Search

With its annually increasing prevalence, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a serious threat to people's life and health. After a preliminary research, we found that Lactucopicrin has pharmacological effects, such as lowering blood lipids and protecting the liver. Further research showed its significant activation for fatty acid β‐oxidase hydroxyacyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA), so we hypothesized that Lactucopicrin could ameliorate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by promoting fatty acid β‐oxidation. In this study, free fatty acid (FFA)‐induced human hepatoblastoma cancer cells (HepG2) were used to establish an in vitro NAFLD model to investigate the molecular basis of Lactucopicrin in regulating lipid metabolism. Staining with Oil red O and measurements of triglyceride (TG) content, fatty acid β‐oxidase (FaβO) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were used to assess the extent to which Lactucopicrin ameliorates lipid accumulation and promotes fatty acid β‐oxidation. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blot methods were used to explore the regulatory effects of Lactucopicrin on factors related to fatty acid β‐oxidation. Results showed that Lactucopicrin downregulated phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (P‐mTOR) by activating the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and upregulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of coactivators (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC1α)), transcription factors (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ)), and oxidative factors (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and HADHA). This phenomenon resulted in a significant increase in FaβO activity, ATP content, and JC‐1 and a significant decrease in ROS level, TG content, and intracellular lipid droplets. With the addition of Dorsomorphin, all the effects of Lactucopicrin intervention were suppressed. In summary, Lactucopicrin promotes fatty acid β‐oxidation by activating the AMPK pathway, thereby ameliorating FFA‐induced intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of our study was to find an optimal combination of tested factors to achieve lettuce rich in bioactive compounds sustaining its pleasant taste. We examined three red and three green cultivars in a greenhouse using two microbiological fertilisers (EM Aktiv and Vital Tricho), and their combination. Plants were grown in three consecutive growing seasons (autumn, winter, and spring). Lactones accumulated in autumn, whereas phenolics' concentration rose during winter. Red cultivars showed higher phenolics and lactone content, where chicoric acid and luteolin-7-glucoside were the most abundant in the 'Gaugin' winter trial. Lactucopicrin was the predominant lactone among tested cultivars with the highest value in the red cultivar 'Carmesi'. Solely applicated, the fertiliser EM Aktiv and Vital Tricho led to significantly higher phenolic acid and dihydrolactucopicrin content, while combined, there were notably increased levels of all detected lactones. Application of single fertilisers had no effect on flavonoid content, while the combination even reduced it. A sensory analysis showed a negative correlation between overall taste and total sesquiterpene lactones, lactucopicrin, caffeoylmalic, and chlorogenic acid, indicating a less bitter taste with decreasing content of these compounds. Our findings indicate that the cultivar, fertiliser, and growing season jointly affected all of the tested parameters, highlighting the differences in the application of EM Aktiv, Vital Tricho, and their combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, and there are no effective drugs available so far. Lactucin and Lactucopicrin belong to sesquiterpene lactones and are extracted from Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet (CG) possesses multiple biopharmacological activities. However, the therapeutic effects of both Lactucin and Lactucopicrin on many diseases and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the both natural compounds hypolipidemic effects on FFA-induced HepG2 cells and their potential mechanisms based on transcriptomics and experimental tests. Our results indicated that Lactucin (10 μM) and Lactucopicrin (20 μM) remarkably reduced TG accumulation. Transcriptomics analysis identified 1960, 1645, and 1791 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and obtained 611 and 635 specific genes in different comparisons, respectively. The enrichment analysis and experimental validations (RT-qPCR and Western Blot) showed that their hypolipidemic activities were most probably exerted via regulating numerous key DEGs involved in lipid metabolism. Taken together, both Lactucin and Lactucopicrin may represent potent hepatoprotective agents. Both of them exhibited therapeutic effects against liver diseases such as NAFLD by regulating multi-gene and proteins like HADHA, ADAM17, SQSTM1, and GBA and modulating multi-pathways like fatty acid oxidation metabolic signaling.

Medium-pressure preparative liquid chromatography (MPPLC) was used to isolate and prepare lactucin and lactucopicrin from the whole herb of Cichorium glandulosum. After extracting the methanolic extract of the whole plant with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate several times to obtain ethyl acetate extract, the crude products, namely, lactucin and lactucopicrin were separated using MPPLC and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) tracking, and their purity rates reached more than 80%. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of lactucin and lactucopicrin were carried out by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) on the whole herb of C. glandulosum. The contents of lactucin and lactucopicrin were determined by scanning at 256 nm in the whole herb of C. glandulosum. The RF values of lactucin and lactucopicrin were 0.42 ± 0.05 and 0.65 ± 0.05 with linear ranges of 0.498–2.988 and 0.499–2.994 μg/band, respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.9938 and 0.9946, respectively, thereby showing a good linear relationship. The average recoveries were 99.96% and 99.52%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.49% and 2.45%, respectively. The crude products, namely, lactucin and lactucopicrin, can be isolated with high purity from the whole herbs of C. glandulosum by MPPLC. The lactucin and lactucopicrin contents of C. glandulosum can be determined rapidly and accurately by HPTLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ethno-pharmacological relevance Lactucopicrin is one of constitutes in Cichorium intybus L, which is commonly known as chicory in worldwide. It has been used for traditional usage such as antianalgesics, antidepressants and antihyperglycemics Aim of study We investigated the neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin in in vitro and examined for the underlying mechanism. Materials and method To verify the neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin, we investigated the inhibitory AChE activity, neurite outgrowth-related downstream signaling in murine neuroblastoma N2a and neurotrophins secretion in rat C6 glioma cells. Results Lactucopicrin inhibited the AChE activity and increased intracellular Ca 2+ levels with a substantial rise in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) expression in N2a cells. Moreover, lactucopicrin actively promoted neurite outgrowth via Ca 2+ -mediated activation of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII). It further activates transcription factor 1 (ATF1) along with modulating the levels of tropomyosin receptor kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, AKT, and synaptophysin 1 in N2a cells. Additionally, the levels of neurotrophins including NGF, BDNF, and NT3 were increased by treatment of lactucopicrin in C6 cells. The effects of lactucopicrin on NGF secretion and neuritogenesis were maintained even in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, indicating that lactucopicrin exerts its effect on neuritogenesis in a PI3K-independent manner. Conclusion Our results suggest that the natural compound lactucopicrin may be a promising neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholinergic activity plays a vital role in cognitive function, and is reduced in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. Scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, has been employed in many studies to understand, identify, and characterize therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Scopolamine-induced dementia is associated with impairments in memory and cognitive function, as seen in patients with AD. The current study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying scopolamine-induced cholinergic neuronal dysfunction and the neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin, an inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase (AChE). We investigated apoptotic cell death, caspase activation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and the expression levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins in scopolamine-treated C6 cells. We also analyzed the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) in C6 cells and neurite outgrowth in N2a neuroblastoma cells. Our results revealed that 1 h scopolamine pre-treatment induced cytotoxicity by increasing apoptotic cell death via oxidative stress-mediated caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Scopolamine also downregulated the expression the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, and the transcription factor NRF2. Lactucopicrin treatment protected C6 cells from scopolamine-induced toxicity by reversing the effects of scopolamine on those markers of toxicity. In addition, scopolamine attenuated the secretion of neurotrophic nerve growth factor (NGF) in C6 cells and neurite outgrowth in N2a cells. As expected, lactucopicrin treatment enhanced NGF secretion and neurite outgrowth. Our study is the first to show that lactucopicrin, a potential neuroprotective agent, ameliorates scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction via NRF2 activation and subsequent expression of antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) and sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) levels on the content of the primary sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin, in hydroponically grown lettuce was assessed. Lettuce grown at 4 EC levels (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0dSm−1) displayed significant differences in leaf area index, number of leaves, plant height, fresh weight per plant, and chlorophyll content that were highest at EC 2.0dSm−1. Lactucin (5.5μgg−1 dry weight), 8-deoxylactucin (7.5), lactucopicrin (35.8), and total SLs (48.7) concentraions were highest at EC 0.5dSm−1. Four S (8, 16, 48, and 80mgL−1) and Mg (6, 12, 36, and 60mgL−1) levels and 3 P (8, 16, and 48mgL−1) levels were assessed for their effect on individual and total SLs. S and P had the greatest effect on SL levels. Plants in the lowest S level had significantly higher lactucin, lactucopicrin and total SLs. Each of the SLs was higher in the highest P level while Mg influenced only the lactucopicrin level in a quadratic manner. The results indicate that solution culture conditions can strongly influence the SL concentration and therefore bitterness and acceptability of lettuce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The principal bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSLs; latucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin) in six red and four green-pigmented leaf lettuce (Lactaca sativa L. var. crispa L.) cultivars were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the contribution of each to the overall bitterness was determined. The concentration of each BSL and the total varied significantly among cultivars and there were significant differences resulting from leaf color (green versus red) and morphology (cut versus curled leaves) with red and curled leaf cultivars having higher BSL concentrations. The concentrations of lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin ranged from 2.9 to 17.2, 2.8 to 17.1, and 8.8 to 36.1 µg·g-1 dry weight, respectively, with the total concentration ranging from 14.6 to 67.7 µg·g-1. Bitterness of the cultivars was assessed using a bitter activity value calculated using the concentration and bitterness threshold value for each BSL. Lactucopicrin was the primary contributor to bitterness as a result of its concentration and lower bitterness threshold; its relative proportion of the total bitterness activity value across all cultivars was over 72%. The concentration of individual BSLs differed with leaf location on the plant (i.e., basal, midstalk, and flower stalk). The concentrations in lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin in flower stalk leaves were significantly higher (i.e., 2.9, 12.4, and 5.4 times, respectively) than in basal leaves, with the concentrations increasing acropetally. Genetic differences among cultivars and with leaf location on the plant contribute to the wide range in bitterness in lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Because of the skeletal complexity and similarity of the polarity, little research was reported on the isolation of sesquiterpene lactones by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Herein, three sesquiterpene lactones were successfully purified from the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of the traditional Uyghur medicinal plant Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. by HSCCC. The separation was performed in two steps with two solvent systems: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1.5:5:2.75:5, v/v/v/v) and ethyl acetate–methanol–water (20:1:20, v/v/v). From 166mg of the ethyl acetate extract, 19mg of lactucopicrin was isolated with the first solvent system and 10mg of 11β,13-dihydrolactucin and 16mg of lactucin were obtained with the second solvent system. All purified compounds were over 94% purity as determined by HPLC analysis, and these chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

One of the quality parameters of chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) is its slightly bitter taste which is caused by sesquiterpene lactones. As the quality of chicons is highly dependent on the quality of the roots, the effects of the cultivation conditions of the roots on the levels of sesquiterpene lactones in chicons were investigated. Roots from a collection of 11 commercially available and 2 experimental chicory cultivars were grown at five different locations with two nitrogen manuring levels to evaluate the differences in sesquiterpene lactone levels as measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). There were significant differences ( P<0.001) between cultivars in both lactucopicrin and lactucin-like (lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin and their 11β,13-dihydro derivatives) sesquiterpene lactone levels. In addition, a significant ( P=0.006 and P=0.019, respectively) effect of additional nitrogen manuring was observed on the levels of lactucopicrin and lactucin-like sesquiterpene lactones. The interaction of cultivar with nitrogen manuring had a significant ( P=0.013) effect on the level of lactucin-like sesquiterpene lactones. Furthermore, the lactucopicrin level was significantly influenced by the interactions of the cultivar with the nitrogen manuring level ( P<0.001), with the location ( P=0.001) and with both the nitrogen manuring level and location ( P<0.001). The results indicate that it may be possible to influence the level of the bitter sesquiterpene lactones and, consequently, to influence the taste of chicons by cultivar choice and/or cultivation location and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scope: Sustained inflammation promotes macrophage foam cell formation by promoting cholesterol influx and impairing cholesterol efflux. Terpene lactucopicrin, affluent in vegetables of the Asteraceae family (e.g., chicory, curly escarole, and lettuce) can inhibit atherogenesis in mice. However, it remains unknown whether and how lactucopicrin regulates macrophage foam cell formation., Methods and Results: Lactucopicrin at physiologically reachable concentrations inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced foam cell formation in inflammatory mouse bone marrow derived macrophages established by 50 pg mL -1 of LPS, reachable level in patients with metabolic endotoxemia. This effect is not due to modulation of cholesterol efflux, but reliant on a reduction in lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1)-mediated cholesterol influx. Mechanistically, lactucopicrin does not affect LOX-1 expression, cellular oxidative stress, and exocytosis, known mechanisms regulating LOX-1 function in cholesterol influx. Strikingly, lactucopicrin selectively decreases LOX-1 content in lipid rafts, an effect responsible for the lactucopicrin effect on cholesterol influx. Moreover, ApoE -/- mice fed a high fat diet supplemented with lactucopicrin for 12 weeks display fewer macrophage foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques relative to the control mice., Conclusion: Lactucopicrin limits macrophage foam cell formation through a reduction of LOX-1 distribution in lipid rafts, thus contributing to its atheroprotective effect., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

[Display omitted] Lactucopicrin, a bitter sesquiterpene lactone of leafy vegetables, such as chicory, curly escarole, and lettuce, possesses anti-malarial, anti-cancer and analgesic properties. However, it remains unknown whether lactucopicrin could inhibit vascular endothelial nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, a hallmark of vascular inflammatory diseases including sepsis. In tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human or mouse aortic endothelial cells, lactucopicrin dose-dependently inhibited NF-κB activation, and concomitantly repressed both vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-mediated monocyte adhesion. The lactucopicrin effect was not due to modulation of inhibitor of NF-κB kinases (IKK) α/β/γ, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), and NF-κB/p65 DNA binding activity. Instead, lactucopicrin inhibited importin-α3 expression by destabilization of its mRNA, an effect mediating the lactucopicrin effect on NF-κB activity. More importantly, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited septic mice, oral gavage with lactucopicrin decreased mortality by 30.5% as compared with the control treatment. This effect was associated with inhibited importin-α3 expression, suppressed NF-κB activation and VCAM-1/ICAM-1 expression, and inhibited leukocyte influx in the vascular endothelium of both lung and aorta. Collectively, our novel data suggest that dietary supplementation with lactucopicrin inhibits endothelial NF-κB activation by down-regulation of importin-α3 and thereby improves sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichorium intybus L. has recently gained major attention due to large quantities of health-promoting compounds in its roots, such as inulin and sesquiterpene lactones (SLs). Chicory is the main dietary source of SLs, which have underexplored bioactive potential. In this study, we assessed the capacity of SLs to permeate the intestinal barrier to become physiologically available, using in silico predictions and in vitro studies with the well-established cell model of the human intestinal mucosa (differentiated Caco-2 cells). The potential of SLs to modulate inflammatory responses through modulation of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) pathway was also evaluated, using a yeast reporter system. Lactucopicrin was revealed as the most permeable chicory SL in the intestinal barrier model, but it had low anti-inflammatory potential. The SL with the highest anti-inflammatory potential was 11β,13-dihydrolactucin, which inhibited up to 54% of Calcineurin-responsive zinc finger (Crz1) activation, concomitantly with the impairment of the nuclear accumulation of Crz1, the yeast orthologue of human NFAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Crowding surrounding was suggested for preparation of MIP using template molecule with low purity. • Crowding surrounding was made up of high molecular PS. • The necessity of simultaneous use of PS was proved to prepare MIP with impure template. • The MIP made can be used in SPE to purify lactucopicrin from the crude extract. The topic in the present paper is to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) using the template molecule with low purity. For the first time, a surrounding of macromolecular crowding was established to promote the formation of the complex of the template with functional monomer efficiently thus highly pure template molecule was unnecessary. In this study, the MIP monolith was synthesized using low purity lactucopicrin as template in place of highly pure one, and polystyrene was used as macromolecular crowding agent. 4-Vinylpyridine and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate were used as functional monomer and crosslinker, respectively. Polymerization parameters, including the ratio of functional monomer/template, various template concentrations, and PS concentration on the affinity of the resulting MIP were systematically investigated. For the lactucopicrin MIP made with the purity of lactucopicrin of 92%, the imprinting factor can be up to 2.2. The resulting MIP was filled in solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge to purify lactucopicrin from the crude extract of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. After two cycles of MIP SPE for the crude extract, the highest recovery and purity of lactucopicrin was 64.8% and 97.8%, respectively. The results indicated that the use of macromolecular crowding agent is an effective method for improving the performance of the MIP prepared with the template of low purity, particularly valuable to the cases in which the highly pure target molecule is hard to be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we initiated extensive studies on the characterization of the population structure of wild Lactuca relatives (WLRs) originating from their center of origin and diversity in Southwest Asia. A comparative phytochemical study of nine sesquiterpene lactones in natural populations of the wild lettuce L. altaica Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Asteraceae) was performed, based on 22 plants, representing seven original individual seed samples derived from three localities representing three regions in Armenia. The compounds were profiled and quantified in leaves and roots of the plants, grown in a controlled glasshouse. The contents of major sesquiterpene lactones, that including the following eight guaianolides: cichorioside B, lactucin, 11 β ,13-dihydrolactucin, crepidiaside B, 8-deoxylactucin, jacquinelin, lactucopicrin/11 β ,13-dihydrolactucopicrin, as well as the germacranolide glucoside – lactuside A, were estimated by HPLC/PDA. The L. altaica plants could be characterized by the occurrence of lactuside A in their roots, and the mixture of lactucopicrin/11 β ,13-dihydrolactucopicrin in both their roots and leaves by relatively high amounts, similarly to results obtained for three commercial cultivars of L. sativa. The total content of sesquiterpene lactones in the roots was significantly higher than that in the leaves. This study is likely the first report of detailed screening of L. altaica natural populations and individuals, even by low sample size, for any trait. Species within the primary lettuce gene pool, should be considered as an attractive source of germplasm in further research and improvement of cultivated lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. While using interspecific hybridization in order to elevate the sesquiterpene levels in cultivated lettuces, the lactones quality (profile) and quantity, as well as the cross-ability level of the wild Lactuca spp. with the crop and fertility of the obtained offspring should be considered. • Eight guaianolides and one germacranolide were profiled in extracts from Lactuca altaica • Mainly quantitative differences were observed among the individual accessions • Typical of L. altaica plants was high content of lactuside A in the roots • The plants contained relatively high amounts of lactucopicrin/dihydrolactucopicrin • Sesquiterpene lactones were more abundant in roots than in the leaves of L. altaica [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Folklore reports from Afghanistan prior to the wars described the use of aqueous root extracts of Cichorium intybus (L.) as a light-sensitive plant remedy for malaria. Preparative isolation and bioassay against HB3 clone of strain Honduras-1 of Plasmodium falciparum identified the previously known light-sensitive sesquiterpene lactones Lactucin and Lactucopicrin to be antimalarial compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Scope: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in macrophages aggravates atherosclerosis. Dietary plant secondary metabolites including sesquiterpene lactone lactucopicrin target multiple organs. This study is focused on the impact of lactucopicrin on NF-κB activation in inflammed macrophages and atherogenesis in a mouse model of atherosclerosis., Methods and Results: In LPS-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, lactucopicrin inhibits NF-κB activation, and concomitantly represses the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This effect is not due to modulation of the inhibitor of NF-κB kinases (IKK) α/β/γ and NF-κB inhibitor α, and NF-κB/p65 DNA binding activity. Instead, the lactucopicrin effect is reliant on the inhibition of cytoplasmic dynein-mediated p65 transportation, a prerequisite step for p65 nuclear translocation. In high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, lactucopicrin consumption dose-dependently reduces plaque area, inhibits plaque macrophage accumulation, attenuates plaque macrophage NF-κB activation, and reduces both plaque and serum inflammatory burden. However, lactucopicrin consumption does not affect the levels of serum lipids and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta)., Conclusion: Dietary lactucopicrin inhibits atherogenesis in mice likely by its anti-inflammatory property. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with lactucopicrin is a promising strategy to inhibit atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)