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The content-style duality is a fundamental element in art. These two dimensions can be easily differentiated by humans: content refers to the objects and concepts in an artwork, and style to the way it looks. Yet, we have not found a way to fully capture this duality with visual representations. While style transfer captures the visual appearance of a single artwork, it fails to generalize to larger sets. Similarly, supervised classification-based methods are impractical since the perception of style lies on a spectrum and not on categorical labels. We thus present GOYA, which captures the artistic knowledge of a cutting-edge generative model for disentangling content and style in art. Experiments show that GOYA explicitly learns to represent the two artistic dimensions (content and style) of the original artistic image, paving the way for leveraging generative models in art analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide-scale application in the bio-fuel area of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) has been limited because of its high oxygen content, awful low temperature flowability, and low heating value. In this work, the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of methyl palmitate as fatty acid methyl ester model compounds for long-chain alkane via Nb2O5 modified NiAl2O4 catalysts was investigated. The effect of Nb/Ni atomic ratio (0.05:0.30), reaction temperature (260–340 ℃), time (2–10 h), and H2 pressure (1–5 MPa) on the production of long-chain alkane is exhaustively researched. The results show that the products are mainly pentadecane with a few other alkane hydrocarbons and nickel metal was the main active site. Besides, the added promoter Nb promoted the dispersion of active metal Nickel, increased the acidity, and thus substantially enhanced the HDO activity of methyl palmitate. In response to the best conditions (0.3 g catalyst, 3 g methyl palmitate), the methyl palmitate conversion and pentadecane selectivity over Nb2O5-NiAl2O4 with 0.20 Nb/Ni atomic ratio reached 91.14% and 80.07%, respectively. However, the methyl palmitate conversion and pentadecane selectivity over pure NiAl2O4 catalyst were only 62.53% and 74.67%, respectively. Therefore, Nb2O5-NiAl2O4 catalysts exhibit remarkable catalytic ability for HDO of methyl palmitate to alkanes. The low cost, easy preparation, high catalytic performance, and recycling stability of Nb2O5-NiAl2O4 catalyst demonstrate that catalyst Nb2O5-NiAl2O4 is a promising effective and efficient catalyst for producing long-chain alkane from methyl palmitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrhythmias are among the most prevalent cardiac conditions and frequently serve as a direct cause of sudden cardiac death. Hence, the automated detection of arrhythmias holds significant importance for assisting in the diagnosis of heart conditions. Recently, the photoplethysmography (PPG) signal, capable of conveying heartbeat information, has found application in the field of arrhythmia detection research. This work proposes a hybrid deep learning model, Res-BiANet, designed for the detection and classification of multiple types of arrhythmias. The improved ResNet and BiLSTM models are connected in parallel, and spatial and temporal features of PPG signals are extracted using ResNet and BiLSTM, respectively. Subsequent to BiLSTM, a multi-head self-attention mechanism was incorporated to enhance the extraction of global temporal correlation features over long distances. The model classifies five types of arrhythmia rhythms (premature ventricular contractions, premature atrial contractions, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation) and normal rhythm (sinus rhythm). Based on this foundation, experiments were conducted utilizing publicly accessible datasets, encompassing a total of 46,827 PPG signal fragments from 91 patients with arrhythmias. The experimental results demonstrate that Res-BiANet achieved exceptional classification performance, including an F1 score of 86.88%, overall accuracy of 92.38%, and precision, sensitivity, and specificity of 88.46%, 85.15%, and 98.43%, respectively. The outstanding performance of the Res-BiANet model suggests significant potential in supporting the auxiliary diagnosis of multiple types of arrhythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular force plays an important role in the interaction between collector and minerals, which directly reflects the intrinsic reason for the selectivity and collection of the collector to minerals. In this work, the interaction forces between sodium oleate (NaOL) and minerals (kaolinite and diaspore) were directly characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with EDLVO theory. The results show that after interacting with NaOL, the zeta potentials of kaolinite and diaspore were more negative, and the hydrophobicity of minerals increased. EDLVO calculation results indicate that electrostatic repulsion dominated the interaction forces between mineral particles, and the van der Waals interaction energy, electrostatic interaction energy, and hydrophobic interaction energy increased after NaOL treatment. AFM measurements show that the NaOL collector increased the attraction force of diaspore-diaspore and kaolinite-kaolinite particles, and the increase in attraction force for diaspore-diaspore particles was larger than in kaolinite particles, which was consistent with the EDLVO results. The adhesion force between the NaOL collector and the diaspore surface was larger than in kaolinite, confirming the fact that NaOL had better collection and selectivity for diaspore than kaolinite. This work improves understanding of the interaction mechanisms between NaOL collector, diaspore, and kaolinite minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, laboratory blood tests to support major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis are not available. This study aimed to screen potential mRNAs for peripheral blood biomarkers and novel pathophysiology of MDD. Methods: The present study utilized public data from two mRNA microarray datasets to analyze the hub genes changes related to MDD. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed. Finally, some potential mRNA quality biomarkers for hub gene expression in blood were identified. Results: A total of 25 significantly co-upregulated DEGs and 98 co-downregulated DEGs were obtained from two datasets. The pathway enrichment analyses showed that co-upregulated genes were significantly enriched in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion and mitochondrial membrane permeability which were involved in the apoptotic process. Co-downregulated genes were mainly involved in the neutrophil activation which in turn was involved in the immune response, degranulation and cell-mediated immunity, positive regulation of immune response, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. From the PPI network, 14 hub genes were obtained. Among them, the subnetworks of PLCG1, BCL2A1, TLR8, FADD , and TLR4 s creened out from our study have been shown to play a role in immune and inflammation responses. Discussion: The potential molecular mechanisms that have been identified simultaneously include innate immunity, neuroinflammation, and neurotrophic factors for synapse function and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder that typically emerges in adolescence and can occur throughout adulthood. Studies aimed at quantitatively uncovering the heterogeneity of individual functional connectome abnormalities in MDD and identifying reproducibly distinct neurophysiological MDD subtypes across the lifespan, which could provide promising insights for precise diagnosis and treatment prediction, are still lacking. Leveraging resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 1148 patients with MDD and 1079 healthy control participants (ages 11–93), we conducted the largest multisite analysis to date for neurophysiological MDD subtyping. First, we characterized typical lifespan trajectories of functional connectivity strength based on the normative model and quantitatively mapped the heterogeneous individual deviations among patients with MDD. Then, we identified neurobiological MDD subtypes using an unsupervised clustering algorithm and evaluated intersite reproducibility. Finally, we validated the subtype differences in baseline clinical variables and longitudinal treatment predictive capacity. Our findings indicated great intersubject heterogeneity in the spatial distribution and severity of functional connectome deviations among patients with MDD, which inspired the identification of 2 reproducible neurophysiological subtypes. Subtype 1 showed severe deviations, with positive deviations in the default mode, limbic, and subcortical areas and negative deviations in the sensorimotor and attention areas. Subtype 2 showed a moderate but converse deviation pattern. More importantly, subtype differences were observed in depressive item scores and the predictive ability of baseline deviations for antidepressant treatment outcomes. These findings shed light on our understanding of different neurobiological mechanisms underlying the clinical heterogeneity of MDD and are essential for developing personalized treatments for this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional connectome studies have revealed widespread connectivity alterations in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the low frequency bandpass filtering (0.01–0.08 Hz or 0.01–0.1 Hz) in most studies have impeded our understanding on whether and how these alterations are affected by frequency of interest. Here, we performed frequency-resolved (0.01–0.06 Hz, 0.06–0.16 Hz and 0.16–0.24 Hz) connectome analyses using a large-sample resting-state functional MRI dataset of 1002 MDD patients and 924 healthy controls from seven independent centers. We reported significant frequency-dependent connectome alterations in MDD in left inferior parietal, inferior temporal, precentral, and fusiform cortices and bilateral precuneus. These frequency-dependent connectome alterations are mainly derived by abnormalities of medium- and long-distance connections and are brain network-dependent. Moreover, the connectome alteration of left precuneus in high frequency band (0.16–0.24 Hz) is significantly associated with illness duration. Multisite harmonization model only removed linear site effects. Neurobiological underpinning of alterations in higher frequency (0.16–0.24 Hz) should be further examined by combining fMRI data with respiration, heartbeat and blood flow recordings in future studies. These results highlight the frequency-dependency of connectome alterations in MDD and the benefit of examining connectome alteration in MDD under a wider frequency band. • FCS in the low frequency band (0.01-0.06 Hz) is highly reproducible, and is more sensitive to MDD alterations. • Frequency-resolved FCS alterations of MDD consisted by altered medium-/long-distance, inter-network functional connections. • FCS alterations of MDD in higher frequency are associated with illness duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient volume of supervised information is a major challenge for supervised learning. An effective method to handle this problem is semi-supervised learning, which can make full use of the geometric information embedded in unlabeled instances. In this paper, we present a novel laplacian total margin support vector machine based on within-class scatter (LapWCS-TSVM) method to deal with the semi-supervised binary classification problem. The proposed LapWCS-TSVM incorporates the total margin algorithm and the manifold regularization into WCS-SVM to help improve its performance. With the help of kernel trick, the proposed LapWCS-TSVM can be easily generalized to non-linear separable case and solved by the optimization programming of the traditional support vector machine. Experiments conducted on artificial datasets, UCI datasets and face recognition datasets show the validity of the newly proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although anhedonia is a key symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), there is neither a concise nor effective method to distinguish and define anhedonia in MDD. The current study attempts to answer two questions based on validating the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) in Chinese MDD patients: 1) whether anhedonia subgroup can be identified? 2) whether patients with anhedonia display unique psychosocial and clinical features?Methods: In the discovery sample, 533 MDD patients and 124 healthy controls were recruited into a multicenter study. For replication, a further 112 first-episode, drug-naïve MDD patients were recruited. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify the latent subgroups based on their hedonic function measured by the DARS. According to the categorization, ROC curves were applied to find the cut-off value. Lasso regression was performed to characterize psychological and clinical features linked to anhedonia.Results: The data-driven approach identified and validated the anhedonia subgroup, and proposed that the cut-off value for distinguishing anhedonia was 28.5 based on the total score of DARS. Lasso regression demonstrated that melancholia, lower levels of positive affect and education, more severe depressive symptoms, older age were associated with anhedonia in MDD patients.Conclusion: This study used a data-driven approach to propose a new and convenient method for distinguishing the anhedonia of MDD patients with unique psychological and clinical features. Identifying the subtype may contribute to pinpointing more specific biomarkers in shedding light on the mechanisms of anhedonia in MDD.Trial Registration: TNDTAD study, NCT03294525; TOSD study, NCT03148522. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• As the particle size of ilmenite increased, the hydrophilicity decreased. • Hydrophilicity measured by contact angle, LHR , γ S L W , γ S A B / γ S have same rules. • Adsorption density and thickness on ilmenite is higher than titanaugite by AFM. • Specific hydrogen-bonding adsorption was proposed. Titanaugite particles are detrimental to the flotation of fine ilmenite. In this work, the surface adsorption thermodynamic, kinetic properties and the adsorption mechanism of sodium oleate on ilmenite and titanaugite surfaces were investigated by measuring surface wettability, lipophilic hydrophilic ratio, surface free energy, adsorption rate, adsorption density and adsorption thickness. The hydrophilicity of the minerals were determined by the contact angle, lipophilic hydrophilic ratio, γ S L W value, and γ S A B / γ S value. The surface wettability results showed that the hydrophilicity of the minerals decreased following: −20 μm titanaugite >−20 μm ilmenite >−38 + 20 μm ilmenite >− 74 + 38 μm ilmenite. The adsorption process can be represented with Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Calculation of the adsorption thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the adsorption of sodium oleate on ilmenite surfaces is spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic. And it was alsoconfirmed that sodium oleate was adsorbed onto ilmenite due to both physical and chemical adsorption. In situ AFM imaging visually demonstrated that the adsorption density and thickness of the sodium oleate adsorbed onto titanaugite were lower than those of sodium oleate on ilmenite, which was consistent with the adsorption thermodynamic parameters. It was further confirmed that the electrostatic interaction, chemisorption, hydrogen-bonding adsorption and specific hydrogen-bonding adsorption were the main mechanisms for the sodium oleate adsorbed onto ilmenite, as the zeta potential and XPS spectra analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chelated absorption and co-adsorption model of D-phenylalanine on diaspore surface. • An amine acid D-Phe was first introduced as diaspore flotation auxiliary collector. • D-Phe exhibited superior synergistic collection to diaspore against kaolinite. • D-Phe chelated with diaspore surfaces through the amino and carboxylate groups. • The synergism of D-Phe with NaOL involves H-bond interaction and co-adsorption. Mixed collectors were widely used in mineral flotation. In this work, D-phenylalanine (D-phe) was first introduced to improve the collectability and selectivity of sodium oleate (NaOL) for diaspore from kaolinite. The flotation performance of diaspore and kaolinite were studied by micro-flotation tests, and the synergistic mechanisms of D-phe with NaOL were investigated through FTIR spectra, zeta potential, solution chemistry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Single and mixed flotation results show that D-phe exhibited superior synergism power with the NaOL collector. Under pulp pH 9.0, the flotation recovery of diaspore was increased from 77.13% to 91.07%, while that of kaolinite was decreased from 16.27% to 13.75%. The zeta potential and XPS analysis indicate that the synergistic mechanisms of D-phe with NaOL were mainly the co-adsorption via the carboxylate group of D-phe and NaOL bonding with the Al sites of diaspore surface. D-phe was chelated onto the diaspore surface through the –COO– and –NH 3 +/NH 2 groups, and the pre-adsorption of D-phe could increase the Al active sites of diaspore surface for the direct adsorption of NaOL. NaOL could also indirectly adsorb on the diaspore surface through H-bonding with –NH 2 /NH 3 + groups of D-phe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Liposomal fluorescence probe contained dyes in hydrophobic bilayer can have high FRET effect, 99 %. • Liposomal fluorescence probes contained weak aggregation-induced emission dyes were excellent control probes. • Activatable liposomal probes can image tumor with high specificity and sensitivity. Liposomes are of great interest and importance in tumor imaging, since they can greatly improve the imaging sensitivity and specificity by increasing the accumulation of contrast agents. Still, most liposome-based probes have high background signals during blood circulation, which limits enhancement of S/B ratio and tumor imaging sensitivity. To enhance the S/B ratio of tumor imaging, we construct a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) based liposomal fluorescence probe TPE/BHQ-lipo with excellent FRET effect (99 %) and great fluorescence enhancement upon liposome rupture (120-fold) as well as efficient fluorescence recovery in tumor cell imaging. Finally, we used the TPE/BHQ-lipo to image 4T1 tumor upon intravenous injection of liposomes and the group showed enhanced signal to background ratio of 4.1, compared to 1.8 from control AIE-based liposomal group (TPE-lipo). Our work offers an excellent FRET and AIE-based liposomal probe for high-sensitive tumor imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifespan growth of the functional connectome remains unknown. Here, we assemble task-free functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 33,250 individuals aged 32 postmenstrual weeks to 80 years from 132 global sites. We report critical inflection points in the nonlinear growth curves of the global mean and variance of the connectome, peaking in the late fourth and late third decades of life, respectively. After constructing a fine-grained, lifespan-wide suite of system-level brain atlases, we show distinct maturation timelines for functional segregation within different systems. Lifespan growth of regional connectivity is organized along a primary-to-association cortical axis. These connectome-based normative models reveal substantial individual heterogeneities in functional brain networks in patients with autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. These findings elucidate the lifespan evolution of the functional connectome and can serve as a normative reference for quantifying individual variation in development, aging, and neuropsychiatric disorders., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Bipolar disorder is characterised by recurrent and alternating episodes of mania/hypomania and depression. Current breakthroughs in functional MRI techniques have uncovered the functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder. However, the pathophysiology underlying mood instability, mood switching and the development of extreme mood states is less well understood. This review presents a comprehensive overview of current evidence from functional MRI studies from the perspective of mood states. We first summarise the disrupted brain activation patterns and functional connectivity that have been reported in bipolar disorder, irrespective of the mood state. We next focus on research that solely included patients in a single mood state for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and research comparing patients with different mood states to dissect mood state-related effects. Finally, we briefly summarise current theoretical models and conclude this review by proposing potential avenues for future research. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology with consideration of mood states could not only deepen our understanding of how acute mood episodes develop at a neurophysiological level but could also facilitate the identification of biological targets for personalised treatment and the development of new interventions for bipolar disorder., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)