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In order to meet the requirements of variable transmission ratios and improve the bearing capacity of gear teeth, a new type of double-circular-arc tooth profile elliptical gear is proposed based on the meshing theory and the structural parameter characteristics of the double-circular-arc tooth circular profile curve. The design method of its pitch curve is described. A three-dimensional model of the double-circular-arc tooth circular profile elliptical gear is established using SolidWorks software. Adams software is used to simulate the kinematics of the elliptical gear pair model with double-circular-arc tooth profiles, and the influence of different eccentricities on the variation rule of the double-circular-arc gear pair transmission ratio is analyzed; compared with the theoretical transmission ratio curve, the influencing factors of the fluctuation error of the simulation transmission ratio curve are analyzed. In order to reduce the vibration pulse of the gear pair, the appropriate value range of eccentricities is given. The design method and analysis results in this study have theoretical reference value for parametric design of non-circular gears with double-circular-arc tooth profiles, and can provide a basis for NC manufacturing and application of elliptic gear pairs with double-circular-arc tooth profiles.

In order to avoid the problem of too many AC energy consumption cycles and time-consuming for the standard electric vehicle driving range test, the DC energy consumption test can be used to obtain the energy consumption of the test cycle at any time period and estimate the driving range. However, the rationality of intercepting part of the circulating DC energy consumption to estimate the whole process still lacks sufficient experimental support. Therefore, in this paper, two different electric vehicle prototypes were selected, and a complete energy consumption test experiment was carried out according to the standard test process. Through the test of DC energy consumption, the difference characteristics of electric vehicle driving braking energy and energy consumption under repeated cycles were analyzed. The fluctuation range provides data support for the use of DC power to evaluate the energy consumption of electric vehicles

With the popularization of electric vehicles, more and more attention has been paid to how to select reasonable test methods to evaluate the driving range of electric vehicles. This paper selects two electric vehicle prototypes with different configurations to test the energy consumption of the shortened test cycle at normal temperature and the standard test cycle at low temperature, and analyzes the constant speed working condition in the shortened method and the CLTC-P working condition at low temperature. The results show that both the 100km/h constant speed working condition and the low temperature working condition will cause a significant increase in the energy consumption of electric vehicles, and the energy consumption difference of repeated cycles under the low temperature test condition will also increase significantly compared with that at room temperature. The relevant results are more A comprehensive understanding and evaluation of the energy consumption characteristics of electric vehicles provides a useful reference.

The evaporation process is vital in alumina production, with mother liquor concentration serving as a critical control parameter. To address the challenge of online detection, we propose the introduction of a soft measurement strategy. First, due to the significant fluctuations in the production process variables and inter-variable coupling, comprehensive grey correlation analysis and kernel principal component analysis are employed to reduce the input dimension and computational complexity of the data, enhancing the efficiency of the soft sensing model. The reduced robust least-squares support-vector machine (LSSVM), with its commendable predictive performance, is used for modeling and predicting the principal components. Concurrently, an improved Pattern Search-Differential Evolution (PS-DE) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the pivotal parameters of the LSSVM network. Lastly, on-site industrial data validation indicates that the new model offers superior tracking capabilities and heightened accuracy. It is deemed aptly suitable for the online detection of mother liquor concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hypothesis of stretch small distortion and distortion congruity,the model and algorithm of meshing force analysis under theoretical conditions are given.According to the Hertz theory and geometric relation of meshing pair,the meshing rigidity models of the meshing pair are established,and the calculation formulas of the meshing rigidity and the principal curvature of the contact point are deduced.The presented methods is illustrated through an example,and the distributing characteristic of meshing forces,sum of principal curvature and meshing rigidity of this type of transmission device is acquired.The acquired result can be adopted as the analytical base for structure design,vibration analysis.

In view of the problem that the conventional analysis method cannot directly solve reliability problem of the complex cylinder sine oscillating tooth transmission system,a simulation method based on minimal cut sets of fault tree is proposed,which can solves system reliability.According to the structural characteristics of cylinder sine oscillating tooth transmission,the function block diagram of the system is given and the fault tree of the system is built.The minimal cut sets of the fault tree are acquired,and the cumulative failure probability and the probability density are calculated.Different types life distribution function of the system are fitted out.The life distribution function is determined preliminarily based on the principle of minimum residual sum of squared,and the K-S hypothesis testing is carried out for the life distribution function,which ultimately determine life distribution function of cylinder sine oscillating tooth transmission is Weibull distribution.The weak links of cylinder sine oscillating tooth transmission system are determined by analysis of model importance.

A statically designed derrick of deep oil well drilling rig may have poor dynamic characteristics, which can cause earlier structure failure of the drilling rig and harsh working condition. One such designed derrick is found to vibrate severely in operation while the rotation speed of rotary table is about 120 r/min with the working frequency of 2.0 Hz. To solve this problem, an experimental modal test of the derrick is conducted and the modal frequencies and vibration shapes are obtained. Through comparison of modal frequencies with that of exciting devices, it is found that the severe vibration of the drilling rig is caused by the resonance of second modal frequency (1.96 Hz) and the working frequency of rotary table. Based on principles of sensitivity analysis and structural dynamics modification method, the frequency sensitivities of all nodes on the derrick are calculated and compared, and then seven nodes with high-frequency sensitivity are selected on which corresponding mass are added to vary the modal frequency. Result shows that the second modal frequency of the derrick is reduced to 1.42 Hz and is out of the normal working frequency range of rotary table, which demonstrates that the dynamic characteristics of the derrick is improved and severe vibration can be avoided.

Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is an attractive wireless power transfer (WPT) technology and it has been widely studied in many applications. Symmetrical structures and high-order compensation networks are always produced as optimization results and common configurations for high-efficiency CPT systems. However, in space-limited scenarios, an asymmetric structure tends to be a better choice. The related large number of high-order asymmetric system parameters is a key problem in parameter design. In this study, a general parameter design method that is based on reactive power optimization is proposed for an electric field resonance-based CPT system with an asymmetric six-plate coupler. The reactive power in the compensation network was analyzed and optimized under the constraint of transferred power. With equal reactive power, the optimization complexity was significantly reduced and the optimized system parameters were provided. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a 1 MHz, 3.2 kW asymmetric CPT protype with 100 mm gap distance was implemented. The results indicate that, with the optimized parameters, high system efficiency can be achieved when the system's volume is reduced. At the rated power, about 95% DC–DC overall efficiency was achieved through a 6-pF coupling capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is more convenient and safer than conductive charging for power consumer electronics, biomedical devices, transportation systems, etc. Inductive power transfer is the most widely studied and commercialized WPT technique; however, capacitive power transfer (CPT) is becoming an attractive alternative, offering better misalignment tolerance and lower cost and weight. The electrical-field-resonance-based six-plate coupler system is one of the most typical configurations for high-performance CPT systems, but the associated large number of circuit parameters is always a critical issue for system design. In this article, a parameter optimization method is proposed for this topology. The ratio of the reactive power in the compensation network to the system transferred power is set as the main optimization goal. To solve the high-order optimization problem, a two-stage method is proposed to significantly reduce the optimization complexity while providing the optimized parameters of the whole system. To verify the effectiveness of this method, a 3-kW, 1-MHz CPT system with a 16-pF coupling capacitor is built. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the optimized parameters effectively improve the system efficiency, experimentally achieving 95.7% dc–dc overall efficiency under a 100-mm gap distance at the rated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building energy consumption accounts for a large fraction of the total global energy usage, and considerable energy savings are expected to be achieved in this respect through residential electrical load monitoring. Due to the limitations on the practical implementation of in-depth and expensive monitoring systems, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is becoming a hot topic. In this paper, an overview of the state of the art residential electrical load monitoring is presented. Different from previous reviews, the applications of load monitoring are particularly addressed, based on which, technical challenges of load monitoring techniques, including NILM, are identified and thoroughly discussed, together with possible developments and trends predicted from the authors' perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentoxifylline exhibits complex functions with extensive pharmacological effects and is used therapeutically due to its therapeutic effects and rapid metabolism in the body, with no cumulative effects and few side effects. The present study investigated the effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced injury (IRI) through suppression of inflammation in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate the number of neurocytes, and ELISAs were applied to measure tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activities. Treatment with pentoxifylline significantly recovered the cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced neurological deficit score and cerebral infarct volume in rats. In addition, pentoxifylline treatment significantly reversed the cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in vivo. Furthermore, pentoxifylline significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression in cerebral IRI mice. Treatment with pentoxifylline also significantly suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein in cerebral IRI mice. These results indicate that the protective effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral IRI may occur via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of electric vehicles and consumer electronics, wireless power transfer (WPT) is becoming a popular technology. Recently, magnetic resonant coupling has been considered to be the most effective and attractive WPT approach, and the two-coil structure is the most widely used for magnetic resonant coupling. It has been recently reported that the system's energy efficiency can be improved by a three-coil structure. In this paper, the three-coil structure is compared with the two-coil structure based on circuit theory. Simplified circuit models of the two- and three-coil structures are proposed to give a more intuitive and comprehensive analysis of the energy efficiency differences between the two structures. With the simplified model, the condition for a three-coil structure obtaining higher energy efficiency over its two-coil counterpart is derived, and the analysis shows that the WPT system with higher energy efficiency within a wider range of loads can be achieved by properly designed three-coil systems. Additionally, it also shows that the three-coil system has the significant advantage of reducing the current stress and the electromagnetic field emission that is caused by misalignments. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by both simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the future emission legislations, selective catalytic reduction aftertreatment system becomes a leading aftertreatment technique for heavy-duty diesel engines. In this article, a two-cell selective catalytic reduction model is first calibrated and verified on an experimental test bench. In order to regulate the ammonia coverage ratio in a proper range, an ammonia storage control is proposed based on the selective catalytic reduction model. The problem of NH3 slip during temperature rise is discussed and a corresponding perturbation injection control is proposed to buffer the sudden change in selective catalytic reduction ammonia storage capability. The NH3 slip control performance of the proposed strategy is experimentally validated in European Transient Cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet increasingly stringent emission legislation, electric vehicles are expected to offer promising sustainable mobility in the future. However, the driving range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is limited as compared with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Additionally, the grid power supply in China is highly dependent on coal-based thermal power generation, which leads to high grid-carbon intensity and increased well-to-tank (WTT) emission for BEVs. Therefore, the tradeoff between electric vehicle driving range and environmental impact has become a critical problem in BEV development in China. In this study, a BEV model is built and validated. The energy consumption and well-to-wheel (WTW) CO 2 emission rates of different driving ranges and test cycles are simulated. To determine the impact of driving patterns on BEV energy consumption, the distribution of vehicle energy consumption is analyzed and an analytical model is proposed to generalize the energy consumption of BEVs in standardized driving cycles to real-world driving with only two statistical characteristics: the average and the variance of the speeds. It is found that BEVs have a great advantage in terms of energy saving only at driving cycles with low average speeds and frequent stops. While driving at highway speeds, the energy consumption of BEVs can be very high. With an understanding of driving pattern impact, parameter variation analysis of the BEV WTW CO 2 emission rates for different driving ranges is simulated. Simulation results show that the rolling coefficient and battery energy density have a significant impact on driving range, followed by the drag area. However, grid-carbon intensity is more efficient for reducing WTW CO 2 emissions. Currently, optimization of the rolling coefficient and drag area is the most viable option for increasing the battery range and decreasing the WTW CO 2 emission rate. Finally, to reduce the energy and environmental impact of BEVs in China, short driving ranges (<250 km) and low driving speeds (<80 km/h) are suggested for current BEVs, and optimization of the vehicle design and reduction of grid-carbon intensity are considered to be the most critical issues for the future application of BEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer technology is being widely used in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications, and foreign object detection (FOD) is an important module that is needed to satisfy the transmission and safety requirements. FOD mostly includes two key parts: metal object detection (MOD) and living object detection (LOD), which should be implemented during the charging process. In this paper, equivalent circuit models of a metal object and a living object are proposed, and the FOD methods are reviewed and analyzed within a unified framework based on the proposed FOD models. A comparison of these detection methods and future challenges is also discussed. Based on these analyses, detection methods that employ an additional circuit for detection are recommended for FOD in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions during operation and have thus been considered a most promising method for providing mobility while reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector in the future. The life-cycle cost of electric vehicles has been widely studied to evaluate their competitiveness compared to conventional vehicles. However, the competitiveness of electric vehicles is highly dependent on government promotion policies, and the effects of non-economic incentive policies are currently difficult to include in life-cycle cost analysis. These non-economic effects are usually measured by the intangible cost. Traffic policies represent typical non-economic incentive policies. In China, electric vehicles are exempted from purchase restrictions (license plate control policy) and driving restrictions; thus, the intangible cost of traffic policies has significant effects on the comparison of electric vehicles and conventional vehicles. In this paper, from the consumers’ perspective, the intangible cost of purchase and driving restrictions is modeled and expressed in monetary terms; then, the impact of these non-economic incentive policies are compared with subsidies and other costs of vehicles. Thus, a more comprehensive comparison between electric and conventional vehicles can be provided. Using three selected typical battery electric vehicles and three correspondingly similarly sized conventional vehicles in China, the private life-cycle costs of battery electric vehicles and conventional vehicles are calculated and compared, a parametric variation analysis is performed, and the effects of economic and non-economic incentive policies in different cities are discussed. The comparison shows that, considering the tangible costs of vehicles, battery electric vehicles are not currently economically competitive compared with conventional vehicles, and both national and local subsidies are necessary for battery electric vehicles to compensate the cost gap between battery electric vehicles and conventional vehicles in the short term. However, considering the intangible costs, the advantages of traffic policies are very prominent in mega-cities but are significantly smaller in second-tier cities. With the increasingly worse traffic and environmental problems China facing, it is suggested that the promotion of electric vehicles in mega-cities be prioritized and that electric vehicle promotion policies based on taxes, subsidies and traffic control be balanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the significant soft measurement errors in traditional static models for evaporation process parameters, which are characterized by continuity and cumulativity, this paper proposes a dynamic correction method for soft measurement models of evaporation process parameters based on the autoregressive moving-average model (ARMA). Initially, the Powell's directional evolution (Powell-DE) algorithm is utilized to identify the autoregressive order and moving average order of the ARMA model. Subsequently, the prediction error of a mechanism-reduced robust least squares support vector machine ensemble model is utilized as input. An error time series prediction model, which compensates for the errors in the autoregressive moving average model, is then applied for dynamic estimation of the prediction error. Finally, an integration strategy using the entropy method is employed to combine the static soft measurement model, based on the mechanism-reduced robust least squares support vector machine, with the dynamic correction soft measurement model, which is based on the error time series compensation of the ARMA model. The new model is analyzed and validated using production data from an alumina plant's evaporation process. Compared to traditional models, the new model demonstrates significantly improved prediction accuracy and is capable of dynamic prediction of evaporation process parameters.

Introduction: The control of infinite-dimensional rigid-flexible robotic arms presents significant challenges, with direct truncation of first-order modal models resulting in poor control quality and second-order models leading to complex hardware implementations., Methods: To address these issues, we propose a fuzzy super twisting mode control method based on approximate inertial manifold dimensionality reduction for the robotic arm. This innovative approach features an adjustable exponential non-singular sliding surface and a stable continuous super twisting algorithm. A novel fuzzy strategy dynamically optimizes the sliding surface coefficient in real-time, simplifying the control mechanism., Results: Our findings, supported by various simulations and experiments, indicate that the proposed method outperforms directly truncated first-order and second-order modal models. It demonstrates effective tracking performance under bounded external disturbances and robustness to system variability., Discussion: The method's finite-time convergence, facilitated by the modification of the nonlinear homogeneous sliding surface, along with the system's stability, confirmed via Lyapunov theory, marks a significant improvement in control quality and simplification of hardware implementation for rigid-flexible robotic arms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Qian, Xu and Yuan.)

The evaporation process is vital in alumina production, with mother liquor concentration serving as a critical control parameter. To address the challenge of online detection, we propose the introduction of a soft measurement strategy. First, due to the significant fluctuations in the production process variables and inter-variable coupling, comprehensive grey correlation analysis and kernel principal component analysis are employed to reduce the input dimension and computational complexity of the data, enhancing the efficiency of the soft sensing model. The reduced robust least-squares support-vector machine (LSSVM), with its commendable predictive performance, is used for modeling and predicting the principal components. Concurrently, an improved Pattern Search-Differential Evolution (PS-DE) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the pivotal parameters of the LSSVM network. Lastly, on-site industrial data validation indicates that the new model offers superior tracking capabilities and heightened accuracy. It is deemed aptly suitable for the online detection of mother liquor concentration.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bushen Yiqi Fuzheng decoction combined with sunitinib on the prognosis, clinical efficacy and immune function of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after surgery., Methods: A total of 120 patients who experienced RCC after surgery were randomly divided into the observation and control groups in this prospective study, with 60 cases in each group. The therapeutic effect, improvement of clinical symptoms, changes of immune function-related indicators and adverse reactions during medication were recorded. The changes in immune cell population, midkine (MK), interleukin 35 (IL-35), hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF-2α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), osteopontin (OPN), ferritin (FERR) and beta2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels were measured. The Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score of patients was recorded., Results: The total effective rate of the observation group (95%) was better than that of the control group (85%, p < 0.05). After treatment, the changes of immune function indexes in the control group were not obvious. The indexes related to immune function in the observation group significantly decreased. Significant differences were observed in the cluster of differentiation 3+ (CD3+), cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+), cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+) and CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups after treatment. The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that of the control group. The KPS of the observation group was higher than that of the control group. Before treatment, no differences were observed in the MK, IL-35, HIF-2α, CEA, OPN, FERR, β2-MG, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels between the two groups. After treatment, the levels of the above parameters were lower than those before treatment, especially in the observation group., Conclusions: Bushen Yiqi Fuzheng decoction combined with sunitinib can significantly improve the clinical efficacy and postoperative immune function of RCC patients after surgery and down-regulate MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in the serum, which is beneficial to the prognosis of patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)