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The liquid-liquid extraction method using reverse micelles can simultaneously extract lipid and protein of oilseeds, which have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, there are few studies on mass transfer processes and models, which are helpful to better control the extraction process of oils and proteins. In this paper, mass transfer process of peanut protein extracted by bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles was investigated. The effects of stirring speed (0, 70, 140, and 210 r/min), temperature of extraction (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C), peanut flour particle size (0.355, 0.450, 0.600, and 0.900 mm) and solid-liquid ratio (0.010, 0.0125, 0.015, 0.0175, and 0.020 g/mL) on extraction rate were examined. The results showed that extraction rate increased with temperature rising, particle size reduction as well as solid-liquid ratio increase respectively, while little effect of stirring speed (P > 0.05) was observed. The apparent activation energy of extraction process was calculated as 10.02 kJ/mol and Arrhenius constant (A) was 1.91 by Arrhenius equation. There was a linear relationship between reaction rate constant and the square of the inverse of initial particle radius (1/r02) (P

Atlantic wakame (AW) and sea lettuce (SL) are edible seaweeds commonly produced in Asia and Europe, typically consumed as fresh or dried biomass. Because of the short shelf life, developing new post-harvest treatments, such as the extraction of bioactive compounds, is essential for establishing reliable macroalgae supply chains for food applications. This study aims to develop a sustainable and functional seaweed-based food ingredient rich in bioactive compounds for functional food applications. The results indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction using 70% ethanol for 10 min was optimal for both SL (410±23 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] per kg) and AW (666±63 mg GAE/kg). Both extracts exhibited chemical antioxidant activity and inhibited the protection of human plasma against chemically induced oxidation. SL extract did not exhibit free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Importantly, no cytotoxicity (IC50>250 µg/mL) was observed in human-derived THP-1, HUVEC, HT-29, and HepG2 cell lines, ensuring the relative safety of these extracts for potential food technology applications. AW and SL extracts (100 µg/mL) reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged THP-1 cells by 66% and 30%, respectively, highlighting the higher antioxidant activity of AW extract. AW and SL extracts did not modulate TNF-α and IL-6 secretion to show anti-inflammatory activity. Gummies infused with AW and SL extracts had a higher total phenolic content than commercial products, but their antioxidant activity was lower. Sensory evaluation revealed that gummies containing seaweed extracts received lower scores for colour, taste, overall impression, and purchase intention than those without extracts.

Abstract Hyaluronic acid is a major component of extracellular matrix which plays an important role in development, cellular response to injury and inflammation, cell migration, and cancer. The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) contains abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid in its tissues, which contributes to this species’ cancer resistance and possibly to its longevity. Here we report that abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid is found in a wide range of subterranean mammalian species, but not in phylogenetically related aboveground species. These subterranean mammalian species accumulate abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid by regulating the expression of genes involved in hyaluronic acid degradation and synthesis and contain unique mutations in these genes. The abundant high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid may benefit the adaptation to subterranean environment by increasing skin elasticity and protecting from oxidative stress due to hypoxic conditions. Our work suggests that high-molecular-mass hyaluronic acid has evolved with subterranean lifestyle.

As an environmental enrichment, music can positively influence the immune function, while noise has an adverse effect on the physical and mental health of humans and animals. However, whether music-enriched environments mitigate noise-induced acute stress remains unclear. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of music on the immune organs of broiler chickens under conditions of early-life acute noise stress, 140 one-day-old white feather broilers (AA) were randomly divided into four groups: control (C), the music stimulation (M) group, the acute noise stimulation (N) group, the acute noise stimulation followed by music (NM) group. At 14 days of age, the N and NM groups received 120 dB noise stimulation for 10 min for one week. After acute noise stimulation, the NM group and M group were subjected to continuous music stimulation for 14 days (6 h per day, 60 dB). At 28 days of age, the body temperature of the chicks, the histopathological changes, quantification of ROS-positive density and apoptosis positivity in tissues of spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius (BF) were measured. The results showed that acute noise stimulation led to an increase in the number and area of splenic microsomes and the cortex/medulla ratio of the detected immune organs. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of immune tissues of broilers in N group were decreased compared to the broilers in C group, while the mRNA levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-1β increased. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of IKK, NF-κB, and IFN-γ of three immune organs from broilers in the N group were increased. Compared to the C and N group, chickens from the NM group showed a decrease in the number and area of splenic follicles, an increase in the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and a decrease in the expression levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-1β. Therefore, a music-enriched environment can attenuate oxidative stress induced by acute noise stimulation, inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and consequently alleviating the inflammatory response in immune organs.

Coastal reclamation has negative impacts on the marine eco-environment and leads to the loss of marine ecosystem services, and it is very important to evaluate the value of marine ecosystem services for the intensive and economical utilization of marine resources and the sustainable development. Based on the characteristics of ecosystem services of Zhifu Bay (ZFB) of Yantai in Shandong Province, a functional value method was adopted, and four ecosystem service indicators were selected, including provisioning service, regulating service, supporting service and cultural service to establish an evaluation model. The evaluation model of the coastal ecosystem services was optimized, and the value loss of marine ecosystem services caused by coastal reclamation in the ZFB was evaluated. The results showed that the total loss of marine ecosystem service value caused by the coastal reclamation of the ZFB for 40 years was 2.95×107 yuan/a, with unit area 3.72×104 yuan/ (hm2·a), of which the annual loss of provisioning service was the largest, accounting for 56.95% of the total loss, followed by the cultural service, the supporting service and the regulating service, accounting for 27.28%, 8.10% and 7.67%, respectively. The rich fishery resources and developed tourism in the ZFB were the main factors that caused the high value loss of provisioning service and cultural service. The evaluation of marine ecosystem services in the present study would provide the scientific basis for ecological compensation of reclamation in the ZFB, and contribute to improving the utilization efficiency of marine space resource. It would also provide scientific support for the rational development and utilization of marine natural resources.

Peanut oil body emulsion occurs during the process of aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE). The free oil is difficult to release and extract because its structure is stable and not easily destroyed. Demulsification can release free oil in an oil body emulsion, so various fatty acids were selected for the demulsification. Changes in the amount of heptanoic acid added, solid–liquid ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were adopted to investigate demulsification, and the technological conditions of demulsification were optimized. While the optimal conditions were the addition of 1.26% of heptanoic acid, solid–liquid ratio of 1:3.25, reaction temperature of 72.7 °C, and reaction time of 55 min, the maximum free oil yield was (95.84 ± 0.19)%. The analysis of the fatty acid composition and physicochemical characterization of peanut oils extracted using four methods were studied during the AEE process. Compared with the amount of oil extracted via other methods, the unsaturated fatty acids of oils extracted from demulsification with heptanoic acid contained 78.81%, which was significantly higher than the other three methods. The results of physicochemical characterization indicated that the oil obtained by demulsification with heptanoic acid had a higher quality. According to the analysis of the amino acid composition, the protein obtained using AEE was similar to that of commercial peanut protein powder (CPPP). However, the essential amino acid content of proteins extracted via AEE was significantly higher than that of CPPP. The capacity of water (oil) holding, emulsifying activity, and foaming properties of protein obtained via AEE were better than those for CPPP. Overall, heptanoic acid demulsification is a potential demulsification method, thus, this work provides a new idea for the industrial application of simultaneous separation of oil and proteins via AEE.

With the acceleration of industrialization, the removal of refractory organic dyes from water and how to promote its practical application remains a challenge. Herein, we synthesized an FeCo-LDH/LI-NDG composite electrode material by a simple laser-induced technique on polyimide films, which could electrocatalytically activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to completely degrade MB in about 6 min. The reaction rate constant (kobs) was 0.461 min−1. It was faster than most of the currently reported electrocatalysts. The reaction system demonstrated good interference resistance and catalytic effectiveness in the pH range of 3 to 9. According to the chemical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, the non-radical pathway of 1O2 and the radical pathways of SO4·−, ·OH and O2·− were involved in the reaction synergistically, with 1O2 playing the dominant role. 1O2 was produced through the dual pathway of PMS electron loss at the anode and O2·− intermediate transformation at the cathode. The two activation methods of electro-activation and catalytic activation of PMS had synergistic effects to achieve high efficiency in the whole process of production, reaction and recovery, providing new ideas to advance practical applications.

Fracture-vuggy oil reservoirs contain micrometer-sized dissolved secondary pores, fractures, and meter-sized karst caves. Generally, the researches on the flow mechanism of fractured-vuggy reservoirs are based on the assumption of karst cave-fracture-matrix triple medium that gives a partial differential equation which the pressure satisfies. This triple medium flow equation lays the basics for the well testing theory of fractured-vuggy reservoirs. However, the triple medium equation cannot reflect the actual existence of the karst cave volume in geology. Recently, we proposed a theory of fracture-cave seepage flow coupled with vug pressure wave which takes the vug size into consideration and thus can better describe the fracture-vuggy reservoirs. On the basis of this theory, this work combines the change of formation pressure with time, Duhamel’s theorem, and well testing theory to obtain the mathematical expression of time-varied bottom hole pressure and flow rate in Laplace space. Then, the dynamic inflow performance relationship (IPR) curve of fractured-vuggy reservoir is obtained by inverse Laplace transformations. This dynamic IPR curve can predict the productivity for fractured-vuggy reservoirs using parameters from well test interpretations of pressure recovery. The correctness of this productivity prediction method is verified by filed fractured-vuggy oil well. This productivity prediction method not only utilizes and expands the application of well test interpretation data but also shortens the test time and reduces test costs, which is important for oil development.

Rational design of composite nanostructured photocatalytic systems with good sunlight absorption capacity and efficient charge separation and transfer ability is an urgent problem to be solved in photocatalysis research. Here, a ZnMn2O4 decorated three-dimensional carbon nitride with O, C co-doping, and nitrogen defect composite photocatalytic system was prepared using a simple hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination method. For the photocatalytic reactions, the presence of heterostructures, C, O co-doping, and nitrogen defects greatly promotes the separation and transfer of charges at the semiconductor/semiconductor interface under the local electric field, thereby extending its service life. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of sulfamethoxazole in water is as high as 94.3% under the synergistic effects, which is also suitable for the complex water environment. In addition, the synthesized photocatalyst has good chemical stability and recyclability. This study provides a new opportunity to solve the problem of environmental pollution.

Sea temperature structures are important for water stratification and marine ecosystems. In the coastal water of Muping, China, stationary measurements of sea temperature captured temporal temperature changes during two summer storm events. The north component of the wind during the two storms was opposite. The temperature responded differently to wind directions in the two storm events. A well-validated numerical ocean model was used to investigate the mechanism of sea temperature variation of the coast of Muping. The model revealed that the southerly and easterly wind was upwelling-favorable in the study area. They generated the shoreward transport of bottom cold water, which induced bottom water cooling, enhanced stratification, and weakened vertical mixing. On the other hand, the northerly and westerly wind was downwelling-favorable and enhanced turbulent mixing. The alongshore upwelling-favorable wind caused more cross-shore transport than cross-shore upwelling-favorable wind, which resulted in stronger bottom cooling. Similarly, alongshore downwelling-favorable wind generated lower temperature than cross-shore wind. A surface cold-water band was formed in the second storm. Although it was formed during upwelling-favorable wind, the temperature balance analysis indicated that vertical mixing and westward horizontal advection were the two dominant processes compared to upwelling.

Coal mining is seriously threatened by fault water inrush, showing the disaster characteristics of hysteresis and concealment. Mastering the evolution mechanism and process law of fault water inrush disaster has important theoretical guiding significance for carrying out deep water prevention and control work. By constructing water inrush evolution analysis model , the conduction path of confined water and the evolution characteristics of fault zone are analyzed. Using true triaxial rock test system of coupled stress-seepage , combined with acoustic emission and digital speckle technology, large-size rock-like specimens containing fault fracture zone fillings were designed. The instability and failure characteristics of specimens with different lithologic fillings and fault occurrences during biaxial loading were studied. The acoustic emission events and specimen deformation characteristics were obtained. Finally, the modified and upgraded mining floor water inrush simulation test system and parallel electrical on-line monitoring, stress and water pressure monitoring subsystems were used to reproduce the whole process of mining fault water inrush evolution in the laboratory, and the evolution characteristics of monitoring parameters were obtained. The results show that the response of fault zone to mining disturbance is stronger, and it is easier to destroy and destabilize to provide space for confined water conduction. To a certain extent, the nature of fault fillings determines the difficulty of fault activation, then affects the temporal and spatial evolution process of fault water inrush. The fault tip is obviously affected by fluid-solid coupling. The cracks generated by the fault zone and the aquiclude undergo the initiation-expansion-through stage, the relative position relationship between the fault and the working face determines the time and space position of the fault evolution zone and the floor failure zone. According to the conduction path of confined water, the process of fault water inrush is divided into three stages : fault activation, water conduction, double zone (fault evolution zone and floor failure zone) docking, the stage delineation of fault water inrush evolution process are realized.

The three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was established based on FVCOM, coupled with the Lagrangian particle tracking module to study the water exchange ability of 15 drain outlets of North and South Changshan Island. Meanwhile, the 30-day influence distance was introduced to quantify the water exchange ability. The drain outlets with a strong water exchange capacity are mainly located in the east of North and South Changshan Islands and the southwest corner of South Changshan Island, and those with a weak water exchange capacity are mainly located in the northwest corner of North Changshan Island, joint of South Changshan Island and the tombolo dyke and inside the Changdao Harbor. The 30-day influence range of the 15 drain outlets of North and South Changshan Islands is significantly affected by monsoon. East Asian monsoon accelerates the dispersion of the pollutants in the south sea areas of Bohai Strait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the matrix loss process and skeleton seepage law in the fracture of the fault rock, the three-dimensional model of the skeletal rock sample of the fault rock was obtained by CT scan, and the porous media seepage model was established with different structural types of natural fractures, and the flow rate and pressure distribution law of the seepage in the fracture was obtained by FLUENT software simulation. The results show that: the seepage under different pressure conditions is approximately the same, and the velocity increases continuously with the increase in pressure; The water seepage in different directions of the fracture channels under the same pressure conditions is not exactly the same, which is caused by the different microstructures of the pores. For the pressure distribution, it gradually decreases along the direction of water seepage, and for the speed distribution, it shows the law of changing from large to small and then increasing.

The pressure pulsation is one of the key factors affecting instability operation and vibration of large mixed-flow pump units in pumped-storage power station. The unsteady flow field in a mixed-flow pump with different guide vane thicknesses was numerically simulated based on the standard k-ε turbulence model, the SIMPLE algorithm and the sliding mesh technique. By setting pressure measurement points, the pressure pulsation characteristics in the impeller inlet, outlet and the middle of guide vane were discussed and the influence of the guide vanes' thickness on pressure pulsation was analyzed. The results show that the type of numerical simulation grid, turbulence model can accurately predict the internal flow characteristics of the mixed-flow pump. The dominant frequency of pressure pulsation was approximate to the impeller blade passing frequency. The thickness of the guide vane have less influence on pressure pulsation in the inlet of impeller, and have more influence on pressure pulsation in the middle of guide vane. Compared with the thinning guide vanes, the pressure pulsation amplitude of the thicken guide vane increase 7.8%. Therefore, appropriately reducing the thickness of guide vane is beneficial to the stability of the internal flow of guide vane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]