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BackgroundRabies is a lethal zoonotic disease that kills approximately 60,000 people each year. Although inactivated rabies vaccines are available, multiple-dose regimensare recommended for pre-exposure prophylaxis or post-exposure prophylaxis,which cuts down the cost- and time-effectiveness, especially in low- and middle incomecountries.MethodsWe developed a nucleoside-modified Rabies mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine (RABV-G mRNA-LNP) encoding codon-optimized viral glycoprotein and assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this vaccine in mice comparing to a commercially available inactivated vaccine.ResultsWe first showed that, when evaluated in mice, a single vaccination of RABV-G mRNA with a moderate or high dose induces more potent humoral and T-cell immune responses than that elicited by three inoculations of the inactivated vaccine. Importantly, mice receiving a single immunization of RABV-G mRNA, even at low doses, showed full protection against the lethal rabies challenge. We further demonstrated that the humoral immune response induced by single RABV-G mRNA vaccination in mice could last for at least 25 weeks, while a two-dose strategy could extend the duration of the highly protective response to one year or even longer. In contrast, the three-dose regimen of inactivated vaccine failed to do so.ConclusionOur study confirmed that it is worth developing a single-dose nucleoside-modified Rabies mRNA-LNP vaccine, which could confer much prolonged and more effective protection.

Change has been universally acknowledged as the perpetual theme for routine organizational life. As cultural tourism, a major element of global tourism consumption accounting for 40% of tourism employment, is becoming increasingly flourishing and promising, tourism organizations are also obliged to implement a series of organizational changes to adapt to the trending culturalization in the tourism domain. In light of this, this research, by outlining important sub-themes and trends of cultural tourism research, tracks the evolution of cultural tourism as a research field over the previous decades so as to analyze existing interconnections between the systematic review and tourism organizational change. Based on these interconnections, the research also manages to propose several potential implications for tourism organizations to optimize their future implement of daily organizational changes for the sake of adaptative survival and development.

Vaccinia virus was used to prevent smallpox. After the World Health Organization declared smallpox extinct, vaccinia virus has been explored for the development of vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases. It also finds a new place in oncolytic therapy. Here we provide a brief review of the history, current status, and future prospect of vaccinia virus-based vaccine and oncolytic virus. New advancements, including a single vaccine targeting multiple viruses, strategies of arming vaccinia viruses to enhance anti-tumor activity, the promise and challenge of combining vaccinia-based virotherapy with immunotherapy, are discussed as special focus.

CuAlO2 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method, in which the Cu–O dimers were incorporated by simply altering the ratio of the reactants and the temperature. The incorporation process increases the grain size in CuAlO2, and modulates the work function and binding energies for CuAlO2 due to the partial substitution of Cu+ 3d10 with Cu2+ 3d9 orbitals in the valence band maximum by alloying non-isovalent Cu–O with a CuAlO2 host. Based on the ZnO nanorod arrays (NRs) ultraviolet photodetector, CuAlO2/Cu–O fabricated by the low-cost drop-coating method was used as the p-type hole transport layer. The incorporation of the Cu–O clusters into CuAlO2 lattice to enhance the conductivity of CuAlO2 is an effective way for improving ZnO NRs/CuAlO2 device performance. The photodetectors exhibit significant diode behavior, with a rectification ratio approaching 30 at ±1 V, and a dark saturation current density 0.81 mA cm−2. The responsivity of the ZnO-NRs-based UV photodetector increases from 13.2 to 91.3 mA/W at 0 V bias, with an increase in the detectivity from 2.35 × 1010 to 1.71 × 1011 Jones. Furthermore, the ZnO NRs/[CuAlO2/Cu–O] photodetector exhibits a maximum responsivity of 5002 mA/W at 1.5 V bias under 375 nm UV illumination.

To curb the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), multiple platforms have been employed toward a safe and highly effective vaccine. Here, we develop a novel cell-based vaccine candidate, namely K562-S, by utilizing human cell K562 as a cellular carrier to display Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the membrane. Analogous to the traditional inactivated vaccine, K562-S cells can be propagated to a large scale by culturing and completely lose their viability after exposure to X-ray irradiation or formalin. We in turn demonstrated high immunogenicity of formalin-inactivated K562-S vaccine in both mouse and non-human primates and its protective efficacy in mice. In mice, immunization with inactivated K562-S vaccines can elicit potent neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses persisting longer than 5 months. We consequently showed in a hACE2 mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that a two-shot vaccination with adjuvanted K562-S rendered greater than 3 log reduction in viral lung load and concomitant ameliorated lung pathology. Of importance, the administration of the same regimen in non-human primates was able to induce a neutralizing antibody titer averaging three-fold higher relative to human convalescent serum. These results together support the promise of K562-based, S-protein-expressing vaccines as a novel vaccination approach against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, with a powerful capacity to carry external genes for cell-based vectors, this platform could rapidly generate two- and multiple-valent vaccines by incorporating SARS-CoV-2 mutants, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV.

In service marketing, AI assistants and self-service technology have become popular. As a result, it is critical to enrich the understanding of whether consumers react differently in the artificial intelligence (AI) service context in comparison with the human service context. This study examines the effect of assistant type (AI vs. human) on consumers’ decision-making. Through three experiments, this research finds that variety seeking will be higher when consumers are making decision in AI (vs. human) service environment. Furthermore, we tested uncertainty as the underlying mechanism. Moreover, we demonstrated that this pattern is moderated by situational involvement. Specifically, in consumption contexts of high involvement, the consumers are less likely to seek variety, and in consumption contexts of low involvement, they prefer more variety (study 3). This research offers service providers new insights by revealing how, why, and when the interaction of AI technology influences consumers’ decision-making in service marketing.

Since the emergence of artificial intelligence and deep learning methods, the fault diagnosis of bearings in rotating machinery has gradually been realized, reducing the high costs of bearing faults. However, in the actual work of the equipment, faults rarely occur, resulting in less fault data. Therefore, it is necessary to study small sample fault data. For the case of less fault data, the Maml–Triplet fault classification learning framework based on the combination of maml and the triplet neural network is proposed. In the framework of Maml-Triplet fault classification, firstly, an initial signal feature extractor is obtained using the Maml training method. Secondly, the feature vectors corresponding to signal data are obtained using depth distance measurement learning in the triplet neural network, and the fault type is judged based on the feature vectors of unknown signal. The results show that the accuracy of the Maml–Triplet model is 2% higher than that of the triplet model alone and 5% higher than that of the Maml–CNN meta learning method. When there are fewer data samples, the accuracy gap is more obvious. Therefore, in the case of less data, the Maml–Triplet model has an excellent fault identification ability.

Four-axis machine tools with two rotary axes are widely used in the machining of complex parts. However, due to an irregular kinematic relationship and non-linear kinematic function with geometric error, it is difficult to analyze the influence the geometry error of each axis has and to compensate for such a geometry error. In this study, an influence analysis method of geometric error based on the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and a compensation method was developed, using the Newton iterative method. Geometric errors are characterized by a homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix in the proposed method, and an error matrix is integrated into the kinematic model of the four-axis machine tool as a means of studying the influence the geometric error of each axis has on the tool path. Based on the kinematic model of the four-axis machine tool considering the geometric error, a comprehensive geometric error compensation calculation model based on the Newton iteration was then constructed for calculating the tool path as a means of compensating for the geometric error. Ultimately, the four-axis machine tool with a curve tool path for an off-axis optical lens was chosen for verification of the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method can significantly improve the machining accuracy.

Grain size is an important agronomic trait determines yield in barley, and a high-density genetic map is helpful to accurately detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to grain traits. Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, a high-density genetic map was constructed with a population of 134 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) deriving from a cross between Golden Promise (GP) and H602, which contained 12,635 SLAFs with 26,693 SNPs, and spanned 896.74 cM with an average interval of 0.07 cM on seven chromosomes. Based on the map, a total of 16 QTLs for grain length (GL), grain width and thousand-grain weight were detected on 1H, 2H, 4H, 5H, and 6H. Among them, a major QTL locus qGL1, accounting for the max phenotypic variance of 16.7% was located on 1H, which is a new unreported QTL affecting GL. In addition, the other two QTLs, qGL5 and qTGW5, accounting for the max phenotypic variances of 20.7 and 21.1%, respectively, were identified in the same region, and sequencing results showed they are identical to HvDep1 gene. These results indicate that it is a feasible approach to construct a high-quality genetic map for QTL mapping by using SLAF markers, and the detected major QTLs qGL1, qGL5, and qTGW5 are useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of grain size in barley breeding.

The WRKY gene family consists of transcription factors that are widely distributed in plants and play a key role in plant growth and development, secondary metabolite synthesis, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and other biological processes. In this study, 86 WRKY proteins were identified from the barley genome database using bioinformatics and were found to be distributed unevenly on seven chromosomes. According to the structure and phylogenetic relationships, the proteins could be classified into three groups and seven subgroups. The multiple sequence alignment results showed that WRKY domains had different conserved sites in different groups or subgroups, and some members had a special heptapeptide motif. Protein and gene structure analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the groups in terms of the distribution of WRKY motifs and the number of introns in barley. Tissue expression pattern analysis demonstrated that the transcription levels of most genes exhibited tissue and growth-stage specificity. In addition, the analysis of cis-elements in the promoter region revealed that almost all HvWRKYs had plant hormone or stress response cis-elements, and there were differences in the numbers between groups. Finally, the transcriptional levels of 15 HvWRKY genes under drought, cadmium, or salt stress were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. It was found that most of the gene expression levels responded to one or more abiotic stresses. These results provide a foundation for further analysis of the function of WRKY gene family members in abiotic stress.

Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) participate in various plant growth and abiotic stress responses. In the present study, 131 ABC genes in barley were systematically identified using bioinformatics. Based on the classification method of the family in rice, these members were classified into eight subfamilies (ABCA–ABCG, ABCI). The conserved domain, amino acid composition, physicochemical properties, chromosome distribution, and tissue expression of these genes were predicted and analyzed. The results showed that the characteristic motifs of the barley ABC genes were highly conserved and there were great diversities in the homology of the transmembrane domain, the number of exons, amino acid length, and the molecular weight, whereas the span of the isoelectric point was small. Tissue expression profile analysis suggested that ABC genes possess non-tissue specificity. Ultimately, 15 differentially expressed genes exhibited diverse expression responses to stress treatments including drought, cadmium, and salt stress, indicating that the ABCB and ABCG subfamilies function in the response to abiotic stress in barley.

In this study, the effects of the addition of different amounts of salt (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) at five stages of processing: raw shrimp, blanching, marination, soaking for 2 h and soaking at 4 ℃ for 24 h, on the quality and volatile flavor compounds of marinated crayfish were investigated. The results showed that L* values increased and then decreased as the processing stages proceeded, while a* and b* values both continued to increase. But salt addition had little effect on the color difference. Additionally, moisture content decreased and then increased, and was affected little by salt addition. For 1%, 2% and 3% salt addition, hardness, elasticity, chewiness and adhesion showed an initial increasing and subsequent decreasing trend. Without salt addition, hardness and chewiness continued to increase. For each group, elasticity and cohesiveness increased and then did not show any significant change. The electronic nose results could be roughly divided into four parts, raw shrimp and blanching, marination, soaking for 2 h, and soaking at 4 ℃ for 24 h. There were also some differences between the less and more salt addition groups. The electronic tongue results showed that as salt addition increased or the processing stages proceeded, saltiness, astringency, and umami taste increased, and other taste attributes changed little. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis showed that salt addition and marination had a positive effect on the volatile flavor of crayfish. However, excessive salt addition and too long processing time were detrimental to volatile flavors. In conclusion, the addition of salt and processing stages can affect the quality and flavor of marinated crayfish.

Biological oxidation pretreatment, which can improve the yield of gold, is the main gold extraction technology for disposing refractory gold ore with high arsenic and sulfur. The temperature of the oxidation tank influences the oxidation efficiency between the ore pulp and bacteria, including the yield of gold. Therefore, measurement has consistently been an important subject for researchers. As an effective data processing method, data fusion has been used extensively in many fields of industrial production. However, the interference of equipment or external factors such as the diurnal temperature difference or powerful wind may constantly increase measurement errors and damage certain sensors, which may transmit error data. These problems can be solved by following a pretreatment process. First, we establish a heat transfer mechanism model. Second, we design a small-range sensor network for the pretreatment process and present a layered fusion structure of sharing sensors using a multi-connected fusion structure. Third, we introduce the idea of iterative operation in data processing. In addition, we use prior data for predicting state values twice in order to improve the effectiveness of extended Kalman filtering in one time step. This study also proposes multi-fading factors on the basis of a weighted fading memory index to adjust the prediction error covariance. Finally, the state estimation accuracy of each sensor can be used as a weighting principle for the predictive confidence of each sensor by adding a weighting factor. In this study, the performance of the proposed method is verified by simulation and compared with the traditional single-sensor method. Actual industrial measurement data are processed by the proposed method for the equipment experiment. The performance index of the simulation and the experiment shows that the proposed method has a higher global accuracy than the traditional single-sensor method. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed method has a 55% improvement upon that of the traditional single-sensor method, on average. In the equipment experiment, the accuracy of the industrial measurement improved by 37% when using the proposed method.

Paclitaxel is a drug within one of the most promising classes of anticancer agents. Unfortunately, clinical success of this drug has been limited by the insurgence of cellular resistance. To address this, Paclitaxel resistance was modeled in an in vitro system using estrogen treated prostate cancer cells. This study demonstrates that emerging resistance to clinically relevant doses of Paclitaxel is associated with 17-β-estradiol (E2) treatment in PC-3 cells, but not in LNCaP cells. We found that small interfering RNA mediated knockdown of ERα lead to a decrease in E2 induced Paclitaxel resistance in androgen-independent cells. We also showed that ERα mediated the effects of estrogen, thereby suppressing androgen-independent cell proliferation and mediating Paclitaxel resistance. Furthermore, E2 promoted Prohibitin (PHB) mitochondrial-nucleus translocation via directly mediation of ERα, leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation by PHB. Additionally, restoration of Paclitaxel sensitivity by ERα knockdown could be overcome by PHB overexpression and, conversely, PHB knockdown decreased E2 induced Paclitaxel resistance. These findings demonstrate that PHB lies downstream of ERα and mediates estrogen-dependent Paclitaxel resistance signaling cascades.

Surface roughness is influenced by various factors with uncertainty characteristic, and roughness reliability can be used for the assessment of the surface quality of CNC milling. The paper develops a method for the assessment of surface quality by considering the coupling effect and uncertainty characteristics of various factors. According to the milling kinematics theory, the milling surface topography simulation is conducted by discretizing the cutting edge, machining time, and workpiece. Considering the coupling effect of various factors, a roughness prediction model is established by the SSA-LSSVM, and its prediction accuracy reaches more than 95%. Then, the roughness reliability model is developed by applying the response surface methodology to achieve the assessment of surface quality. The proposed method is verified by the milling experiments. The maximum values of the relative errors between the simulation and experimental results of the surface roughness and roughness reliability are 9% and 1.5% respectively, indicating the correctness of the method proposed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machining accuracy reliability as a key index of CNC machine tools is seriously influenced by the geometric and thermal errors. In the paper, a spindle unit thermal error modeling and machining accuracy reliability analysis method is proposed. By analyzing the heat generation mechanism, a thermal error model was developed to describe the thermal deformation of the electric spindle. Based on the immune algorithm (IA), the heat generation power and the heat transfer coefficient were optimized, and the thermal error was obtained by finite element thermal-mechanical coupling. By adopting the multi-body system theory (MBS), a dynamic machining accuracy model was put forward including the geometric and thermal errors. Based on the Latin hypercube sampling Monte Carlo method (LHSMC), a machining accuracy reliability analysis method was proposed to characterize the machining accuracy reliability considering the geometric and thermal errors. The method was employed to a machine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]