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China's rural regions grapple with considerable challenges concerning infrastructure and disaster prevention capabilities. Addressing these will be pivotal in the nation's future endeavors toward disaster mitigation and development. This research categorizes China's comprehensive rural disaster reduction policies (RCDRPs) spanning from 1949 to 2021 into distinct evolutionary phases, using quantitative characteristics. Utilizing sociotechnical configuration analysis, we visually chart the progression of policy focal points and draw preliminary lessons from them. Key insights include: (1) the RCDRPs from 1949 to 2021 can be segregated into three distinct phases; (2) there's been a noticeable rise in the RCDRPs jointly promulgated by multiple governmental departments, and the interconnectedness with policymaker networks has thickened, indicating increased synergy amongst governmental bodies; and (3) the primary thrust of RCDRPs has transitioned from postdisaster recuperation to predisaster safeguarding and from a primary emphasis on disaster management to a broader approach to holistic disaster reduction. Drawing upon these insights, this study employs the crisis management framework—encompassing prevention, preparation, response, and recovery—to shed light on potential directions of future disaster prevention and mitigation policies in China. The aim is to align these with the overarching vision of urban–rural integrated development, thereby advancing emergency governance modernization in China's countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Element flow has gradually become an important method for studying urban spatial structure. This study examined 11 prefectural cities in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration; constructed a measurement model for information, traffic, migration, and composite networks; and analyzed the spatial structure of the urban network of the urban agglomeration through social network analysis and spatial visualization. The spatial structure of the composite flow network had Xi'an as the center and Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan and Tianshui as important nodes; Yuncheng, Linfen and Qingyang were the secondary nodes, radiating to the surrounding three cities. Element flow connection strength was unbalanced, and only three city pairs were in the first level of the composite flow network. Network density was low-middle, and the network connection was weak. Xi'an was the primary central city of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration with the strongest agglomeration and radiation capabilities; it could communicate with other cities without intermediate cities and was a bridge for other cities. Tongchuan, Pingliang, Shangluo, and Qingyang were at the edge of the urban agglomeration and had weak agglomeration, radiation, and intermediary capabilities. The inner cities of cohesive subgroups were closely related with weak connections between subgroups. The single-polarization of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration was serious, and the single-core spatial structure centered on Xi'an had limited impact on the urban agglomeration. Development of small and medium-sized cities should be strengthened in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientific and comprehensive effectiveness evaluation is a prerequisite for clarifying the guiding direction of rural socio-economic development and environmental protection. By using the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method and weight combination based on game theory, this paper systematically assessed the integrated effectiveness of rural socio-economic development and environmental protection (IERSE) of Wenchuan County in 2018 from the administrative village scale perspective. Results showed that: (1) VIKOR with combined weight and Jenks Natural Breaks Classification is both comprehensive and feasible for large-sample-size evaluation, such as IERSE assessment. (2) The general IERSE of Wenchuan demonstrated considerable positive outcomes. The villages with favorable scores were located along the northwest-central-southeast, whereas unfavorable ones were principally distributed in the northeast and south-central regions. Local spatial agglomeration of favorable IERSE was found in Miansi, Wolong, and Sanjiang Town, whereas the agglomeration of unfavorable IERSE was seen in Yingxiu and Xuankou Town. (3) The IERSE of Wenchuan is mainly constrained by ecological conservation and villagers' autonomy from the village-scale perspective. Villages with favorable IERSE are chiefly constrained by the education level of the village heads or Party secretaries, while villages with unfavorable IERSE are restricted by ecological conservation. To improve the IERSE in rural Wenchuan, thoroughly taking into account the restrictive factors of local IERSE is an essential step for putting forward differentiated and targeted recommendations connected with ecological environment management, as well as social development initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether rented luxury creates symbolic meaning for consumers who cannot afford it, thus, providing them with an effective way to construct their identity, similar to owned luxury, and strengthen their willingness to rent. Drawing on implicit self‐theories, we find that compared with entity theorists, incremental theorists have lower willingness to rent luxury products (Studied 1, 2, and 3), but they do not exhibit significant differences in self‐brand connection (Studied 2 and 3). We show that incremental theorists (vs. entity theorists) perceive more authentic signal than symbolic signal regarding their inability to afford luxury goods when using rented luxury products (Study 3). Neither in ownership‐based luxury consumption (Study 4, where there is no authentic signal), nor in access‐based nonluxury consumption (Study 5, where there is no symbolic signal), consumers with different implicit beliefs no longer differentiate in buying/renting intentions. Our work suggests that not all consumers who desire unaffordable luxuries are willing to rent them. Therefore, managers should consider how to reduce the negative impacts of authentic signals on incremental theorists' renting intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes using membrane distillation (MD) as an alternative to the conventional multi-stage flushing (MSF) process to concentrate a semi-product of organic fertilizer. By applying a unique asymmetric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, which was specifically designed for MD applications using a nonsolvent thermally induced phase separation (NTIPS) method, the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) performance was investigated in terms of its sustainability in permeation flux, fouling resistance, and anti-wetting properties. It was found that the permeation flux increased with increasing flow rate, while the top-surface facing feed mode was the preferred orientation to achieve 25% higher flux than the bottom-surface facing feed mode. Compared to the commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane, the asymmetric PVDF membrane exhibited excellent anti-fouling and sustainable flux, with less than 8% flux decline in a 15 h continuous operation, i.e., flux decreased slightly and was maintained as high as 74 kg·m-2·h-1 at 70 °C. Meanwhile, the lost flux was easily recovered by clean water rinsing. Overall 2.6 times concentration factor was achieved in 15 h MD operation, with 63.4% water being removed from the fertilizer sample. Further concentration could be achieved to reach the desired industrial standard of 5x concentration factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive treatment of multifarious contaminations in waterbody demands multifunctional adsorbents with easy reusability, high efficiency, and broad-spectrum adsorption performance. Herein hydrothermally reduced graphene oxide/poly (vinyl alcohol) (TRGO/PVA) aerogels fulfilling these requirements were developed via a facile and green in situ hydrothermal reduction followed by direct sol-aerogel transformation strategy. The interfacial interaction between TRGO sheets and PVA macromolecules as proved by various methods could effectively prevent TRGO from aggregation, which improves mechanical and adsorption performances and assures reusability of aerogels. The aerogels demonstrate an attractive broad-spectrum universality in adsorbing diverse cationic, anionic and nonionic dyes, surpassing most adsorbents that could only remove either positively or negatively charged dyes. The aerogels demonstrate a promising synergetic effect for adsorption two oppositely charged dyes, exhibiting the highest total adsorption amount (>900 mg/g) among known absorbents for removing mixed dyes. Besides, the aerogels after hydrophobic modification are able to effectively adsorb common oils and organic solvents spilling on water. Furthermore, the aerogels are compressible, dimension stable and solvent resistive and can be easily regenerated, bringing a great superiority in the comprehensive treatment of multiple contaminations in waterbody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The influence of nanosilica on the concentration fluctuation of polystyrene/poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PS/PVME) mixtures was investigated during phase separation. The amplitude of concentration fluctuation was quantified by dielectric spectrums based on the idea of Lodge-Mcleish model and the linearized Cahn-Hilliard theory could describe the amplitude evolution of concentration fluctuation at the early stage of phase separation. Hydrophilic nanosilica A200 dispersed in PVME-rich phase behaved an obvious inhibition effect on the concentration fluctuation of blend matrix, while hydrophobic nanosilica R974 dispersed in PS-rich phase had little effect on the concentration fluctuation. The kinetics and amplitude evolution of concentration fluctuation during phase separation for PS/PVME/A200 nanocomposites were remarkably restrained due to the surface adsorption of PVME on A200. As the segmental dynamics of PVME and PS in homogeneous matrix was hardly influenced by A200 and R974, the enhanced miscibility and the significantly constrained flow relaxation of PVME chains might contribute to the retarded concentration fluctuation of PS/PVME/A200 nanocomposites. While the weak interaction between R974 and components of blend matrix and little effect of R974 on the molecular dynamics of PS chains may result in the weak retardation of concentration fluctuation for blend matrix. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1337-1349 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have examined the effects of bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) on p-ERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase) through PDGFRβ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor β) in the proliferation and migration of EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells). EPC migration was detected using the Transwell system. The expression of PDGFRβ mRNA and protein, total ERK and p-ERK proteins was respectively assessed by real-time PCR and Western blottings. bFGF promote the proliferation and migration of EPCs, the effects of bFGF being implemented by activating ERK signalling through the expression of PDGFRβ, whereas an anti-bFGF antibody and inhibitor of PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor kinase (AG1296) could respectively decrease the expression of PDGFRβ mRNA and protein and p-ERK protein. Total ERK protein did not change under the same experimental conditions, and an inhibitor of p-ERK (PD98059) inhibited the proliferation and migration of EPCs. The findings strongly suggest that a PDGFRβ/p-ERK signalling pathway triggered by bFGF plays an important role in the proliferation and migration of EPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of soil nutrients is crucial for the long-term development and stability of restored ecosystems in mine areas. However, knowledge about the variation in soil nutrients and their influencing factors during the reclamation of sub-alpine metal mine soil is still scarce. We assess the status of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), N fractions, total phosphorus (TP), and available P in reclaimed soil at a copper mine site (2702 m above sea level) in the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, southwest China. The mine area had been reclaimed by distributing stockpiled topsoil (~15 cm) in 2008, sowing seeds of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in 2009, and planting seedlings of A. ferdinandi-coburgii and Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha in 2010. We found that, eight years after the reclamation, although the concentrations of SOC (24.3 g kg−1) and TN (2.21 g kg−1) in the reclaimed soil increased by 25% and 29% compared with the stockpiled topsoil, respectively, they only accounted for about half of the levels in the undisturbed topsoil. In contrast, the concentration of TP (498–570 mg kg−1) did not significantly change between the reclaimed and stockpiled topsoil. The concentrations of NH4-N (30.1 g kg−1), NO3-N (17.2 g kg−1), and available P (11.1 mg kg−1) in the reclaimed soil were 2.2, 1.3, and 1.6 times the levels in stockpiled topsoil, respectively, but still lower than those in undisturbed soil. The concentrations of microbial C, N, and P in the reclaimed soil had a similar variation pattern to the available nutrients. The soil C:P and N:P ratios and microbial biomass C:P and N:P ratios in the reclaimed soil were significantly lower than the levels in the undisturbed forest soil. The average accumulation rates of SOC and TN in the reclaimed soil were 85.3 and 11.4 g m−2 year−1, respectively. The rates are much lower than those of reclaimed mine soils with similar reclaim duration but better climate conditions. Relatively slow development of vegetation and soil microorganisms and leaching due to a freeze–thaw cycle controlled by the sub-alpine climate are likely responsible for the slow recovery of soil SOC and TN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional zoning is the primary basis for developing differentiated spatial planning systems and management policies of territorial spaces. The purpose of the paper is to generate an integrated multifunctional zoning scheme of the territorial space in Panxi by employing the functional significance assessment funded on the niche theory and its measurement models, in order to benefit the high efficiency land utilization and other socioeconomic development initiatives, such as the industrial poverty alleviation and mountainous urbanization in the regional scale. In this paper, the six main functions of territorial space were selected and the corresponding index systems were established for the Panxi Area. First, the significances of six territorial functions were evaluated using two niche models. Second, the K-means clustering method was employed to cluster the functional significance grades, acquiring the integrated multifunctional zoning scheme after qualitative adjustment. The results showed that the spatial distribution characteristics of the functional significance for territorial spaces were different. Prominent regions with higher functional significance of agricultural production were concentrated in the vicinity of the Anning River Basin. The distributions of higher significance for industrial development and mineral resources supply functions were correlated with the overall economic development in the Panxi Area. The regions with higher functional significance for tourism & leisure showed advantages on tourist attractions' quality. The regions with higher significance for habitat service and ecosystem services functions presented advantages on good livability and ecological conditions. The integrated multifunctional zoning scheme for territorial space was highly in consistence with the Major Function Oriented Zoning of Sichuan Province and the "Thirteen Five" Development Plan for Panxi Economic Zone. Generally, the results indicated the rationality and feasibility of the research method, which provides a theoretical basis for coordinating and shaping the structure and pattern of territorial spaces, especially in the mountainous environment with distinct geographical as well as functional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender mainstreaming is a key for achieving inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction and equitable development. A gender disaggregated analysis of changing livelihood activities is, therefore, crucial for devising gender-sensitive policies and programs. This paper presents a gender disaggregated analysis to assess trend and influencing factors of switching livelihood to higher returning activities at the intra-household level in three villages in rural areas of central Nepal. The result showed that both men and women have changed their livelihood activities from subsistence to cash-earning activities in the last decade. However, the livelihood activities of men have changed considerably compared to women. Men are primarily attracted to out-migration and non-farm wage-based jobs whereas women to market-oriented commercial farming and rural enterprises. Individual as well as location-specific characteristics influence behavior switching to higher returning activities irrespective of gender, while the ethnicity of a household influences only women. Building human and financial capital through education and training along with strengthening access to credit and increasing connectivity through rural road and market centers would be pivotal for encouraging rural men and women to change traditional subsistence activities to higher returning undertakings, leading to equitable livelihood improvement in rural Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty eradication is currently a central issue within the national economic development strategy in developing countries. Understanding the spatial changes and possible drivers of poverty from different geographical perspectives has the potential to provide a policy-relevant understanding of the trends in poverty. By district-level data, poverty incidence (PI), and a statistical analysis of the period from 2005 to 2011 in Nepal, we used the location quotient (LQ), as well as the Lorenz curve, to inspect the poverty concentration and the spatial-temporal variation of poverty in Nepal. As such, this study analyzed the change in identified typologies of poverty using an approach, which accounts for inter-regional and three identified terrain components. The PI methodological approach was applied in order to (i) compare the spatial change in poverty for Nepal during the study period from a geographical-administrative perspective and (ii) to develop Lorenze curves which show the change of poverty concentration over the study period. Within the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) approach, PI was further used, in combination with the indices of poverty gap (PG) and squared poverty gap (SPG), in order to highlight the unidimensional poverty (UP), that is the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty between 2005 and 2011. Simultaneously, the spatial relationship between UP and economic development was assessed, leading to five specific economic modes or typologies of poverty. Our findings identified that proportional poverty appears to have grown in mountainous areas as well as more urbanized and developed regions, while the mid hill regions have steadily reduced proportions of poverty. We propose a hypothesis, for further examination, which suggests that the increase in proportional poverty in the mountain regions is as a result of the migration to the urban areas of Nepal of the relatively less poor, leaving behind a trapped poorer population. This migration to urban areas of the relatively less poor, rather counterintuitively, produced an increase in proportional poverty in the urban areas. This is due to the fact that while this population represents the wealthier mountain communities, they are still relatively poor in an urban setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper reaches of the Minjiang River (URMR), located on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in southwestern China, are an important component of the ecological barrier of the Upper Yangtze River Basin. Climate change and human activities have increased the ecological sensitivity and vulnerability of the region, which may pose a threat to the ecological security of the Yangtze River Basin and have negative impacts on local social and economic development. In this study, we analyzed land use and cover change (LUCC) of the URMR between 2000 and 2010, and found that the total rate of LUCC was less than 0.50% during this period. In addition, net primary production (NPP) was employed to describe the changes in ecosystem sensitivity and vulnerability, and the results demonstrated that slightly and moderately sensitive and vulnerable zones occupied the largest area, distributed mainly in forest, shrub, and grassland ecosystems. However, compared with the period from 2000 to 2005, the ecological sensitivity and vulnerability showed a worsening trend in the period 2005-2010. Exploring the relationship between vulnerability/sensitivity and environmental factors, we found that sensitivity and vulnerability were positively correlated with precipitation (>700 mm) and aridity index (>36 mm/°C). The results highlight that the future ecological sensitivity and vulnerability of URMR should be further investigated, and that the LUCC induced by human activities and climate change have caused alteration of in ecosystem vulnerability.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hepatic vitamin C (VC) levels in VC deficient mice rescued with high doses of VC supplements still do not reach the optimal levels present in wild-type mice. For this, we used a mouse scurvy model (sfx) in which the L-gulonolactone oxidase gene (Gulo) is deleted. Six age- (6 weeks old) and gender- (female) matched wild-type (WT) and sfx mice (rescued by administering 500 mg of VC/L) were used as the control (WT) and treatment (MT) groups (n = 3 for each group), respectively. Total hepatic RNA was used in triplicate microarray assays for each group. EDGE software was used to identify differentially expressed genes and transcriptomic analysis was used to assess the potential genetic regulation of Gulo gene expression. Hepatic VC concentrations in MT mice were significantly lower than in WT mice, even though there were no morphological differences between the two groups. In MT mice, 269 differentially expressed transcripts were detected (≥ twice the difference between MT and WT mice), including 107 up-regulated and 162 down-regulated genes. These differentially expressed genes included stress-related and exclusively/predominantly hepatocyte genes. Transcriptomic analysis identified a major locus on chromosome 18 that regulates Gulo expression. Since three relevant oxidative genes are located within the critical region of this locus we suspect that they are involved in the down-regulation of oxidative activity in sfx mice.

Objective: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent and thus are able to differentiate into a number of different cell types under certain culture condition. However, the effect of age on the differentiation remains unknown. To explore the effect of the microenvironment formed by Schwann cells (SCs) on BMSCs differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes in rats at different ages in vitro., Methods: SCs were extracted and purified from the distal sciatic nerves of neonatal Wistar rats. BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of Wistar rats (aged 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months, respectively) and cultured in vitro. The cells were identified by immunofluorescent staining. The BMSCs at passage 2 were labeled by PKH26 and cocultured with SCs at passage 3 in equal proportions in two layer Petri dish. According to the BMSCs from the rats at different ages, experiment was divided into 3 groups: SCs were cocultured with 1-month-old rat BMSCs (group A), 6-month-old rat BMSCs (group B), and 12-month-old rat BMSCs (group C), respectively. The morphological changes of cocultured BMSCs were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope, the expressions of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cocultured BMSCs were tested by immunofluorescent staining, and the expression of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) was detected by ELISA method., Results: SCs and BMSCs were isolated and cultured successfully. The identification of SCs showed positive expression of S-100 and BMSCs showed positive expressions of CD29, CD44, and CD90. At 7 days after coculture, the BMSCs in group A began retraction, and became round or tapered with the processes and had a nerve cells or oligodendrocytes-like morphology, but most BMSCs in groups B and C showed no obvious morphological changes under inverted phase contrast microscope. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the positive expression rates of NSE in groups A, B, and C were 22.39% +/- 2.86%, 12.89% +/- 1.78%, and 2.69% +/- 0.80%, respectively, and the positive expression rates of MBP in groups A, B, and C were 16.13% +/- 2.39%, 6.33% +/- 1.40%, and 0.92% +/- 0.17%, respectively. There were significant differences in terms of NSE and MBP positive expression rates among 3 groups (P < 0.05). ELISA analysis showed that NRG1 in the supernatant of group A was increased after coculture in a time-dependent manner. At 6, 9, and 12 days of coculture, NRG1 content was higher in group A than in groups B and C, and in group B than in group C, showing significant differences (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The microenvironment formed by SCs can promote BMSCs differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes, but the differentiation capability of BMSCs decreases with aging, and the variety of growth factors secreted by SCs is likely important factors that induce the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons and oligodendrocytes.

In this study, we implanted Schwann cells (SCs) transfected with Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) gene into rats with hemisection spinal cord injury, determined its effects on the repair of spinal cord injury and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Primary SCs were cultured, purified, and transfected with NRG1 gene. SCs and SCs transfected with NRG1 gene were implanted, respectively, into rats with hemisection spinal cord injury. Behavior, imaging, electrophysiology, and immuno-histological analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of NRG1 gene-transfected SCs on the repair of spinal cord injury. In vitro studies showed that NRG1 protein was highly expressed in SCs transfected with NRG1 gene. In addition, the receptors for NRG1, ErbB2, and ErbB4, were upregulated in a time-dependent manner. NRG1-transfected SCs secreted large amount of NRG1 proteins in vivo, which efficiently promoted the expression of ErbB2 and ErbB4 in the neurons and neuroglia cells. Moreover, the number of NSE- and GFAP-positive cells was increased. After cell transplantation, many transplanted cells survived and migrated to the areas with spinal cord injuries. The injuries were recovered in all the experimental groups, but the most significant recovery was observed in the group of rats implanted with SCs transfected with NRG1 gene. We conclude that NRG1-transfected SCs can significantly increase the effect on the repair of spinal cord injury. This repair effect is achieved via the upregulation of ErbB receptor in the target cells, increased proliferation of glial cells, and protection of neurons from apoptosis.

Telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that maintains the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes, is an attractive target for a mechanism-based therapeutic approach as its activation has been associated with unlimited proliferation in most types of cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effect of chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agents and anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) on telomerase activity in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Primary RCC cells were surgically obtained from 24 patients with RCC. Telomerase activity and cytotoxicity were determined by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, respectively. Telomerase activity was positive in 20 (83.3%) of the 24 primary RCC cell cultures. Treatment of ACHN human RCC cells with anti-Fas mAb in combination with vinblastine, interferon-α or interferon-γ did not affect telomerase activity. However, a combination of anti-Fas mAb and doxorubicin resulted in marked down-regulation of telomerase activity in conjunction with a synergistic cytotoxicity. This inhibitory effect on telomerase activity was also observed in 16 telomerase-positive primary RCC cell cultures. These findings suggest that telomerase may be a promising molecular target for combination therapy using biological response modifiers and doxorubicin for RCC.

Objective: To investigate the effect of pregnant nutritional manipulation on offspring mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)., Methods: Wistar pregnant rats fed on standard diet and high protein diet (HPD), respectively. The male offspring were divided into control and high protein group (HP) in accordance with the diets of their dams. Offspring were cross-fostered and fed on standard diet after weaning. At adult, some offspring randomly selected from control group, namely as high fat control (HFC), HFC and HP group rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. At different stages, tissue was collected for analyzing expression of FAS and PEPCK mRNA by fluorescent quantitation PCR., Results: In HP, body weight and obesity rates were decreased after weaning and HFD (P < 0.05). The abundance of PEPCK mRNA was persistently decreased in HP, and the abundance of FAS mRNA in HP was down-regulated before and after HFD vs. control or HFC., Conclusion: The increase of protein intake during pregnancy could decrease the expression of FAS and PEPCK mRNA, and prevent offspring from HFD-induced obesity in adult.