Search

Objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing rumen‐protected choline (RPC) from an established source with low (L, 28.8%) or a prototype with less lipid coating protection and high (H, 60.0%) concentrations of choline chloride on digestibility of fat and supra‐mammary lymph metabolome in feed‐restricted cows. Pregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 33; 11/treatment) at mean (±standard deviation) 231 ± 4.7 days of gestation were blocked by body condition (4.23 ± 0.47) and assigned to receive 0 (CON) or 25.8 g/d of choline ion from L (L25.8) or H (H25.8). Cows were adapted to the diet and then fed‐restricted to 42% of the net energy of lactation required for maintenance and pregnancy for 9 days. Intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 19 g/d. On Day 9, cows were fed 450 g of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and feces and blood were sampled continuously for 24 h. Supra‐mammary lymph was sampled 6 h after feeding SFA and metabolome was characterized. Feeding RPC increased digestibility of fat (CON = 80.4 vs. RPC = 86.0 ± 1.9%) and reduced the concentration of haptoglobin in serum (CON = 174 vs. RPC = 77 ± 14 µg/ml) independent of source of RPC fed. Feeding RPC increased the concentrations of triacylglycerol in serum (CON = 15.1 vs. RPC = 17.8 ± 1.9 mg/dl) in feed‐restricted cows after feeding SFA, and the increment tended to be greater for cows fed H25.8 than L25.8. Supplementing RPC tended to increase the concentrations of triacylglycerol (CON = 11.4 vs. RPC = 15.8 ± 3.4 mg/dl) in supra‐mammary lymph. Feeding RPC increased the concentration of choline and affected the concentrations of analytes involved in metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of phospholipids in lymph compared with CON. Feeding RPC, independent of source used, increased fat digestibility with some changes in lymph metabolome in cows under negative nutrient balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of carbohydrate source on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics were investigated in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). A starch diet and two non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) diets with different NSP sources were used in this study. A diet containing 12 % gelatinized wheat flour as the starch diet, and two diets with distinct non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) sources: soybean hulls (SH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) at an inclusion level of 10 %, were studied. Each diet was tested in triplicate fish tanks. To determine if feeding level affects diet, restricted and satiation feeding levels were used. After four weeks of restrictive feeding, fish were fed satiation for two weeks. The dietary effect on nutrient digestibility and faecal waste production was dependent on feeding level, whereas the dietary effect on faecal waste characterises was independent of feeding level. SBP diet protein and fat digestibility was highest during restricted and satiation feeding. Satiation feeding reduced nutrient digestibility in all diets, most pronounced in SH and least in SBP. Faecal bile acid loss did not explain fat digestibility differences between the three diets. Both NSP diets increased faecal waste production but decreased bile acid content, resulting in similar bile acid loss to the starch diet. SBP had the highest faecal removal efficiency and the lowest non-removed faeces despite high waste production SH resulted in similar amount of non-removed faeces compared to the starch diet. To conclude, NSP type affected nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production, and faecal characteristics differently than starch in yellowtail kingfish. Starch resulted in higher FCR and thus lower growth performance in yellowtail kingfish compared to NSP despite higher organic matter digestibility. Adding NSP to their RAS diet may improve faecal integrity without affecting macronutrient digestibility. However, different NSP forms affect nutrient digestion and faeces integrity differently.

Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi), a marine species, has recently been cultured in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). A challenge regarding faecal waste management of farming yellowtail kingfish in RAS is their poor faecal integrity. One approach to improve faecal waste management is to enhance nutrient digestibility and thus faecal waste production, which can be achieved through the addition of emulsifiers to the feed. We assessed the effect of emulsifier supplementation on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics of yellowtail kingfish. This was investigated by using four experimental diets differing in emulsifier supplementation, where fish were fed restrictively (36 days). One diet without emulsifying supplements served as control. Three types of emulsifiers were tested (1) E484, composed of Glyceryl polyethyleneglycol ricinoleate; (2) Lysophospholipids (LPL) combined with lecithin; (3) Sodium taurocholate (STC). The results showed that the STC diet numerically improved fat digestibility and had a positive bile acid balance, which indicated an accumulation of dietary bile acids in the body bile acid pool. Despite a negative bile acid balance, the LPL diet improved fat digestibility as well. A negative bile acid balance shows that the daily amount of faecal bile acid loss exceeds the daily amount of dietary bile acid intake. Fish fed the E484 diet had more faeces removed than the other diets, whilst non-recovered faeces or faecal characteristics were not affected. In conclusion, the current study shows that supplementing both sodium taurocholate (STC), and the combination of Lysophospholipids (LPL) and lecithin can improve fat digestibility in yellowtail kingfish, but emulsifier supplementation does not improve faecal waste management.

Oleogels (OG) and gelled emulsions (GE) were elaborated with a mixture of olive and chia oils (80:20 ratio) without and with the incorporation of the health-related compound curcumin. These were studied to evaluate the influence of the oil structuring system on the lipid hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of three healthy fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids) and of curcumin, compared to the oil mixture (bulk oil, BO). The oil structuring system influenced the firmness and texture, and the presence of curcumin significantly altered the color parameters. GE showed higher lipid digestibility, with a greater proportion of absorbable fraction (higher content of free FA and monoacylglycerides) than OG, which behaved similarly to BO. The presence of curcumin affected the degree of lipolysis, reducing lipid digestibility in OG and increasing it in GE. As for FA bioaccessibility, although GE presented higher percentages overall, curcumin significantly increased and decreased FA bioaccessibility in OG and GE, respectively. The oil structuring system also influenced the bioaccessibility of curcumin, which was higher in GE. Therefore, when selecting an oil structuring system, their physicochemical properties, the degree of lipid hydrolysis, and the bioaccessibility of both curcumin and the FA studied should all be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleogels (OG) and gelled emulsions (GE) were elaborated with a mixture of olive and chia oils (80:20 ratio) without and with the incorporation of the health-related compound curcumin. These were studied to evaluate the influence of the oil structuring system on the lipid hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of three healthy fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids) and of curcumin, compared to the oil mixture (bulk oil, BO). The oil structuring system influenced the firmness and texture, and the presence of curcumin significantly altered the color parameters. GE showed higher lipid digestibility, with a greater proportion of absorbable fraction (higher content of free FA and monoacylglycerides) than OG, which behaved similarly to BO. The presence of curcumin affected the degree of lipolysis, reducing lipid digestibility in OG and increasing it in GE. As for FA bioaccessibility, although GE presented higher percentages overall, curcumin significantly increased and decreased FA bioaccessibility in OG and GE, respectively. The oil structuring system also influenced the bioaccessibility of curcumin, which was higher in GE. Therefore, when selecting an oil structuring system, their physicochemical properties, the degree of lipid hydrolysis, and the bioaccessibility of both curcumin and the FA studied should all be considered.

Introduction1 The most important effect of using emulsifiers and l-carnitine in the diet is to help the process of digestion and absorption of fats. Improving the efficiency of metabolizable energy consumption and crude protein when emulsifier and l-carnitine supplements used in the diet indicates the positive effect of emulsifiers on the digestion and absorption of fats and other nutrients. Considering the different metabolic activities lcarnitine and emulsifier (lipidol) in broiler chickens, it seems that the use of these compounds together in lowenergy diets can significantly improve the performance of broiler chickens. Therefore, the present research investigated the role of lipidol and l-carnitine supplements in reducing the negative effects of low-energy diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and meat oxidative stability of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments in four replicates and 12 chickens in each replicate. Broiler chickens were fed with diets including: 1. control diet 2. Low energy diet (150 kcal/kg less than the control diet) 3. Low energy diet + 100 ppm l-carnitine 4. Low energy diet + 1 g / kg lipidol 5. Low energy diet + 100 ppm l-carnitine + 1 g / kg lipidol for 42 days. Then, the growth performance of chickens, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical indicators (total antioxidant capacity, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and HDL concentrations), nutrient digestibility (dry matter, protein, fat and organic matter) in starter and grower periods and meat oxidative stability of broiler chickens were measured and recorded. Finally, the analysis of data was performed using GLM method by SAS software. The means were compared using Tukey's multiple range tests. Results and Discussion The results showed that there was no difference in feed intake between the birds receiving the control diet and the other diets. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds were significantly improved by control diet than other treatments (P<0.05). However, birds receiving low-energy diets containing lipidol + l-carnitine had the same feed conversion ratio (1.79) as birds receiving the control diet (1.75). Birds fed with low-energy diets containing lipidol and lipidol + l-carnitine had better weight gain and feed conversion ratio than birds fed with low-energy diets containing l-carnitine and without additives (P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the birds that were fed with low-energy diets containing lipidol and l-carnitine separately and together had a lower abdominal fat percentage (0.4%) (P<0.05). Also, birds fed with the control diet showed a tendency to increase the heart percentage compared to other experimental treatments (P=0.06). Birds fed with low energy diets containing lipidol and lipidol + l-carnitine had higher dry matter (3.6%), protein (7.8%) and fat (6.6%) digestibility in the starter period and higher digestibility of dry matter (6.9%) in the grower period compared to other treatments (P<0.05). In general, in the starter period, the birds fed with control diet showed lower digestibility of protein (P=0.06) and fat (P<0.05), and in the growth period, the digestibility of dry matter was lower than the birds fed with other diets. Birds that were fed with low energy diets containing lipidol and lcarnitine separately or together had higher total antioxidant capacity compared to birds fed with control diet and low energy diet without additives (P<0.05). Also, birds that were fed with low-energy diets containing l-carnitine and lipidol + l-carnitine had lower blood triglyceride (P=0.05) cholesterol and LDL concentrations compared to birds fed with control diet and low-energy diet without additives (P<0.05). Birds fed with low energy diet containing lipidol + l-carnitine increased blood HDL level compared to birds receiving low energy diet without additives (P<0.05). Birds that were fed with low-energy diets containing lipidol and l-carnitine separately and together had lower concentrations of malondialdehyde in thigh and breast meats on days 3, 6 and 9 after slaughter and kept in a refrigerator (ْ 4C) compared to birds fed with low energy diets without additives and control diet (P<0.01). Conclusion Finally, the simultaneous utilization of 100 ppm l-carnitine and 1 g / kg lipidol in low-energy diet showed similar growth performance when compared with control diet and led to improved carcass quality, fat, protein and dry matter digestibility, blood lipid parameters and meat shelf life of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of dietary soybean meal can result in soy-induced enteritis and decreased performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other aquaculture target species. Various mechanisms have been employed to combat this issue, including the use of dietary additives. In this study, we assessed the use of a feed additive, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). TMAO is a small intracellular molecule and its accumulation has been shown to enhance growth performance, protein stability and membrane integrity across aquatic taxa. Here, we conducted a 12-week feeding trial to examine the effects of chemical TMAO on growth performance, digestibility, soy enteritis, and gene expression in soy-based diets fed to rainbow trout. Fish were stocked into triplicate tanks (320 L) and fed one of five treatment diets: SOY0, fishmeal control; SOY40, 40 % soybean meal; TMAO3, 40 % soybean meal +3 g kg−1 TMAO; TMAO10, 40 % soybean meal +10 g kg−1 TMAO; and TMAO30, 40 % soybean meal +30 g kg−1 TMAO. TMAO was stable through extrusion and accumulated in the distal intestine in a dose-dependent manner and fish muscle. Dietary soybean meal and TMAO had no effect on growth, feed conversion ratio, or feed intake. Replacing fish meal with soybean meal decreased fish condition factor and hepatosomatic index, increased protein and phosphorus digestibility, and decreased energy digestibility. Further, TMAO30 increased fat and energy digestibility compared to SBM40. This is in line with previous studies that showed dietary TMAO's ability to decrease fat belching in saltwater reared rainbow trout and increase fat digestibility in swine. Soy-based diets also increased morphological signs of soy-enteritis but this was suppressed in fish fed TMAO10. Dietary addition of TMAO affected various genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and the immune response, including HSP90 and TNF-α in red blood cells and MTA , MX1 , and TXNIPa in distal intestine. This study provides evidence that TMAO can be used as a feed additive to enhance fat digestibility and does suppress soy-enteritis at moderate inclusion levels. Significant levels of TMAO were measured in two of the three fish solubles products tested. Further examination is warranted to determine TMAO's role in promoting digestibility and gut health in fish and how fish solubles, and other ingredients, can be used to incorporate TMAO into practical formulations. • Dietary trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) was stable through extrusion and accumulated in freshwater rainbow trout. • TMAO enhanced fat and energy digestibility. • A moderate inclusion level of TMAO suppressed soy-induced enteritis. • Soy-based diets and addition of TMAO changed the expression of some genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune function. • Soy-based diets increased protein and phosphorus digestibility and decreased energy digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study evaluated the effects of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNP) as a feed additive during the 1-42 d of age on growth performance, blood serum parameters, carcass traits, intestinal bacteria, digestive enzymes, and fat digestibility. Two hundred and forty of 1-d-old Japanese quail were randomly distributed into four groups and fed a basal diet for 42 d. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were fed 0.0 mg/kg diet (control group), 200-mg ordinary chitosan/kg diet, 50-mg ChNP/kg diet, and 200-mg ChNP/kg diet, respectively. The highest (P < 0.05) final weight and weight gain were recorded in group 4. The feed intake and mortality ratio were not affected significantly by ChNP supplementation. The best feed conversion ratio was recorded by groups 2 and 4. Blood serum parameters were within the normal range; however, serum total triglyceride and malondialdehyde were increased significantly in the control group. The highest values for total Lactobacillus and Enterococcus count in the intestine were observed in the ChNP and chitosan groups. The coliform count was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the control group and group 3 than in the other groups. Carcass weights in groups 2 and 4 were significantly heavier (P < 0.05) than in the other groups. However, the abdominal fat weight was higher (P < 0.05) in the control group than in the other groups. The lipase activity was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in groups 2 and 4 compared with the control group. These results concluded that the addition of ChNP had a positive effect on productive performance of Japanese quail.

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of lecithin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lipid profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 240 oneday- old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were obtained from a local hatchery and raised for 42 days. The chicks were divided into 5 dietary treatments. The diets supplemented with prilled palm fat + 2% lysolecithin (PFL) replacing palm oil at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Each treatment group was divided into 6 replicates and 8 chicks per each replicate. Feed and water were offered ad libitum to the birds. The individual body weight and the feed intake for each replicate were recorded. In the finisher and overall periods, the findings showed that body weight gain (BWG) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed 1% PFL compared to those birds fed 5% or 7% PFL. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in broiler supplemented with 1% PFL compared to the rest of the treatment groups. However, no significant differences were observed against 3% PFL for crude fat digestibility. The breast meat color was within the normal range in broiler fed 1% PFL than those fed higher ratios of PFL. The study revealed that supplementation of PFL at 1% substantially improved nutrient digestibility as well as BWG and FCR during the overall period.

Background: Calcium (Ca) can complex with free fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), leading to the formation of insoluble unabsorbable Ca-fatty acid soaps, contributing to the proposed effect of Ca on weight loss in humans.Objectives: We determined the effect of dietary Ca concentration and the individual long-chain fatty acids on Ca-fatty acid soap formation and fatty acid digestibility.Methods: Nine-week-old crossbreed male pigs (n = 144; mean ± SD body weight: 21.7 ± 0.15 kg) were used as an animal model for digestion in the adult human. The animals received purified diets containing 4 Ca concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/kg diet) and 4 fat sources (tallow, palmolein oil, soybean oil, and olive oil) in a completely randomized design. Fatty acids, Ca, and Ca-fatty acid soaps were determined in feces (n = 9 per diet).Results: Increasing dietary Ca led to a 4-fold increase (P ≤ 0.05) in excreted palmitic and stearic acid when diets contained tallow or palmolein oil as the major fat source. More than 80% of these excreted fatty acids were present as soaps. For the tallow-based diets, increasing dietary Ca led to a decrease in stearic acid digestibility from 91% to 66% (P ≤ 0.01) and in palmitic acid digestibility from 96% to 83% (P ≤ 0.01). For the olive oil- and soybean oil-based diets dietary Ca did not (P > 0.05) influence fatty acid excretion.Conclusions: Ca-fatty acid soap formation led to decreased fat absorption in the GIT of growing pigs, which supports the hypothesis that higher dietary Ca concentrations reduce fat absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) supplementation on egg production, fat digestibility, blood lipid profile and gene expression related to nutrients transport in brown egglaying hens. In total, 384 commercial laying hens were divided into 4 groups (8 replicates, 12 animals each): 1. positive control (PC), 2. negative control (reduced energy to 75 ME kcal/kg; NC), 3. NC-LPC 0.05%, and 4. NC-LPC 0.1%, accordingly to a completely randomized design. There were no significant effects on productive performance during 33-41 weeks of age. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the NC group in comparison to the PC group during 42-49 weeks of age. Supplementation of LPC (at both levels) significantly reduced feed intake and FCR (P < 0.05). Consequently, it significantly reduced feed cost per egg weight (P < 0.05). In animals supplemented with LPC increased (P < 0.05) digestibilities of dietary fat, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride and cholesterol in blood were found. The expression of gene BAT in the epithelial layer of the jejunum significantly increased in the NC group, however it decreased in the NC-LPC 0.1% group (P < 0.05). The expression of CAT-1 gene in the NC-LPC 0.1% group was higher than that of the PC group (P < 0.05). The supplemental LPC (both levels) also significantly increased the expression of the NPC1 gene in comparison to the NC group (P < 0.05). So, supplementation of LPC to the diet improved the feed efficiency via the increase of fat digestibility and the uptake of some amino acids or cholesterol to the enterocyte up-regulating the expression of some amino acids and cholesterol transporter genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) if diet composition and feeding level affect faecal bile acid loss, and whether this reflects on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of fat. Six diets were formulated with either fishmeal or plant protein as main protein source. This created a contrast in the supply of bile acids, the bile acid precursor cholesterol, taurine and the taurine precursors (methionine + cysteine) involved in bile acid conjugation. For both protein sources, three diets were formulated with increasing inclusion of a non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP)‐rich ingredient mixture (0.0, 82.0 and 164.2 g/kg diet). This aimed at enhancing faecal bile acid loss. Fish were fed both restrictively (1.2% BW/day) and to satiation. A similar fat ADC was found when substituting fishmeal with a plant protein mixture, suggesting that the lower content of bile acids, cholesterol, taurine, methionine and cysteine in the plant‐based diets did not limit fat digestion. Faecal bile acid loss increased alongside dietary NSP level, however, only during satiation feeding and most strongly for fish fed the fishmeal‐based diets. Enhanced faecal bile acid loss was not caused by NSP‐bile acid binding/entrapment, but by an increase in faeces production. During satiation feeding, fat ADC negatively correlated with faecal bile acid loss. From this it is concluded that bile acid availability/synthesis can become limiting for fat digestion in rainbow trout under conditions that enhance faecal bile acid loss (i.e. dietary NSP level and feeding level). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of palm oil (P) with increasing levels of soybean acid oil (SA), a by-product of soybean oil (S) refining, on lipid class content and fatty acid (FA) digestibility in the intestine and excreta of chickens at 11 and 35 days (d). Five experimental diets were obtained by supplementing a basal diet with 6% of P (P6), 6% of SA (SA6), 4% of P + 2% SA (P4-SA2), 2% of P + 4% of SA (P2-SA4) and 6% of S (S6). A total of 480 one-d-old female broiler chickens (Ross 308) were housed in metabolic cages (6 cages/treatment, with 16 birds/cage). Replacing P with SA improved fat absorption at 11 and 35 d (p < 0.05), but not feed AME values and saturated FA (SFA) digestibility at 11 d. As age increased, the absorption of SFA and free fatty acids (FFA) improved, and the contribution of the upper ileum to FA absorption increased (p < 0.05). At 35 d, SA6 (56% FFA) and P2-SA4 (40% FFA, 2.6 unsaturated-to-saturated FA ratio) could replace S6 without impairing fat utilization. The replacement of P with SA represents a suitable strategy to use this by-product.

Age-related changes in gastrointestinal function have been reported in companion animals, but the impact on digestive efficiency remains uncertain. Healthy dogs (n = 37; 2.6–14.2 years) received four diets varying in total dietary fibre (TDF; 6–29%, as fed). Healthy cats (n = 28; 1–13 years) received four diets with two fat (10–12%; 17–18%) and TDF (9 and 12%) levels. In a crossover design, diets were provided over four consecutive 10-day cycles, including a 4-day faecal collection. Apparent crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), TDF, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) digestibilities were determined. The effect of age was analysed as a continuous variable in dogs and as differences between adult (1–5 years) and senior (7–13 years) cats. In dogs, EE digestibility was unaffected by age (p > 0.10). Dogs of 6–12 years had higher digestibility of CP (p = 0.032), TDF (p = 0.019), Ca (p = 0.019), and P (p = 0.024) when fed the 6% TDF diet. Senior cats had greater digestibility of TDF (p < 0.01) and Ca (p = 0.024) but had lower EE and CP digestibility with one diet (17% fat; 9%TDF) (age, p > 0.10; diet × age, p < 0.001). Healthy ageing was associated with preserved nutrient digestibility in dogs and cats within the age ranges studied. The effect of ingredient sources in senior cats warrants further investigation.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with a glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (PEGR) based emulsifier on growth performance, fat digestibility, apparent metabolisable energy, serum lipid profile, meat fatty acid content, and caecal microbial population in broiler chickens. One-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned either to a basal diet (control) or the basal diet + 0.50 g/kg PEGR. On day 35, birds were sampled for the different measurements. Supplementing diets with emulsifier had no significant effect on final body weight of birds but improved (P < 0.01) the final feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to the control group. The improved FCR was attributed to the higher average metabolisable energy in birds fed with emulsifier supplemented diet. Feeding the birds with the PEGR diet increased the serum levels of total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and of the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), but reduced triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significantly elevated n-6:n-3 ratio when compared to the control group. Feeding the birds with PEGR diet resulted in lower caecal E. coli (P < 0.001) and Clostridium spp. (P<.05), and higher Lactobacillus spp. counts (P < 0.05) than those of the controls. It was concluded that supplementing broiler diets with emulsifier was beneficial in order to improve FCR, serum and meat lipid profile, and to reduce gut microflora in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of an emulsifier with very high hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (HLB) value (18) on growth performance and fat digestibility in turkeys. A total of 1120 day-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys were randomly divided into four treatment groups with 7 replicates (pens) of 40 birds each. Control group (T1) turkeys were fed a basal diet (BD), while turkeys from experimental groups received different levels of the commercial emulsifier VE added to diets with standard or reduced metabolizable energy (ME) content: T2 – BD + 500 ppm of VE; T3 – BD + 500 ppm of VE until 8 weeks of age, and 250 ppm from 9 to 16 weeks; T4 – BD – 3% ME + 500 ppm of VE until 8 weeks of age, and 250 ppm from 9 to 16 weeks. Regardless of its dietary inclusion level (500 g/ton and 500/250 g/ton feed), the emulsifier positively influenced the body weights (BW) and body weight gains (BWG) of birds. On days 56 and 112, significant differences in the values of these parameters were noted between the control treatment (T1) vs. groups T2 and T3. Emulsifier addition even contributed to an increase in the BWG and BW of birds receiving diets with 3% lower ME content, as compared with turkeys fed control diets. This shows that the emulsifier more than compensated the reduction in ME in T4. The turkeys from group T3 were characterized by significantly higher feed efficiency than T1 and T4 birds. The highest fat digestibility was noted in turkeys fed diets with a standard ME level and emulsifier addition (T2 and T3). In conclusion, the use of dietary emulsifier positively influences the growth performance of turkeys, and improves fat digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the endogenous fat loss (EFL) and to calculate true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of fat in mink (Neovison vison) using soybean oil-based diets with different fat levels. In the digestibility assay, four diets with 6.30%, 13.9%, 22.0% and 34.0% fat in dry matter were used. Sixteen adult male mink were distributed in a complete randomised design. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dietary fat was 90.8%, 95.9%, 96.9% and 97.8%, respectively. The apparent total digestible fat was linearly related to dietary fat intake (r2 = 0.99). The EFL was estimated from the slope of the regression equation and was determined to be 5.09 g/kg DM intake. The TTTD of soybean oil was determined to be 99.3%. Therefore, TTTD values will have negligible impact in feed formulation as they are close to ATTD values with the dietary fat levels normally used for mink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of palm oil (P) refining. Its use in chicken diets is a way to reduce the cost of feed and the environmental impact. Its low unsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio (UFA:SFA) and its high free fatty acid (FFA) level could be partially counteracted by its blending with soybean oil (S). The objective was to assess the effect of replacing S with different levels of PFAD on lipid-class content and fatty acid (FA) digestibility along the intestinal tract and in the excreta of 11 and 35-day-old broiler chickens. Five experimental diets were prepared by supplementing a basal diet with S (S6), PFAD (PA6), two blends of them (S4-PA2 and S2-PA4), or P (P6) at 6%. Replacing S with PFAD did not affect performance parameters (p > 0.05) but negatively affected feed AME, FA digestibility, and FFA intestinal content (p < 0.05), especially in starter chicks. Including PFAD delayed total FA (TFA) absorption (p < 0.05) at 11 days, but at 35 days it did not affect the TFA absorption rate. The use of PFAD blended with S, when FFA ≤ 30% and UFA:SFA ≥ 2.6, led to adequate energy utilization in broiler grower-finisher diets.

Reducing the energy content of broiler diets could lead to the formulation of diets with reduced production cost. Dimethylgycine (DMG) has been used as a dietary supplement to enhance dietary fat utilization in poultry. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of DMG supplementation in reduced energy diets on performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty day-old broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: a standard energy diet (PC treatment), a reduced energy diet by 66 kcal/kg (NC treatment) and the reduced energy diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of DMG (DMG treatment). Fat digestibility was significantly higher in DMG group, compared to PC and NC groups. Intestines and gizzard lesion scores were found to be lower in the DMG group compared to PC. DMG supplementation resulted in lower jejunum pH and ileum viscosity in broilers. Overall, the present study showed that DMG supplementation in reduced energy broiler diets restored growth performance to the levels obtained with a standard diet. This result was probably mediated by the positive effects on the gastrointestinal function of the broilers after DMG supplementation, as evidenced by the improved nutrient digestibility, the reduced gross lesion scores and the lower values in intestinal pH and viscosity.

The objective of this study was to determine whether nutrient digestibility and growth performance of mink were affected by different dietary copper levels. Ninety-six 60-day-old healthy female minks were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups with 12 animals in each group and fed a diet supplemented with either 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 or 256 mg/kg copper as CuSO4 × 5H2O, respectively. Our data showed that body weight and average daily gain increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as Cu increased in the diet, the highest body weight and average daily gain were seen in the Cu32 group. Feed : gain ratio responded in a linear (P = 0.0025) fashion with increasing level of Cu, the lowest feed : gain ratio was seen in the Cu64 group. Digestibility of ether extract responded in a linear (P = 0.0190) fashion with increasing level of Cu. There were no differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter, CP, and gross energy among groups (P > 0.05). N retention linearly (P = 0.0363) responded to increasing levels of Cu. Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as Cu increased in the diet; the highest glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were seen in the Cu256 group. Total protein of the minks was similar among the treatments, however, albumin in serum responded in a linear (P = 0.0370) and quadratic (P = 0.0049) fashion with increasing level of Cu. The activity of ceruloplasmin responded in a linear (P = 0.0001) and quadratic (P = 0.0203) fashion with increasing level of Cu. The activity of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase responded in a linear (P = 0.0010) fashion with increasing level of Cu. Our results indicate that supplemental Cu plays an important role in the growth performance of mink, helping young female mink digest and efficiently utilize added dietary fat.

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of two dietary emulsifiers on nutrient digestibility and lipase activity in rainbow trout ( Onchorhyncus mykiss). A basal rainbow trout diet containing fat powder supplemented with 10 and 5 g kg−1 of cholic acid, and 20 and 40 g kg−1 of Tween-80. Control diet contained no emulsifiers with fat powder was replaced by fish oil. Each diet was randomly assigned to 1,500-L tanks in triplicate. Juvenile rainbow trout with an initial weight of 27.32 ± 2.03 g were randomly distributed in the experimental tanks. The results showed that growth parameters did not change by the addition of the two emulsifiers ( p > .05). Total triglyceride content was significantly higher in control fish fed diet containing fish oil ( p < .05), while serum cholesterol content showed no significant differences among treatments ( p > .05). Control diet resulted in a higher fat digestibility than those of other experimental diets. However, protein and ash digestibilities in diet containing emulsifier were higher than those of the control diet. Control group showed the lowest lipase activity, whereas 20 g kg−1 Tween-80 diet caused the highest lipase activity among treatments ( p < .05). In conclusion, it seems that a higher lipase activity induced by the emulsifiers could not compensate for the negative impacts of fat powder on the experimental diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the energy concentration of a diverse array of dietary fat sources and, from these data, develop regression equations that explain differences based on chemical composition. A total of 120 Genetiporc 6.0 x Genetiporc F25 (PIC, Inc., Hendersonville, TN) individually housed barrows were studied for 56 d. These barrows (initial BW of 9.9 ± 0.6 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 15 dietary treatments. Each experimental diet included 95% of a corn-soybean meal basal diet plus 5% either corn starch or 1 of 14 dietary fat sources. The 14 dietary fat sources (animal--vegetable blend, canola oil, choice white grease source A, choice white grease source B, coconut oil, corn oil source A, corn oil source B, fish oil, flaxseed oil, palm oil, poultry fat, soybean oil source A, soybean oil source B, and tallow) were selected to provide a diverse and robust range of unsaturated fatty acid:SFA ratios (U:S). Pigs were limit-fed experimental diets from d 0 to 10 and from d 46 to 56, providing a 7-d adaption for fecal collection on d 7 to 10 (13 kg BW) and d 53 to 56 (50 kg BW). At 13 kg BW, the average energy content of the 14 sources was 8.42 Mcal DE/kg, 8.26 Mcal ME/kg, and 7.27 Mcal NE/kg. At 50 kg BW, the average energy content was 8.45 Mcal DE/kg, 8.28 Mcal ME/kg, and 7.29 Mcal NE/kg. At 13 kg BW, the variation of dietary fat DE content was explained by DE (Mcal/kg) = 9.363 + [0.097 x (FFA, %)] - [0.016 x omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids ratio] - [1.240 x (arachidic acid, %)] - [5.054 x (insoluble impurities, %)] + [0.014 x (palmitic acid, %)] (P = 0.008, R² = 0.82). At 50 kg BW, the variation of dietary fat DE content was explained by DE (Mcal/kg) = 8.357 + [0.189 x U:S] - [0.195 x (FFA, %)] - [6.768 x (behenic acid, %)] + [0.024 x (PUFA, %)] (P = 0.002, R² = 0.81). In summary, the chemical composition of dietary fat explained a large degree of the variation observed in the energy content of dietary fat sources at both 13 and 50 kg BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of the addition of oat hulls (OH) as an insoluble fiber for improving nutrient digestibility and performance of birds fed diets containing full-fat canola seed (CS) was studied. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to assess the main effects of canola source (CS vs canola meal plus oil as control), OH (0 or 3%), pellet temperature (75 and 90°C) and their interactions. A total of 576 male day-old Ross 308 chickens were assigned to 8 experimental treatments, each replicated 6 times (12 birds per replicate). All birds were fed a same commercial starter diet for the first 10 d of age. Canola meal and canola oil in the control diets were replaced with CS at 11.6% and 13.5% in the grower (d 10 to 24) and finisher (d 24 to 35) diets, respectively. An interaction was observed between canola source and OH led to improved body weight gain (P < 0.01) and FCR (P < 0.05) in birds fed the combination of CS and OH in grower phase. Pelleting temperature at 75 vs 90°C did not affect performance of broilers. Birds fed diets containing OH had heavier gizzards at 24 and 35 d of age. Inclusion of CS in the diets depressed fat digestibility at d 24 (P < 0.001) and AME of the grower diets. At d 35, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between CS and pellet temperature where birds fed CS diets pelleted at 75°C had higher fat digestibility than birds fed CS pelleted at 90°C. Regardless of canola source or pellet temperature, OH increased fat utilization at d 35 (P < 0.001) but had no effect on AME of the grower diets. In conclusion, CS can replace supplemental oil in broiler diets when an adequate source of insoluble fiber is included in the diet, which may help to maintain feed intake of broilers fed CS in steam-pelleted diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation of 1,3- diacylglycerol (DAG) as an emulsifier in a low-density diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and meat quality in broilers. A total of 480 1-day-old male 308 Ross broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 5 treatments: Control, fed a basal diet (CON), basal diet minus 100 kcal ME diet (LE), T1 (LE + 0.075% 1,3- DAG), T2 (LE + 0.10% 1,3-DAG), and T3 (LE + 0.15% 1,3-DAG).The supplementation of low energy diet to broilers reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake compared to CON diet during wk 1 of the experiment. The supplementation of LE diet with 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15% 1,3- DAG linearly increased (P = 0.09) body weight gain (BWG) and decreased (P = 0.08) feed intake (FI) during wk 1. During wk 2 to 3 and overall (0 to 5 wk), there was linear increase (P < 0.05) in BWG and decrease in feed conversion ratio (FCR) in LE diet supplemented with graded levels of emulsifier. The LE diet reduced (P < 0.05) dry matter (DM) and energy digestibility (P = 0.07) compared with CON diet. Supplementing energy-reduced diet with different levels of 1,3-DAG linearly increased (P < 0.05) DM, and energy digestibility, but no significant differences were observed in blood profiles, meat quality (except drip loss) of broilers. In conclusion, DAG positively affected growth performances and nutrient digestibility in broilers. However, meat quality and serum profiles were unaffected in broilers fed an energy-reduced diet supplemented with DAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of exogenous emulsifier on broiler performance, abdominal fat and fat digestibility. A corn-soy based broiler diet was formulated with fixed ratio 2:1 (oil-to-water), supplemented with glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPGR) synthetic emulsifier and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) natural biosurfactant. One-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers (1,800) with nine treatments diet were used in this study. The treatments were T1, Basal diet with metabolizable energy (ME) 3,000 kcal/kg in starter (S) and 3,100 kcal/kg in grower (G); T2, Basal diet with ME 2,900 kcal/kg (S) and 3,000 kcal/kg (G); T3, Basal diet with ME 2,800 kcal/kg (S) and 2,900 kcal/kg (G); T4, T5 and T6 consisted of T1, T2 and T3 supplemented with GPGR; T7, T8 and T9 consisted of T1, T2 and T3 supplemented with LPC. The study was conducted 14 days for starter and another 21 days for grower phase. The results of the experiment demonstrated the effect of emulsifier on broiler performance was dependent on the ME level used in the diet formulations and ages of the bird. Emulsifier improved FCR in starter phase at higher ME level, but was not significantly improved at lower ME levels of diets. Correlation between emulsifier and low ME diet in FCR was not observed in present study. Fat digestibility at all levels of ME were higher in birds fed with emulsified diets. However, compensatory effect to recover the energy value to control level was not found. Significant reduction in abdominal fat and digesta fat was observed in birds which consumed emulsified grower diets. However, significant difference between synthetic emulsifier and natural biosurfactant was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of canola seed (CS) and processing including grinding and pelleting condition on bird performance and nutrient utilization. The first experiment examined the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of CS. A reference and test diet containing 150 g/kg CS was used. AME and AMEn values of CS were 21.08 and 19.63 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The second experiment examined performance and digestibility and used a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were: pelleting condition (cold-pelleted at 65 °C or steam-pelleted at 85 °C) and diet: canola meal plus oil, whole canola seed (WCS) or hammer-milled canola seed (HCS). A total of 672 male d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to treatments, each replicated eight times, with 14 birds per replicate. Birds received a common diet until d 10 when they were given test grower diets to d 24 followed by finisher diets from d 24 to d 35. Wheat-SBM based test diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Grower and finisher contained CS at 114 g/kg and 130 g/kg respectively, entirely replacing canola meal and canola oil in control diets. Inclusion of CS decreased feed intake (FI) relative to control diets from d 10 to 35 ( P < 0.01). Regardless of pelleting, there was no difference in FI between birds fed either WCS or HCS. Weight gain (WG) was highest in control fed birds relative to WCS or HCS between d 10 and d 35 ( P < 0.01). In the same period, HCS improved FCR of the birds compared to control ( P < 0.05). From d 10 to d 24, an interaction between pelleting and diet was detected for FCR indicating that steam-pelleting increased FCR in the birds fed WCS ( P < 0.05). On d 24, ileal fat digestibility was reduced in birds fed WCS in steam-pelleted diets resulting in an interaction between pellet condition and diet ( P < 0.01). By same interaction on d 35, steam-pelleting reduced fat digestibility in birds fed WCS or HCS ( P < 0.001). It can be concluded that although inclusion of CS resulted in a depression for FI and WG, FCR was improved in birds fed HCS in cold-pelleted diets. Prior grinding of CS did not benefit bird performance or nutrient utilization when compared with WCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of different levels of desiccated ox bile (DOB; 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50%) and organic acid (OA; 0.00, 0.15, and 0.30% of the diet) on performance, fat digestibility, blood metabolites and ileal digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing 5% tallow, in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement and 4 replicates in each treatment, 360 day-old Ross male broiler chickens were used. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous starter and grower diets were fed ad libitum to chickens from 0-21 and 21-42 days of age, respectively. Feed intake (FI), body weight gains (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was measured for starter (7-21d) and grower periods (21-42 days of age). Chromic oxide at the rate of 3 g/kg was added to experimental diets to determine fat digestibility at 19-21 and 40-42 days of age. Serum cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and ileal digesta viscosity were measured at 21 and 42 days of age. Addition of DOB significantly increased BWG during 7 to 42d of age and FCR during 7 to 21 was improved. Although fat digestibility significantly increased by supplemental 0.50% DOB and 0.15% OA in the starter period, no interaction was observed between dietary DOB and OA for these parameters. Dietary OA had no effect on blood parameters, but supplemental 0.50% DOB significantly increased blood chemistry. Interaction between DOB and OA showed an increasing effect in Chol and TG at 42 days of age. Digesta viscosity was remained unchanged by dietary treatments. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of DOB in the diet significantly increased BWG and measured blood metabolites. Dietary supplementation of DOB increased fat digestibility of the birds fed diet containing 5% tallow.

The increased inclusion of unsaturated fats in pig diets has raised issues related to pork carcass fat quality. The objective of this experiment was to more precisely measure how differing levels of daily fatty acid intake alters the fatty acid composition in 3 different fat depots. A total of 42 gilts and 21 barrows (PIC 337 x C22/29) with an average initial weight of 77.80 ± 0.38 kg were allotted randomly based on sex and BW to 7 treatments: 3 and 6% of each of tallow (TAL; iodine value [IV] = 41.9), choice white grease (CWG; IV = 66.5), or com oil (CO; IV = 123.1) and a control (CNTR) cornsoybean meal-based diet with no added fat. Pigs were individually housed to allow accurate measurement of individual feed intake, in particular, daily dietary fatty acid and energy intake. Fat samples were collected from the jowl, belly, and loin at slaughter. Diet and carcass fat samples were analyzed for IV. Belly weights were recorded at slaughter along with a subjective belly firmness score (1 = firmest to 3 = least firm). Carcass lipid IV was increased (P < 0.001) by increasing the degree of unsaturation of the dietary fat source (66.8, 70.3, and 76.3 for TAL, CWG, and CO, respectively). Carcass lipid IV for TAL and CWG was not affected (P > 0.05) by inclusion levels; however, carcass lipid IV was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed 6 than 3% CO (80.0 vs. 72.6), and carcasses of gilts had greater IV (P < 0.001) than carcasses of barrows (71.5 vs. 69.1). Increasing the level of TAL and CO but not CWG from 3 to 6% decreased the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, resulting in a source x level interaction (P < 0.05). Dietary fat source had no effect (P > 0.66) on apparent total tract digestibility of either DM or GE, but feeding 6% dietary fat increased G:F (P = 0.006) over pigs fed 3% fat (0.358 vs. 0.337). Of all the fatty acids measured, only linoleic acid intake presented a reasonable coefficient of determination (R² = 0.61). Overall, IV product (IVP) was approximately equal to linoleic acid intake as a predictor of carcass IV {R² = 0.93 vs. R² = 0.94). When inclusion of dietary fat and PUFA intake increased, IVP placed more emphasis on the dietary fat inclusion level rather than the dietary fat composition. Linoleic acid intake corrected the overemphasis placed on dietary fat inclusion by IVP. To conclude, linoleic acid intake showed a strong relationship with carcass IV and can be used as a predictor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in broiler chicken nutrition on productive performances and crude fat digestibility. For biological research eight treatments with 1200 broiler chickens of hybrid line Hubbard in total were formed, in four replicates. Control treatment (T1) was fed with standard commercial mixtures based on corn meal and soybean meal. Experimental groups were fed with same commercial mixtures with addition of spice herbs as follows: garlic 0.5 (T2) and 1.0 g/100 g (T3), black pepper 0.5 (T4) and 1.0 g/100 g (T5), hot red pepper 0.5 (T6) and 1.0 g/100 g (T7) and mixture of garlic, black pepper and hot red pepper (1:1:1) in total of 0.5 g/100 g (T8). During the preparation period (first two weeks) chickens were fed with starter mixtures diets without addition of spice herbs. After this period, starter and grower diets were prepared according the plan till the end of experiment (42 days). At the end of experiment and on the basis of gained results it can be concluded that the chickens at experimental treatments T6 and T7 achieved statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher final body masses (2460.6 and 2442.4 g) compared to the chickens at control and other treatments. When it comes to a highest digestibility of crude fat, treatments T2, T4 and T6 (4.5 g/100 g) recorded statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences compared to control treatment, but without significant differences (p > 0.05) between experimental treatments. In this experiment addition of garlic, black pepper and hot red pepper had significant influence on fat digestibility and utilization as well as better production results compared to a control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of age of broilers on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and total tract digestibility of fat in five fat sources (tallow, soybean oil, poultry fat, palm oil and a 50:50 blend of tallow and soybean oil) was investigated. The assay diets were developed by substituting the different fats for 40g/kg (w/w) of a maize-soy basal diet and the measurements were made during weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5 posthatch. The AME of fats was influenced (P<0.001) by the age of broilers. The AME was markedly lower (P<0.05) during week 1, but improved during week 2. There were no further improvements (P>0.05) in the AME after week 2. There was no interaction (P>0.05) between fat source and age of broilers for the AME, indicating that the effect of age on the AME was similar for all fat sources. The effect of age on the apparent total tract digestibility of fat generally followed the same trend as that on the AME. The AME of palm oil, soybean oil and poultry fat were determined to be similar (P>0.05), but higher (P<0.05) than that of tallow. The AME of the 50:50 blend of tallow and soybean oil was determined to be 9% higher than the arithmetic averages of tallow and soybean oil, suggesting a synergistic effect. Overall, the present data highlight the physiological limitation in newly hatched chicks to effectively digest and utilise fats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dietary lipids are the major energy source for metabolic purposes in most fish species, and improve dietary protein utilization for growth. In a previous study we have reported a low tolerance of Senegalese sole juveniles to dietary lipid levels and suggested a maximal dietary inclusion level of 8% lipids for both optimal growth and nutrient utilization. The mechanisms behind this apparent poor utilization of the dietary lipids are still to be elucidated. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the overall process of digestion and lipid absorption in relation to dietary lipid levels. Triplicate groups of twenty fish (mean initial mass 29g) were fed two isonitrogenous diets (54% of protein dry matter basis) with different lipid levels (L4 and L17, 4 and 17% lipids dry matter basis), for 88days. Protein and lipid apparent digestibility coefficients as well as lipase activity were similar in both groups suggesting that Solea senegalensis has the ability to digest equally well a low fat or a high fat diet. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher 5 and 16h after feeding in fish fed the L17 compared to those fed L4, following dietary lipid supply, demonstrating effective lipid absorption. Expression of proteins related to lipid transport (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein), trafficking (Fatty acid binding protein 11) and fatty acid uptake (VLDL-r) was significantly higher in liver of fish fed the high fat diet 16h after the meal, but remained unchanged in muscle. In conclusion, it seems that high fat diets do not impair lipid digestion and absorption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An experiment was conducted to examine the interplay of diet physical form (liquid vs. dry), fatty acid chain length [medium- (MCT) vs. long-chain triglyceride (LCT)], and emulsification as determinants of fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 20.0 ± 0.3 d of age (6.80 ± 0.04 kg) and fed ad libitum 1 of 8 diets for 14 d according to a 2³ factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per diet and 2 pigs per pen. The MCT contained primarily C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, whereas the LCT mainly contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Diet physical form greatly impacted piglet growth (P < 0.001), with liquid-fed pigs (486 g/d) growing faster than dry-fed pigs (332 g/d) by 46%. Pigs fed LCT grew 22% faster (P = 0.01) than MCT-fed pigs; however, effects of emulsifier were not detected (P > 0.1). Furthermore, feed intake and G:F were 15% and 29% greater for liquid-fed pigs, and intake also was 21% greater for pigs fed LCT (P = 0.01). Diet physical form had no effect on apparent ileal fatty acid digestibility, but as expected, digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) for the MCT than the LCT diet (98.5% vs. 93.4%). Emulsification improved digestibility of most fatty acids in pigs fed LCT but not MCT (interaction, P < 0.01). Both jejunal and ileal villi height increased from 7 to 14 d postweaning (P < 0.01). Liquid-fed pigs had greater jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the dry diet; however, ileal morphology was not affected by diet physical form, fat chain length, or emulsification. Plasma ketone body concentrations were 6-fold greater in pigs fed MCT than LCT, and the difference was greater in pigs fed dry diets (interaction, P = 0.01). The bile salt concentration in jejunal digesta was 2.2-fold greater in pigs fed LCT than in pigs fed MCT (P < 0.001). Collectively, we conclude that feeding liquid diets containing emulsified LCT can improve fat utilization and markedly accentuate feed intake, growth, and G:F of weanling pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a research study that examines the how fecal excretion of bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethyl)phthalate (DEHP) in rats was effected by chitosan intake. The rats were fed a chitosan diet or a control diet, and on day four BPA or DEHP was administered. It was found that in the chitosan diet group, fecal excretion rates of BPA and DEHP were significantly higher than in the control group.

The effect of feeding 0, 4, 8 and 16% rapeseed oil from 12-42 days of age was studied in broiler chickens on performance, digestibility of nutrients, and development of gastrointestinal tract, protein and energy metabolism. Thirty six female chickens (Ross 208) with initial body weight average 246 g were allocated to the four groups and kept pair-wise in metabolism cages. The chickens were fed similar amounts of metabolisable energy (ME) per day and similar amounts of essential amino acids relative to ME by adjusting with crystalline amino acids. The chickens were subjected to four balance periods each of five days with two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air-circuit respiration chambers inserted on the second and third day of each period. The addition of rapeseed oil increased the amount of gutfill indicating a reduced rate of passage and causing a hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a positive effect on feed utilisation as well as on digestibility especially of dietary fat together with higher utilisation of protein with addition of rapeseed oil. The partial fat digestibility of rapeseed oil estimated by regression was 91.1% and the partial metabolisability (ME/GE) of the rapeseed oil was estimated to 85% yielding an apparent metabolisable energy value of 34.30 MJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A feeding trial was carried out to test the impact of n −3 fatty acid chain length and n −3/n −6 ratio in diets for Atlantic salmon, according to a 2×4 factorial design. Two dietary fat sources: fish oil (FO), rich in long chain EPA and DHA and linseed oil (LO) rich in linolenic acid were replaced by increasing levels of sunflower oil (SO) rich in linoleic acid: 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Thus eight experimental diets were produced containing either a combination of FO and SO (100:0; 25:75, 50:50 and 25:75) or a combination of LO and SO (100:0; 25:75, 50:50 and 25:75). Diets were fed to duplicate tanks of Atlantic salmon weighing approximately 220 g (initial stocking density 10 kg/m3). The effects of the diets on performance, fat digestibility, muscle and liver fatty acid composition were determined after 12 weeks of feeding. No differences in growth were observed. Fat digestibility was affected by the concentration of saturated fatty acid in the diet, and was lower in fish fed the FO based diets. However, the progressive replacement of FO by SO led to a linear increase (P <0.01) of fat digestibility. Fatty acid composition in muscle and liver was significantly altered by experimental diets. The progressive inclusion of SO in the diet led to a linear increase (P <0.01) in total n −6 fatty acids in the muscle, however, the source of dietary n −3 affected (P <0.01) the accumulation pattern of these fatty acids having a more marked response in fish fed the FO based diets. Total n −3 HUFA concentrations where higher (P <0.01) in muscle and liver of fish fed FO based diets, and linearly (P <0.01) decreased with increasing dietary SO inputs. However, total n −3 fatty acid concentration was higher in fish fed the LO based diets (P <0.01). The present study suggest that LO is a potential fat source in Atlantic salmon feeding having no detrimental effects on fish growth, health and feed conversion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports on the characterization of Holstein cow's milk and Japanese-Saanen goat's milk in terms of their fatty acid composition, lipid digestibility and protein profile. It is indicated that the caprine milk has more substantial quantities of C4:10 up to C10:00 than the cow's milk. Key information regarding the digestibility of lipids by porcine lipase are also discussed.

Background: The digestibility of cocoa butter was reported in animal but not human studies to be low (60-70% and 89-94%, respectively). These differences could be due to the much higher ratio of calcium to fat (by wt) in the diet of rats (0.04-0.18) than in that of humans (0.01). Objective: We investigated whether supplementation of chocolate with 0.9% calcium (by wt), as an integral part of a Western diet, reduces absorption of cocoa butter and hence the digestible energy value of chocolate. We also assessed the effect of calcium supplementation on the blood lipid profile. Design: Ten men were fed control diets containing 98-101 g chocolate/d with or without a 0.9%-Ca supplement (0.9 g Ca/d) for 2 periods of 2 wk each. The study was conducted with use of a randomized, double-blind crossover design under free-living conditions but with strict control of food intake. Results: Calcium supplementation of chocolate increased fecal fat 2-fold (from 4.4 to 8.4 g/d; P < 0.0001) and reduced the absorption of cocoa butter by 13.0%. This was due mainly to an increase in the excretion of palmitic and stearic acids (3.4 g/d), which reduced the absorbable energy value of the chocolate by ≈9%. This supplementation also reduced plasma LDL cholesterol by 15% (P < 0.02); HDL cholesterol was unchanged. Conclusions: Calcium supplementation can be used as a means of reducing the absorbable energy value of chocolate. Supplementation with 2.25% CaCO3 had no effect on the taste of chocolate, was well tolerated by the subjects, and reduced LDL cholesterol in a short-term study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Soybean acid oil is a by-product rich in free fatty acids obtained from the soybean oil refining industry. Its inclusion in chicken diet is a way for it to be upcycled and to reduce the cost of feed. Its high degree of unsaturation could enhance the absorption of saturated fatty acids from palm oil. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of replacing palm oil with increasing amounts of soybean acid oil on fat digestion and absorption in starter and grower chickens. The replacement of palm oil with soybean acid oil improved fat utilization in both 11 and 35-day-old broiler chickens. With the age, the contribution of the upper ileum to a better fat absorption increases. In grower chickens, soybean acid oil at 6% of total inclusion or a blend of palm oil with soybean acid oil (2:4, w/w) led to adequate fat utilization, similar to soybean oil at 6%. The results suggest that the use of soybean acid oil blended with palm oil is a good solution for inclusion in broiler chicken diet. This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of palm oil (P) with increasing levels of soybean acid oil (SA), a by-product of soybean oil (S) refining, on lipid class content and fatty acid (FA) digestibility in the intestine and excreta of chickens at 11 and 35 days (d). Five experimental diets were obtained by supplementing a basal diet with 6% of P (P6), 6% of SA (SA6), 4% of P + 2% SA (P4-SA2), 2% of P + 4% of SA (P2-SA4) and 6% of S (S6). A total of 480 one-d-old female broiler chickens (Ross 308) were housed in metabolic cages (6 cages/treatment, with 16 birds/cage). Replacing P with SA improved fat absorption at 11 and 35 d (p < 0.05), but not feed AME values and saturated FA (SFA) digestibility at 11 d. As age increased, the absorption of SFA and free fatty acids (FFA) improved, and the contribution of the upper ileum to FA absorption increased (p < 0.05). At 35 d, SA6 (56% FFA) and P2-SA4 (40% FFA, 2.6 unsaturated-to-saturated FA ratio) could replace S6 without impairing fat utilization. The replacement of P with SA represents a suitable strategy to use this by-product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil (RSO) is available in India (Ca. 4500 tons per year) and is used mainly as a drying oil. The oil does not contain any unusual fatty acids, and it is a rich source of essential fatty acids C and C that make up 52% of its total fatty acid composition. Acute toxic potential in rats and the systemic effects and nutritional quality were assessed in a 13 week feeding study in weanling albino rats using a diet containing RSO or groundnut oil (GNO) (as the control) at a 10% level as the sole source of dietary fat. RSO did not manifest any acute toxic potential. Food consumption, growth rate and feed efficiency ratio of rats fed RSO were similar to those fed GNO. The digestibility of this oil was found to be 97%, as compared to 94% for GNO. There were no macroscopic or microscopic lesions in any of the organs which could be ascribed to the RSO incroporation in the diet. Thus the current data show that RSO could be used for edible purposes. However, it will be necessary to process the oil to achieve deodorization and to remove free fatty acids to make it organoleptically acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pet foods may be formulated with decreased starch to meet consumer demands for less processed diets. Fats and oils may be added to low starch diets to meet energy requirements, but little information is known about its effects on canine health. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding adult dogs increasing levels of fat in low carbohydrate diets on apparent digestibility, fecal characteristics, and overall health status. Eight adult beagles were used in a 4x4 replicated Latin square design. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 fat levels within a phase: 32.1% (TRT1), 37.1% (TRT2), 41.9% (TRT3), and 46.5% (TRT4). Fat levels were adjusted with the inclusion of canola oil to a commercial diet. Each dog was fed to exceed their energy requirement based on NRC recommendation for maintenance. Dogs were fed their respective diet twice daily for 15 d with ad libitum water. In each phase, total fecal collections were done d 11–15 and blood samples were taken on d 15. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with diet and room as fixed effects; period and dog were random. Covariates of baseline, initial body weight, and/or initial body condition score were dependent on trait. Digestibility improved linearly with fat level for dry matter (P = 0.021), organic matter (P = 0.019), and fat (P = 0.001). Fecal output decreased as levels of fat increased in the diet (P = 0.002). There was no effect of fat level on stool quality or short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in fecal samples (P > 0.1). Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts and chemistry profiles. All parameters remained within normal reference intervals. Blood urea nitrogen levels decreased with increased fat level (P = 0.03). Overall, the increase of dietary fat improved digestibility, did not disrupt fecal characteristics, and maintained the health status of each dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Preventative healthcare and provision of optimal nutrition from early ages is increasing the life expectancy of companion animals today. However, as part of the normal ageing process, changes in the capacity to digest and use dietary nutrients may occur, which could contribute to deficiency in energy and/or essential nutrients. Based on previous studies, an effect of ageing on nutrient digestibility has primarily been observed when feeding low-fat or high-fibre diets. In this study, we evaluated the effect of age on nutrient digestibility using healthy dogs and cats up to 14 years old by feeding diets differing in fat and fibre contents. Older dogs and cats had a preserved nutrient digestibility, in some cases showed an enhanced digestibility of fibre and calcium. Interestingly, older cats had a lower nutrient digestibility with one of the diets, which was unrelated to fat and fibre levels, but was possibly associated with other ingredients in the formulation. Our findings support the use of a wide range of fat and fibre levels in healthy older dogs and cats within the studied ages. However, ingredient sources should be considered in the formulation of senior diets. Age-related changes in gastrointestinal function have been reported in companion animals, but the impact on digestive efficiency remains uncertain. Healthy dogs (n = 37; 2.6–14.2 years) received four diets varying in total dietary fibre (TDF; 6–29%, as fed). Healthy cats (n = 28; 1–13 years) received four diets with two fat (10–12%; 17–18%) and TDF (9 and 12%) levels. In a crossover design, diets were provided over four consecutive 10-day cycles, including a 4-day faecal collection. Apparent crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), TDF, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) digestibilities were determined. The effect of age was analysed as a continuous variable in dogs and as differences between adult (1–5 years) and senior (7–13 years) cats. In dogs, EE digestibility was unaffected by age (p > 0.10). Dogs of 6–12 years had higher digestibility of CP (p = 0.032), TDF (p = 0.019), Ca (p = 0.019), and P (p = 0.024) when fed the 6% TDF diet. Senior cats had greater digestibility of TDF (p < 0.01) and Ca (p = 0.024) but had lower EE and CP digestibility with one diet (17% fat; 9%TDF) (age, p > 0.10; diet × age, p < 0.001). Healthy ageing was associated with preserved nutrient digestibility in dogs and cats within the age ranges studied. The effect of ingredient sources in senior cats warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pigs fed diets containing Cu hydroxychloride have increased gain to feed ratio. • Cu hydroxychloride improves apparent but not true total tract digestibility of fat. • Cu hydroxychloride reduces endogenous loss of fat. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) from Cu hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio (G:F) when fed to pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 6 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed diets with increasing concentrations of extracted fat by adding 20, 40, or 60 g/kg choice white grease (CWG) to a diet based on corn, soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which contained no CWG. Two additional diets were formulated by adding 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to the diet without added CWG and to the diet with 20 g/kg added CWG. Diets were fed for 4 weeks. Results indicated that supplementation of diets with either CWG or Cu hydroxychloride improved (P < 0.05) G:F of pigs, and the improvement obtained by Cu hydroxychloride supplementation was similar to the improvement in G:F obtained by adding 28–38 g/kg CWG to the diets. In experiment 2, 64 pigs (18.22 ± 1.80 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 8 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Two basal diets based on corn, SBM, corn bran, cornstarch, and casein were formulated. The only difference between the 2 diets was that one diet contained no Cu hydroxychloride, whereas the other diet contained 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 150, 300, or 450 g/kg DDGS to both basal diets at the expense of cornstarch and corn bran. Feces were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-day adaptation and 4-day collection periods. Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P < 0.05) the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), but did not affect ATTD of dry matter or gross energy (GE). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets also reduced (P < 0.05) total tract endogenous loss of fat, but did not affect true total tract digestibility of AEE. This indicates that the increased G:F of pigs that was observed in experiment 1 as a result of Cu supplementation to diets was not due to improved ATTD of GE, but may be a result of Cu influencing post absorptive lipid metabolism. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved G:F in pigs, which may be due to effects of Cu on post-absorptive metabolism of energy and fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Palm fatty acid distillate is a by-product of palm oil refining. It is of both environmental and economic interest to include it in the diets of broiler chickens. However, its high saturation degree and acidity level limit its use. This study aimed to assess the effect of replacing soybean oil with increasing levels of palm fatty acid distillate on the utilization of fat by broilers. Dietary fat hydrolysis was mostly affected by the age of the bird and including palm fatty acid distillate mainly affected the absorption process. The replacement of soybean oil by palm fatty acid distillate reduced the total fat utilization, and in starter chicks delayed the site of fatty acid absorption. As the age increased, the digestibility of saturated fatty acids improved, and, above all, it improved the free fatty acid utilization. Therefore, the potential inclusion of palm fatty acid distillate for broiler feeds depends on the age of the bird. It would not be recommended to include this by-product in starter feeds. However, for the grower-finisher phase, blending palm fatty acid distillate with soybean oil (1:3, w/w) could be a suitable alternative, that does not have negative repercussions for either fatty acid absorption or growth performance. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of palm oil (P) refining. Its use in chicken diets is a way to reduce the cost of feed and the environmental impact. Its low unsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio (UFA:SFA) and its high free fatty acid (FFA) level could be partially counteracted by its blending with soybean oil (S). The objective was to assess the effect of replacing S with different levels of PFAD on lipid-class content and fatty acid (FA) digestibility along the intestinal tract and in the excreta of 11 and 35-day-old broiler chickens. Five experimental diets were prepared by supplementing a basal diet with S (S6), PFAD (PA6), two blends of them (S4-PA2 and S2-PA4), or P (P6) at 6%. Replacing S with PFAD did not affect performance parameters (p > 0.05) but negatively affected feed AME, FA digestibility, and FFA intestinal content (p < 0.05), especially in starter chicks. Including PFAD delayed total FA (TFA) absorption (p < 0.05) at 11 days, but at 35 days it did not affect the TFA absorption rate. The use of PFAD blended with S, when FFA ≤ 30% and UFA:SFA ≥ 2.6, led to adequate energy utilization in broiler grower-finisher diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proteolysis is the dairy-macronutrient affected the most by GI elderly conditions. • Food structure (liquid or solid) is a key-determinant of dairy digestibility. • Leucine reduction by up to 44% in milk digested under elderly GI conditions. • Calcium, vitamin A and D3 bioaccessibility highly depends on the dairy matrix. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of some elderly in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) conditions on proteolysis and lipolysis extent, calcium, vitamins A and D bioaccessibility and lactose release in milk, yogurt, fresh and aged cheeses. To evaluate the impact of the some oral, gastric and intestinal disorders appearing with ageing on dairy digestion, three in-vitro elderly models were applied (E1 (oral altered conditions), E2 (oral and gastric altered conditions) and E3 (oral, gastric and intestinal altered conditions)) plus a healthy adult one as control. Proteolysis extent was significantly affected by elderly GI alterations (p < 0.05) (around 40% of reduction compared to control), being fresh and aged cheese proteolysis the most affected with an important descrease in leucine release (18 and 25%, respectively). Calcium, vitamins A and D3 bioaccesibility and lactose release seemed not to be highly compromised in these models of elderly conditions; however, the micronutrients bioaccessibility was very dependent on dairy matrix's structure. Finally, the amount of the lipid hydrolyzed fraction of cheeses is not influenced in the investigated models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nutritional emulsifiers are used to counteract any negative impact on birds' performance by improving fat digestibility. Reducing the energy content of broiler diets, which can be achieved by decreasing the quantity of supplemented fat, could contribute to the formulation of diets with a lower production cost. Dimethylgycine (DMG) is a bioactive compound with multiple applications and functions, which has been used as a dietary supplement in the feed of monogastric animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DMG supplementation in reduced-energy diets in broilers on performance and nutrient digestibility. It was shown that DMG supplementation in reduced energy broiler diets restored performance indicators to the levels obtained with a standard diet. This effect was probably mediated by the positive effects on the gastrointestinal function of the broilers after DMG supplementation, as evidenced by the improved nutrient digestibility. It is essential for the digestive system in broilers to function optimally, in order to correspond to increased feed consumption and their high production potential. The dietary supplementation of DMG and ingredients with similar emulsifying properties could be used as supportive means for sustainable broiler production. Reducing the energy content of broiler diets could lead to the formulation of diets with reduced production cost. Dimethylgycine (DMG) has been used as a dietary supplement to enhance dietary fat utilization in poultry. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of DMG supplementation in reduced energy diets on performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty day-old broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: a standard energy diet (PC treatment), a reduced energy diet by 66 kcal/kg (NC treatment) and the reduced energy diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of DMG (DMG treatment). Fat digestibility was significantly higher in DMG group, compared to PC and NC groups. Intestines and gizzard lesion scores were found to be lower in the DMG group compared to PC. DMG supplementation resulted in lower jejunum pH and ileum viscosity in broilers. Overall, the present study showed that DMG supplementation in reduced energy broiler diets restored growth performance to the levels obtained with a standard diet. This result was probably mediated by the positive effects on the gastrointestinal function of the broilers after DMG supplementation, as evidenced by the improved nutrient digestibility, the reduced gross lesion scores and the lower values in intestinal pH and viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of this experiment was to apply the regression method for the estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of ether extract (EEE) when pigs are fed complete diets ad libitum and using dietary levels of fat typical of those employed in commercial situations. A total of 40 gilts (PIC 337 sires × C22 or C29) were allotted to individual pens and randomly assigned to diets (8 pigs per treatment) with 5 different levels of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE). The dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet with no added fat (L1); a corn-soy diet with 6% each of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L2); the L2 diet but with 12% each of corn DDGS, corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L3); the L2 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L2 diet with L1 (L4); and the L3 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L3 diet with L1 (L5). Pigs received feed and water ad libitum for the growing period (initial BW = 38.5 ± 1.2 kg) and the finishing period (initial BW = 73.82 ± 2.9 kg). A quadratic broken-line model was employed to estimate the response of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of AEE to dietary AEE level. The average true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of AEE and endogenous losses of AEE were estimated using regression analysis of dietary AEE intake (g/kg of DM) against apparent digested AEE (g/kg of DMI). The ATTD of AEE increased in curvilinear fashion as dietary AEE level increased in growing and in finishing pigs ( P < 0.001). This suggests an influence of EEE on the ATTD of AEE estimates. The linear regression of apparent digested AEE against dietary AEE intake (L1-L5; P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.99 for growing pigs and P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.99 for finishing pigs) estimated greater EEE ( P < 0.05) and TTTD of AEE ( P < 0.05) for growing than finishing pigs. Estimated EEE from growing pigs ranged between 18.1 and 20.2 g/kg of DMI, while TTTD of AEE ranged between 96.40% and 100.70%. In finishing pigs, EEE ranged between 21.6 and 23.8 g/kg of DMI and TTTD of AEE ranged between 91.30% and 95.25%. In conclusion, EEE under practical conditions is estimated to be 19.2 g/kg of DMI in growing and 22.7 g/kg of DMI in finishing pigs., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate oil source and peroxidation status (experiment 1) or peroxidized soybean oil (SO; experiments 2 and 3) on growth performance, oxidative stress, and digestibility of dietary ether extract (EE). In experiment 1, palm oil (PO), poultry fat (PF), canola oil (CO), and SO were evaluated, while in experiments 2 and 3, only SO was evaluated. Lipids were either an unheated control (CNT) or thermally processed at 90 °C for 72 hr, being added at 10%, 7.5%, or 3% of the diet in experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In experiment 1, 288 pigs (body weight, BW, 6.1 kg) were fed 1 of 8 factorially arranged treatments with the first factor being lipid source (PO, PF, CO, and SO) and the second factor being peroxidation status (CNT or peroxidized). In experiment 2, 216 pigs (BW 5.8 kg) were fed 1 of 6 treatments consisting of 100%, 90%, 80%, 60%, 20%, and 0% CNT SO blended with 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100% peroxidized SO, respectively. In experiment 3, 72 pigs (BW 5.8 kg) were fed either CNT or peroxidized SO. Pigs were fed 21 d with feces collected on day 12 or 14 and pigs bled on day 12 blood collection. In experiment 1, an interaction between oil source and peroxidation status was observed for averaged daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.10) which was due to no impact of feeding pigs peroxidized PO, PF, or SO on ADG or ADFI compared with feeding pigs CNT PO, PF, or SO, respectively; while pigs fed peroxidized CO resulted in reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed CNT CO. There was no interaction between oil source and peroxidation status, and no lipid source effect on gain to feed ratio (GF; P ≥ 0.84), but pigs fed the peroxidized lipids had a lower GF compared with pigs fed the CNT lipids (P = 0.09). In experiment 2, feeding pigs diets containing increasing levels of peroxidized SO resulted in reduced ADG (quadratic, P = 0.03), ADFI (linear, P = 0.01), and GF (quadratic, P = 0.01). In experiment 3, feeding peroxidized SO at 3% of the diet reduced ADG (P = 0.11) and ADFI (P = 0.13), with no observed change in GF (P = 0.62). Differences in plasma protein carbonyls, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamin E due to feeding peroxidized lipids were inconsistent across the 3 experiments. Digestibility of dietary EE was reduced in pigs fed peroxidized PO or SO (P = 0.01, experiment 1) and peroxidized SO in experiments 2 and 3 (P ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, the peroxidation status of dietary lipids consistently affects growth performance and EE digestibility but has a variable effect on measures of oxidative stress., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science 2020.)

The objective was to investigate the effect of heat stress on the pig's response to dietary fat in terms of growth performance and digestibility of apparent (ATTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) over a 35 d finishing period. A total of 96 barrows (PIC 337 x C22/29) with an initial BW of 100.4 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 9 treatments arranged as a 3 x 3 factorial: [TN (thermonetural: constant 24°C; ad libitum access to feed). PFTN (pair-fed thermoneutral: constant 24°C; limit-fed based on previous HS daily feed intake), or HS (heat stress: cyclical 28°C nighttime, 33-35°C daytime; ab libitum access to feed)] and diet [a corn-soybean meal based diet with 0% added fat (CNTR), 3% added tallow (3%TAL; iodine value = 41.8), or 3% added corn oil (3%CO; iodine value = 123.0)]. Pigs were individually housed (1.25 m2/pig). Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker at 0.4%. Fecal samples were collected on d 17 (~ 114 kg BW). TTTD (%) of AEE was calculated via correcting ATTD of AEE for endogenous fat losses at 20 g of AEE/kg of dry matter intake. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED with environment and dietary treatment as fixed effects, and replicate (2 replicates of 48 barrows) as a random effect. Rectal temperature increased due to HS (HS = 39.0, T7V = 38.1, PFT7V = 38.2°C; P < 0.001). HS decreased ADFI (27.8%; P < 0.001), ADG (HS = 0.72, T7V = 1.03, PFT7V = 0.78 kg/d; P < 0.001), and G:F (HS = 0.290, TN = 0.301, PFT7V = 0.319; P = 0.006). G:F but not ADG or ADFI tended to be influenced by dietary treatment (CNTR = 0.292, 3%TAL = 0.303, 3%CO = 0.314 g/100 g; P < 0.073). HS tended to result in the lowest ATTD of AEE (HS = 59.0, IN = 60.2, PFT7V = 61.4%, P = 0.055). Inclusion of dietary fat, and a source that was unsaturated increased ATTD of AEE (CNTR = 41.6, 3%TAL = 67.9, 3%CO = 71.2%, P < 0.001). TTTD of AEE of 3%CO-based diets (99.3%) was higher than that of CNTR (97.3%) and 3%TAL-based diets (96.3%; P = 0.012). Environment had no impact on TTTD of AEE (P = 0.118). In summary, ATTD, but not TTTD of AEE was decreased by HS exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pig industry utilizes a variety of fat sources and levels in pig diet to increase dietary energy content. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of fat source (FS) a nd fat level (FL) on rate and efficiency of gain and to determine the apparent (ATTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD)of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE). In a 134 d experiment a total of 1213 pigs (PIC 280 x PIC Camborough 42; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) with an initial B W of 32.0 ±0.4 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments arranged as a 2x3 factorial: corn oil (CO; IV = 123.2) versus choice white grease (CWG; IV = 66.8) and fat levels of 2, 4 or 6%. Ten pens of -20 pigs each were randomly assigned to each of the 6 treatments and provided with feed and water ad libitum. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker at 0.4%. Fecal samples were collected from multiple pigs directly on d 39 (~ 68 kg). These samples were then polled within pen for analysis. TTTD (%) of AEE was calculated via correcting ATTD of AEE for endogenous fat losses at 20 g of AEE/kg of dry matter intake. Data were analyzed via PROC MIXED with FS and FL as fixed effects, room as a random effect, and pen as the experimental unit. ADG was not affected by FS (mea" = 0.917 kg/d; P = 0.928) or FL (P = 0.445). FS did not alter ADFI (mea" = 2.53 kg/d; P = 0.429), or G:F (mea" = 0.361; P = 0.120). Increasing FL tended to decrease ADFI (P = 0.094), and increased G:F (2% = 0.349, 4% = 0.360, 6% = 0.374 g/d; P < 0.001). Increasing CO elicited a greater response in terms of ATTD of AEE than CWG resulting in a FS x FL interaction (2% CO = 66.2, 4% CO = 74.9, 6% CO = 79.2, 2% CWG = 65.3, 4% CWG = 75.4, 6% CWG = 75.7%; P = 0.012). TTTD of AEE of CO-based diets (94.1%) tended to be higher than that of CWG-based diets (92.4%; P = 0.063), but was not affected by FL (mea" = 93.4%; P = 0.954). In conclusion, increasing FL improved efficiency but not rate of gain. The TTTD of AEE tended to be higher in diets based on CO than CWG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]