom line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, medical librarian, clinical epidemiologists, and content experts in the field of cerebrovascular neurology and physical medicine and rehabilitation., Results: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was selected for critical appraisal. This trial compared the functional outcomes of subjects poststroke receiving fluoxetine versus placebo. There was no significant difference in functional outcome measured by the Modified Rankin Scale between the 2 groups. Prespecified secondary analysis showed significantly decreased rates of depression in the fluoxetine group, but significantly increased rates of bone fracture., Conclusion: Among patients with stroke, early initiation of fluoxetine did not result in improved functional recovery. Lower rates of depression were observed in the fluoxetine-treated group; however these patients experienced higher rates of bone fracture., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, significantly reduced the risk of relapse compared with placebo in patients with anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive (AQP4+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in the PREVENT trial. We report efficacy and safety analyses in Asian patients in PREVENT and its open-label extension (OLE). Methods PREVENT was a double-blind, randomized, phase 3 trial. Patients with AQP4+ NMOSD were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive intravenous eculizumab (maintenance dose, 1200 mg/2 weeks) or placebo. Patients who completed PREVENT could receive eculizumab in an OLE. Analyses were performed in a prespecified subgroup of Asian patients. Results Of 143 patients enrolled, 52 (36.4%) were included in the Asian subgroup (eculizumab, n = 37; placebo, n = 15); 45 Asian patients received eculizumab in the OLE. Most Asian patients (86.5%) received concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. During PREVENT, one adjudicated relapse occurred in patients receiving eculizumab and six occurred in patients receiving placebo in the Asian subgroup (hazard ratio, 0.05; 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.35; p = 0.0002). An estimated 95.2% of Asian patients remained relapse-free after 144 weeks of eculizumab treatment. Upper respiratory tract infections, headache, and nasopharyngitis were the most common adverse events with eculizumab in the Asian subgroup. Conclusion Eculizumab reduces the risk of relapse in Asian patients with AQP4+ NMOSD, with a benefit-risk profile similar to the overall PREVENT population. The benefits of eculizumab were maintained during long-term therapy. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01892345 (PREVENT); NCT02003144 (open-label extension)., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: There is considerable controversy surrounding the optimal use of sedation in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. Several retrospective studies have favored conscious sedation (CS) over general anesthesia (GA) in terms of functional outcomes and mortality. Recent data from randomized controlled trials has challenged this view., Objective: The aim was to critically assess current evidence regarding the use of CS versus GA in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke., Methods: The objective was addressed through the development of a critically appraised topic that included a clinical scenario, structured question, literature search strategy, critical appraisal, assessment of results, evidence summary, commentary, and bottom-line conclusions. Participants included consultant and resident neurologists, a medical librarian, clinical epidemiologists, and content experts in the field of vascular neurology, vascular neurosurgery, and interventional neuroradiology., Results: A randomized controlled trial was selected for critical appraisal. This trial compared 128 patients with acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion from a single center (Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark), 65 of whom received GA and 63 received CS. No significant difference was detected for the primary outcome of volume of infarct growth. The rate of successful thrombectomy and favorable clinical outcomes for the GA arm was significantly higher in the intention-to-treat analysis., Conclusions: GA does not result in worse tissue outcomes or worse clinical outcomes when compared with CS in acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusion undergoing mechanical thrombectomy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) associated disorder (MOGAD) is a CNS demyelinating disease distinct from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis. Some patients with MOGAD exhibit a highly-relapsing and steroid-dependent disease course for which optimal treatment is unknown. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important pathobiologic role in NMOSD with aquaporin-4 antibodies and preliminary data suggest similar mechanisms of CNS damage may occur in MOGAD., Objective: To summarize our experience with and all current literature on the use of tocilizumab, an IL-6 inhibitor, for highly-relapsing MOGAD along with the underlying immunopathologic rationale., Methods: This is a single-center report from a U.S. military tertiary referral hospital of all patients with clinically, radiographically, and serologically confirmed MOGAD who were treated with tocilizumab compiled with data from five other case series/reports from tertiary referral centers. The main outcomes of interest were reduction in annualized relapse rate and required dose of oral prednisone for symptomatic management., Results: Ten total patients with relapsing MOGAD who were treated with intravenous or subcutaneous tocilizumab were identified. At our institution, a 20 year-old female with a 9-year history of highly-relapsing and steroid dependent MOGAD was treated with tocilizumab. In 28 months of follow up, she had no clinical relapses and was able to discontinue corticosteroids. Another 35 year-old female at our institution with a 10-year history of highly-relapsing and steroid dependent MOGAD was treated with tocilizumab for 6 months. Tocilizumab therapy was associated with relapse freedom, resolution of eye pain, and ability to discontinue corticosteroids. When compiled with data from all other case reports of relapsing MOGAD treated with tocilizumab, there have been zero clinical or radiographic relapses in 10 patients over an average treatment duration of 28.6 months., Conclusions: Tocilizumab is an IL-6 inhibitor that may be a promising therapeutic option for patients with relapsing MOGAD that has not responded to other immunotherapies. Our results support a key role for IL-6-related mechanisms in MOGAD disease activity. Its safety and tolerability profile, both in our own experience and based on its use for other FDA approved conditions, may even justify its use a first line therapy in select patients. Further research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of IL-6 inhibition in MOGAD., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)