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La République Démocratique du Congo reste en proie, précisement dans ses provinces de l’Ituri et du Nord-Kivu, à l’activisme des « Allied democratic Forces » (ADF/Forces démocratiques alliées), affiliées à l’Etat islamique. À cet effet, depuis 2019, elle a pris plusieurs initiatives militaires dont le résultat est, pour le moins, très mitigé. Car, la RDC accuse, dans sa conduite stratégique, une infirmation du caractère systémique de son dispositif de lutte contre ce groupe terroriste et, surtout, son financement grâce auquel ce dernier prouve sa résilience. Ceci limite les marques d’éfficacité de l’action de l’Etat congolais, et l’expose aux effets de sanctuarisation de la menace des ADF visant à attaquer Kinshasa, la capitale. Il s’impose dès lors à la RDC une gouvernance de transformalité sécuritaire au travers notamment de l’élaboration urgente d’une stratégie holistique contre, en particulier, ce groupe connecté au terrorisme international, et, en général, les groupes armés locaux et étrangers actifs dans la partie orientale du pays.

L’expansion rapide de la pandémie à COVID-19 a démontré la vulnérabilité de tous les pays au-delà des frontières nationales. Le traitement de la COVID-19 dans les relations internationales a fortement été influencé par l’approche portée par la Chine qui a imposé son rythme de gestion de la pandémie en usant d’une capacité d’influence sur l’information et de la diplomatie « du coronavirus ». Même face à une urgence sanitaire, les puissances mondiales ne sont pas prêtes à sortir du conflit entre la préservation de la souveraineté et la nécessité de sécurité collective. A contrario, la Covid-19 s’est rapidement hissée au rang d’enjeu de diplomatie internationale à cause de la lutte pour le « soft power » autour du contrôle de la santé du monde. L’Afrique a fait montre d’une capacité à faire un saut qualitatif et à tirer avantage de la situation de crise comme opportunité pour un nouveau départ. L’Afrique peut profiter du contexte pour réaliser un saut technologique en engageant ses capacités de production de médicament, non seulement contre la COVID-19, mais aussi contre les nombreuses pandémies qui secouent le continent.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La corruption est certes, un fléau qui ronge plusieurs secteurs de l’administration de la RDC et touche toutes les couches de la vie en société. Elle prend de plus en plus des contours irréversibles notamment à cause de l’inefficacité des politiques publiques conçues et mises en œuvre en vue d’y mettre fin. En ce qui concerne le secteur de la santé publique, les efforts et les limites de ces politiques publiques demeurent très faibles. Car elles ne mettent l’accent que sur le changement des structures et ne prennent pas en compte les aspects personnel et social qui entrent en ligne de compte dans la lutte contre cette gangrène ou surtout sur le changement global. Le secteur de la santé publique nous a intéressé car il constitue le point de consommation des services sanitaires qui entretient l’homme dans son aspect physique. C’est ainsi qu’il faille lutter au même moment contre la corruption au sein des structures de santé, au sein de la société congolaise et dans l’homme congolais pour qu’on ait enfin le changement voulu. Sans cela, toute politique de lutte contre la corruption qu’on mettra en place, constituera son propre échec. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une étude à la fois descriptive et analytique à l’Hôpital National de Référence de la RDC Ex. Hôpital Général de Référence de Kinshasa (Mama Yemo) auprès de 170 enquêtés dont 85 personnel de santé et 85 malades choisi par convenance à travers 9 départements et ce, par entretien structuré à l’aide de 2 questionnaires (dont un pour les malades et l’autre pour le personnel) qui nous ont permis de collecter les données. Les résultats montrent que pour sortir de cette situation 82% de nos enquêtés ont proposé une synergie d’efforts totaux et globaux dans les réformes et la réduction des disparités salariales existantes mais aussi de migrer vers la prise en charge gratuite des soins de santé primaire. 9% de nos interlocuteurs pensent qu’il faut améliorer les conditions socio-professionnelles de l’ensemble du personnel de santé et 4% par contre pensent qu’il faut renforcer les structures communautaires partenaires des zones de santé, 3% soutiennent qu’on doit établir un contrôle rigoureux et régulier à tous les niveaux du système de santé publique de notre pays et enfin, 1% de nos informateurs insistent dans le combat à mener contre les inégalités qui sévissent dans ce secteur.

Résumé La lutte contre le terrorisme, thème au centre de la présente étude, est devenue un enjeu international qui intéresse tous les acteurs internationaux. Les Etats proposent plusieurs postures de lutte contre le terrorisme : les stratégies défensives et offensives ; les stratégies de prévention unilatérale et celle de la coopération multilatérale. Considérant la pauvreté et la faiblesse qui caractérise les pays de l’Afrique Centrale, cette étude s’interroge sur les stratégies et la diplomatie à mettre sur pied par les acteurs de cette sous-région pour une lutte efficace contre l’insécurité et le terrorisme ? En réponse, elle propose l’obligation de l’application des théories de la responsabilité collective des acteurs et de la vigilance sécuritaire et stratégicodiplomatique permanente de ces derniers. Abstract The fight against terrorism, the theme at the center of this study, has become an international issue of interest to all international actors. States propose several postures in the fight against terrorism: defensive and offensive strategies; unilateral prevention strategies and that of multilateral cooperation. Considering the poverty and weakness that characterizes the countries of Central Africa, this study questions the strategies and diplomacy to be set up by the actors of this sub-region for an effective fight against insecurity and terrorism. ? In response, it proposes the obligation of the application of theories of the collective responsibility of the actors and of the permanent security and strategicdiplomatic vigilance of the latter.

Le fléau de la drogue touche tous les États du monde et aucun d’eux n’en est épargné. Afin de lutter efficacement contre ce fléau, les Nations unies ont mis en place des Conventions internationales dont la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961, la Convention de 1971 sur les substances psychotropes et la Convention des Nations unies contre le trafic illicite des stupéfiants et substances psychotropes. Parmi les obligations à caractère administratif imposées aux parties par ces conventions, il y a notamment la mise en place d’une structure chargée de coordonner l’action préventive et répressive. La RDC ne s’est pas encore conformée à cette exigence légale. En effet, la loi en vigueur en matière de trafic illicite des drogues devient surannée. En RDC, comme partout ailleurs dans le monde, plusieurs services interviennent dans la lutte contre la drogue tels que la Police, le Parquet, l’ANR, la Douane, l’Immigration, l’Armée, les cours et tribunaux… sans oublier certaines organisations privées. Ces services, publics ou privés, fonctionnent sans une structure appropriée chargée de coordonner leur action préventive et répressive. Ceci occasionne, sur le terrain, le dédoublement des services, quelques abus, la concurrence et l’inefficacité. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé la mise en place d’une structure qui sera chargée de coordonner l’action préventive et répressive.

Copyright of Leisure/Loisir: Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To compare acute neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to a Brazilian jiu-jitsu specific training model (BJJ-STM) in relation to a simulated match (SM). Ten male adults and experienced BJJ athletes (aged: 22.6 ± 3.1 years, body mass: 81.6 ± 11.0 kg), were randomized to STM or SM, with an interval of five to seven days between sessions. The STM protocol was composed of 5 s of loaded (40% of their body mass) countermovement jumps (LCMJ) interspersed by movements following the BJJ temporal structure (25 s of low-intensity: 5 s of high-intensity). Both conditions (BJJ-STM and SM) lasted 10-min. Before and after each protocol, muscular strength, power, and endurance tests were applied, and physiological (blood lactate and heart rate-HR) and perceptive (rating of perceived exertion-RPE) measures were collected. Blood lactate raised significantly (P < 0.001), while CMJ (P = 0.01), sit-ups, and push-ups in 1 minute (both P < 0.001) decreased after both BJJ-STM and SM. For between-conditions, isometric handgrip strength (minimum and maximum) showed significantly lower responses after SM (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). HR-related variables (P = 0.50), and medicine ball throw (P = 0.47) did not differ between protocols. Perceived recovery (TQR) was identical between conditions and RPE was higher after the STM (P = 0.008). The specific training proposed here seems to closely mimic the effects of a BJJ SM. However, the choice of exercises is essential to modulate training responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At the turn of the 20th century the development of modern sport linked to the industrial age and its quest for speed left little room for the classical Graeco- Roman wrestling, which being too static did not catch the imagination of the Parisan public. A new style emerged, the "catch-as-catch-can ", (attrape comme tu peux), rooted in American culture and similar to traditional English and Scottish styles of wrestling. Audiences at the time were captivated by the variety of holds and the acrobatic element of these moves. However, considered to be too dangerous, the practice gave rise to « free style » or « lutte libre » the Olympic discipline which prohibited any form of actual violence. Amateur wrestling no longer captured the public attention and « catch » took over as the combat sport of spectacle. In an effort to make wrestling a sport, the exuberant free for all and showmanship became more professional in France between the wars. Banned in this format under the Vichy regime and ill-suited as an educational pursuit, catch gained ground after World War II as a stage managed entertainment. Freestyle wrestling caught the imagination not only through the physical attributes of the athlete but evoked the symbolism of a traditional mythology of the strong man and champion of right. However, the 1960s were also notable for the growth of other sporting practices which thanks to the popularity of television broadcasts rivaled this aspect of wrestling. Furthermore, sport now offered a new mythology through a new style of spectacle simultaneously uniting and dividing the spectators in equal measure. From then on catch was condemned: the 1970s viewer could be surprised, but he no longer believed it was a real fight. Catch would therefore have to change in order to survive. Finally, the history of catch is about its different forms and the challenge to turn it into a popular public spectacle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’article analyse Gladiatori d’Antonio Franchini, non-fiction publiée en 2005 où l’auteur explore le monde de la lutte (pugilat, lutte libre, catch, etc.). Le but est de montrer comment le texte se fonde sur une rhétorique de la désillusion, laquelle produit une anti-epos qui a la tâche de démystifier la narration dominante du sport. En effet, le texte essaie, à travers la mise en scène du corps, de faire jaillir la caducité de l’existence humaine, malgré les promesses d’immortalité de la mythologie sportive contemporaine.

L’ouvrage de Gérard Noiriel, Une histoire populaire de la France, paraît aux éditions Agone en septembre 2018. Deux mois plus tard, le mouvement des gilets jaunes amorce une révolte protéiforme, notamment dirigée contre les injustices fiscales et la répartition inégale des richesses. La conjonction n’est pas seulement étonnante. Elle souligne la permanence d’une force de résistance populaire aux modes de domination des possédants. C’est donc dans ce contexte singulier que nous avons réalisé cet entretien en public avec Gérard Noiriel, à la librairie des Halles de Niort, le 14 mars 20191.

Pour ralentir ou stopper les fronts de colonisation des renouées asiatiques, des campagnes pédestres annuelles dites de «déterrage précoce» ont été mises en place depuis plusieurs années par des gestionnaires de milieux aquatiques. Les retours d’expériences menées le long des petits et moyens cours d’eau à écoulements rapides et sur le pourtour d’un lac montrent que cette technique douce a l’avantage d’être à la fois peu coûteuse et efficace.

Résumé: Dans le Ḥālāt-i Pahlawān Muḥammad (« Les États spirituels de Muḥammad Le Champion », 899/1493), le grand polygraphe timouride Mīr ʿAlī Shīr Nawāʾī (844-906/ 1441-1501) retrace la carrière d'un champion de lutte qui fut aussi un célèbre mystique. Nawāʾī avait rencontré le Champion lorsqu'il avait lui-même dû trouver refuge à Machhad au début des années 860/fin des années 1450 et les deux hommes restèrent ainsi de proches compagnons jusqu'à la mort de Pahlawān Muḥammad en 899/1493 à Niʿmatābād (une bourgade située dans les environs de Hérat). Bien qu'issu d'une famille d'éminents lutteurs, Pahlawān Muḥammad brillait aussi par ses talents de musicien, de poète, de médecin et d'astrologue. Le récit de Nawāʾī plonge alors son lecteur dans un univers qui se situe au croisement de ces diverses pratiques, depuis les soirées littéraires (majlis) qui réunissaient la haute société de la capitale timouride jusqu'aux activités charitables de l'hostellerie soufie (takiya) du Champion. Inscrit dans le genre hagiographique par son titre, le texte se distingue cependant des ḥalāt et manāqib traditionnels de plusieurs façons. La vie de l'athlète soufi est d'abord envisagée du point de vue des relations que ce dernier entretenait avec l'auteur. Nawāʾī est ainsi un acteur de premier plan dans cette biographie héroïque et le rôle qu'il tient l'incite à jouer avec les codes de l'hagiographie. N'hésitant pas à se mettre en scène dans un dialogue savoureux, il tourne en dérision sa propre crédulité face à ce qu'il est tenté d'interpréter au départ comme l'expression d'un pouvoir surnaturel du Champion et qui n'est en définitive que l'ultime témoignage de son tempérament et de ses mérites exceptionnels, autant de qualités qui constituent pour le poète naqshbandī la vraie nature de l'ethos soufi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligonychus afrasiaticus constitue l’un des acariens les plus destructifs du palmier dattier. Il est très répandu dans le monde. Diverses stratégies sont utilisées dans sa lutte sans qu’elles réussissent, toutefois, à l’éliminer. On décrit dans cet article la biologie de l’espèce ainsi que les méthodes chimiques et biologiques utilisées dans son contrôle et on finit par poser certaines problématiques relatives à la cause de son émergence et les refuges qui abritent cet acarien durant tous les mois de l’année.

Control is the safety valve against corruption. It is also considered the main process in the detection of corruption crimes. Good financial management is a cornerstone and a key input to the overall governance sought in the Arab countries. The ideal management of both public and private funds is the basic tool for each strategy. Its effective targetis to fight corruption and protect public money. Therefore, it is necessary to see clearly the role of the bodies and institutions responsible for combating and detecting corruption crimes, which Arab legislations have sought to adopt in their modern policies to reduce the phenomenon of corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the dominant and non-dominant legs in respect of dynamic and static balance and to examine the effect of sport type, sportive experience and BMI on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent male judoists and wrestlers. The results of the study could be beneficial for the prevention of injury to the athletes and could be applied to training management. The study included 54 healthy, male, adolescent wrestlers and judoists (mean age: 15.81 ± 0.87 years; height: 165.01 ± 8.73 cm; weight: 62.01 ± 11.94 kg). Static and dynamic balance were assessed using the flamingo balance test (FBT) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in an institution-based sports sciences department. No statistically significant differences were determined between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the normalized SEBT reach distances (P > 0.05). The static balance performance scores were compared between the groups and the judoists were found to have higher static balance performance than the wrestlers (P < 0.05). Both adolescent judoists and wrestlers were found to have higher static and dynamic balance scores compared to other sports branches, and the judoists were determined to have better static and dynamic balance performances than the wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le projet TCP/MLI/3402 FAO intitulé « Appui à la lutte contre la mouche tsé-tsé et les trypanosomoses dans les cercles de Sikasso et Kadiolo, au Mali » a été crée pour appuyer le Projet de Lutte contre la Mouche tsé-tsé et les trypanosomoses (PLMT) dans ses efforts de contrôle des tsé-tsé et trypanosomes. Son objectif était de créer les conditions amenant l’état, les collectivités territoriales et les communautés villageoises à prendre en charge la lutte contre la trypanosomose et ses vecteurs de façon durable. Dans les cercles de Kadiolo (20 villages) et Sikasso (15 villages) 35 villages ont été prospectés. Pour cette étude 350 pièges biconiques Challier – Laveissière ont été posés dans les galeries et au niveau des points de contact des différents cours d’eau et géo référencés à l’aide de GPS. La prospection entomologique dans la zone de l’étude a permis la capture de deux espèces de glossines : Glossina palpalis gambiensis et Glossina tachinoïdes. Le nombre total de glossines capturées est 786 dont 405 mâles et 381 femelles. Parmi les glossines capturées, il ya 691 Glossina palpalis gambiensis dont 349 mâles et 342 femelles, 95 Glossina tachinoïdes dont 56 mâles et 39 femelles. Le sexe ratio est de 1,12, donc légèrement en faveur des mâles. Le taux d’infection des glossines qui concerne le cercle de Kadiolo seulement est 0%. La Densité Apparente de glossines par Piège et par jour (DAP) dans la zone du projet est 2,2.

Copyright of Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Alama / Al-ՙalāmaẗ is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beauveria bassiana, an important entomogenous fungus, and Scleroderma guani, a hymenopteran parasitoid, are the two main biological control agents for managing the spread of Apriona germari. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential value of combining the two agents for the purpose of controlling A. germari. First, the relative virulence of B. bassiana against both A. germari and S. guani was determined. The results showed that among the seven strains of B. bassiana, isolate BI05, which was isolated from another cerambycid, was far more virulent against A. germari (mortality, 71.75%) than it was against S. guani (mortality, 34.82%). The parasitic efficiency of S. guani against the larvae of A. germari was significantly affected by the size of the host and the host to parasitoid ratio. In this study, third-instar A. germari larvae and a 1:3 host:parasitoid ratio of inoculation were used to evaluate the parasitization rate achieved by S. guani that were previously exposed to B. bassiana BI05. The mortality of A. germari treated with the previously inoculated S. guani was 73.30%. This was significantly greater than that of S. guani alone or B. bassiana alone (57.20% and 46.21%, respectively). The results indicated that the efficiency of both S. guani and B. bassiana are improved when used in combination, and this is promising for future control of A. germari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’objectif de cet article est de décrire les récentes données de surveillance médicale de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) au Burkina Faso et en Côte d’Ivoire afin (i) de dresser un bilan de la situation actuelle de la maladie dans ces deux pays qui entretiennent depuis plus d’un siècle des liens migratoires, économiques et épidémiologiques intimes et (ii) de définir les stratégies à mettre en place dans l’objectif d’une élimination durable. Les résultats de la surveillance active et passive ont montré que les trypanosomés dépistés au Burkina-Faso ces dernières années sont tous des cas importés provenant de Côte d’Ivoire. Cependant, la réintroduction du parasite est effective et le risque d’une reprise de la transmission existe. En Côte d’Ivoire, plusieurs foyers “historiques” toujours endémiques font craindre des phénomènes de réémergence et de propagation. Dans l’objectif d’une élimination durable de la THA dans ces deux pays, les acteurs de la lutte doivent adapter leur système de surveillance en fonction des différents contextes épidémiologiques. Les prévalences actuelles ne justifient plus, excepté des cas particuliers, l’usage systématique et très onéreux du dépistage actif par prospections médicales exhaustives. Elles tendent plutôt à privilégier des systèmes intégrés aux systèmes de santé nationaux et utiliser des méthodes permettant de cibler les zones prioritaires d’intervention à partir notamment d’un échange d’informations épidémiologiques entre les deux pays. Pour accompagner le processus d’élimination durable, les acteurs de la recherche doivent étudier le rôle respectif des réservoirs humain et animal dans le maintien de la transmission, participer au suivi sur le long terme des cas traités et des suspects sérologiques, et évaluer en termes de coût/efficacité les stratégies mises en place par les Programmes Nationaux afin de les optimiser.

Although there are reports in the recent literature demonstrating the epidemiology of injuries in the wrestler population, no study could be found which has investigated the effect of posture on the functional movement patterns in wrestlers. This study was planned to investigate the effect of posture on the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores in wrestlers. The study included 68 male (30 greco-roman and 38 freestyle) wrestlers. Spine posture and flexibility were measured via Spinal Mouse (SM). The New York Posture Rating (NYPR) and FMS Test Kits were used to evaluate overall body posture and functional movement patterns, respectively. Significant weak correlations were found between the FMS sub-parameters, SM sub-parameters and NYPR total score (ρ = −0.265–0.297; P < 0.05). There was a significant weak to moderate relationship between FMS and SM spine-check sub-parameters (ρ = −0.262–0.372; P < 0.05). A significant weak to moderate correlation was found between NYPR sub-parameters for abdominal, chest, foot, shoulder and head postures and all FMS sub-parameters excluding rotation stability (ρ = 0.329–0.504; P < 0.05). There was no relationship between FMS, SM and NYPR total scores. Postural deviations in wrestlers especially in the columna vertebralis may disrupt the biomechanical alignment of the upper and lower extremities, causing the joints to fail to perform arthrokinematic and osteokinematic movements at the appropriate angles, increasing the risk of injury to the wrestlers. The results of this study, in which the general body postures of wrestlers were evaluated and monitored, showed that the effects of posture on functional movements patterns help to predict the risk of injury and can play a protective role in wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Travail et Emploi is the property of DARES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The "great AIDS patient revolt" had a major impact on the world of health care in Western countries. It is considered to be one of the social factors that led to the emergence of the notion of health democracy at the turn of the century. A look back at a historic struggle., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness. Recurrent episodes of infection with serovars A–C of Chlamydia trachomatis cause conjunctival inflammation in children who go on to develop scarring and blindness as adults. It was estimated that in 2002 at least 1.3 million people were blind from trachoma, and currently 40 million people are thought to have active disease and 8.2 million to have trichiasis. The disease is largely found in poor, rural communities in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO promotes trachoma control through a multifaceted approach involving surgery, mass antibiotic distribution, encouraging facial cleanliness and environmental improvements. This has been associated with significant reductions in the prevalence of active disease over the past 20 years, but there remain a large number of people with trichiasis who are at risk of blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite sustained efforts for its control made over the past 50+ years, the re-emergence of schistosomiasis in China was noted around the turn of the new millennium. Consequently, a new integrated strategy was proposed to stop the contamination of schistosome eggs to the environment, which emphasizes health education, access to clean water and adequate sanitation, mechanization of agriculture and fencing of water buffaloes, along with chemotherapy. Validation of this integrated control strategy in four pilot counties in the provinces of Anhui, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi revealed significant reductions in the rate of Schistosoma japonicum infection in humans and intermediate host snails. Importantly, this strategy showed an impact on diseases beyond schistosomiasis, signified by concomitant reductions in the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections. In view of China’s new integrated strategy for transmission control of schistosomiasis showing an ancillary benefit on other helminthic diseases, we encourage others to investigate the scope and limits of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caderno CRH is the property of Universidade Federal da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the study that investigates the resurgence of bacterial wilt in common bean in North America. The study was conducted by evaluating the pathogen evolution of beans along with its distribution pattern, host range, symptoms and different research progress to identify the epidemiology of the disease. The study reveals that biocontrol of bacterial wilts are still in its early development and its pathogen depicts a high degree of genetic diversity and resurgence.

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Theologia Graeco-Catholica Varadiensis is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reviews the documentary film "Rêve d'usine," by Luc Decaster.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caderno CRH is the property of Universidade Federal da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author describes activities conducted by the International Organisation for Animal Health (OIE: Office International des Epizooties) to control foot and mouth disease (FMD) world-wide. These activities fall within the framework of the principal missions of the OIE.The first of these missions is the collection and dissemination of epidemiological information and of scientific knowledge on animal diseases, the socio-economic or disease implications of which can be particularly serious. The implementation of the measures required to control the disease and to protect countries threatened by FMD depends on the quality and rapidity of the transmission of this information.The co-ordination of studies, research and control programmes against FMD is equally important for the OIE. This work is based, in particular, on work conducted by the OIE foot and mouth disease and other epizootics Commission. OIE Member Countries not only have access to the most recent data on the diagnosis, surveillance and control of FMD but also have recourse to the official recognition procedure for disease-free status provided by this Commission.Finally, through the standardisation of health recommendations, diagnostic tests, manufacture protocols and the control of biological products, made available by the OIE International Animal Health Code Commission in regard to the former and by the OIE Standards Commission in regard to the latter, the OIE provides the reference for international trade in animals and animal products, and is recognised in this role by the World Trade Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the role played by FAO in the control of foot and mouth disease. Since 1954 the FAO European Commission for the control of foot-and-mouth disease co-ordinated the regional programme for eradication of FMD in Europe. One of the major achievements of the Commission has been to prevent the introduction and spread of exotic strains of foot and mouth disease into Europe through the Balkans. FAO also supports the activities of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease World Reference Laboratory located in the Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright, UK.The Infectious Diseases/EMPRES Group of the Animal Health Service, Animal Production and Health Division of FAO, promotes a global approach to the control and eradication of transboundary animal diseases over the world. For foot and mouth disease, the strategy is based on co-ordinated regional programmes. For FAO, no sustainable progress can be achieved in FMD control over the world without addressing and supporting the control of the disease in endemic countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Introduction: The goal of this study was to verify if cortisol could be used as an indicator of work load during a mixed aerobic and anaerobic training. Results: Throughout a 15-week training period in 12 young wrestlers, salivary cortisol was assayed every three weeks and the explosive stength was evaluated on weeks 4 and 15. The results show that the wrestlers who have the highest mean levels of cortisol are those which progress less in explosive force (r =−0.72, P <0.01). Conclusion: It seems that the follow-up of cortisol should be an indicator of the load of training. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Médecine et Santé Tropicales is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The eradication of Swine Dysentery (infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) within farm populations is extremely complex and its success is significantly linked to the compliance of pig farmers performing the onsite eradications, emphasizing the importance of their motivation. The present study focuses on the motivation and satisfaction of Swiss pig farmers concerning eradication of Swine Dysentery on their farms and has the intention of generating data to establish a basis for decision-making regarding future eradications. A structured survey was conducted on 68 Swiss pig farms where an eradication of Swine Dysentery had already taken place. The data collected were then statistically analyzed. Of the study's population, 50 (73.5%) farms underwent eradication using the total depopulation method and 18 (26.5%) farms conducted an eradication process using the partial depopulation method; both in accordance to the guidelines of Switzerland's Pig Health Service (SUISAG Schweinegesundheitsdienst; SGD). When asked about the driving factors behind their decision to perform the eradications, owners cited their own interest (57.4%; 39/68) (primarily due to financial aspects (38.5%; 15/39)) or external pressure (42.7%; 29/68) (predominantly through marketers as well as through the health status assigned by the SGD (each 11/29)). The duration of the eradication on farms differed significantly and costs varied considerably within the different production types as well as the type of eradication performed. Utilized means and processes for eradication were the same (drugs, disinfectant for manure) or much alike (e.g. emptying of the pigpens) however stock-specific and individual variations were exhibited. The majority of the interviewed livestock owners were motivated to perform the eradication (86.6%; 58/67), satisfied with having performed the eradication and satisfied with the outcome of the eradication (89.7%; 61/68). The cost efficiency of the farms (54.4%; 37/68) and the health status of the herds (63.2%; 43/68) were perceived as having improved and the usage of drugs having diminished (59.7%; 40/67) post eradication. The effort of an eradication was described as acceptable to too great. The study showed herd eradication of Swine Dysentery to be perceived as mainly positive. However, effort as well as costs are felt to be considerable and could, therefore, provide the most important starting point to increasing the willingness of pig owners to perform eradications.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women after skin cancer., Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of general practitioners with regard to cervical cancer in the province of Benimellal, Morocco., Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-reported questionnaire given to 71 general practitioners operating in public and private healthcare centres in the province of Benimellal., Results: Almost half of general practitioners (49.3%) were not aware of a national plan for the prevention and control of cancer in Morocco, and only 18.2% gave a correct response on the incidence rate for cervical cancer. The human papilloma virus as the principle risk factor was identified by 21% of general practitioners., Conclusions: The knowledge of general practitioners was deficient and therefore initial and continuing training on cervical cancer is required., (Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2018. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).)

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a real problem of public health in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of our study is to describe the dynamic of anti-TB fight indicators in anti-TB center (CAT) of Adjamé., Methodology: We realized a retrospective study, comparing the anti-TB activities of two periods (1999-2001 versus 2010-2012) at the CAT of Adjamé. Over two periods, 24,520 cases of TB were recorded in the registers of TB declaration., Results: Logistic regression results were the following ones. The proportion of the patients of Adjamé municipality increased to detriment of the patients coming from other municipalities. Our study showed an increase of TB contagious forms, a reduction of new cases of TB. The rate of screening of HIV infection increased. We noted a reduction of TB-HIV co-infection prevalence. The proportion of smear positive at the 2nd month decreased. We noted an increase of the rate therapeutic success and a reduction of lost at follow-up., Conclusion: Important progresses were realized in the TB fight and TB-HIV co-infection., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)