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Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, I explore how the contested notion of children's agency is represented in international children's rights law and in four novels by francophone African authors. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child establish children as rights holding subjects within a framework of adult care, while the fictional texts position children as protagonists, deprived of adult protection amid conflict and social upheaval. In both, children are understood as acting and acted upon, forming and formed by their environment. Through the utopian vision of children's rights law and the damaged child narratives of the fictional texts, children's agency can be read as a critique of adult society. At the same time, children are recognized as active participants in history, their choices and actions, however determined, shaping their own future selves and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En 2003, Quipourt et Gache posaient la question : interpréter est-il un acte militant ? La communauté sourde est un groupe culturel et linguistique minoritaire dans la société française (Bertin) ; les interprètes seraient associés dans ce « microcosme » (Millet) et, en tant que professionnels de la traduction, impliqués dans des structures idéologiques (Munday). Quelle est la place des interprètes entendants aujourd’hui ? Afin de réfléchir à ces questions, nous avons organisé un groupe de discussion en mars 2020 regroupant dix professionnelles exerçant sur la France entière. Nous avons identifié plusieurs thématiques lors des échanges : l’évolution du positionnement politique entre les interprètes de l’époque du Réveil Sourd et les interprètes d’aujourd’hui, le paradoxe prégnant de la visibilité de l’interprète et la responsabilité sociétale des interprètes entendants.

Tort liability means a breach of a previous legal obligation that results in harm to others, and this unlawful act may, in its penal perspective, constitute a crime, then penal responsibility is established. The covid-19 pandemic has prompted jurisprudence to search for the foundations of the responsibility of deliberately transmitting the virus to others. and the Algerian legislator has resorted to strengthening the general rules in tort and penal responsibility with legislative, and organizational amendments to limit the spread of infection, and preserve the health and life of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le droit de transport multimodal est un droit technique, complexe et malheureusement méconnu du public qui révèle la forte vitalité de l’activité de transport. Le transport multimodal est apparu depuis longtemps comme un facteur de développement économique et comme tel, il ne pouvait échapper à l’exaltation. Une recherche était donc nécessaire et en réalité indispensable sur la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité de l’entrepreneur de transport multimodal. Cette recherche apporte une lueur nouvelle à tous ceux qui veulent apprendre sur le droit de transport multimodal.

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are increasingly permeating policing worldwide. Through a survey of all federal, provincial, municipal, and First Nations police services across Canada, we find that 36 of 172 Canadian police services reported using BWCs as of 2022. We also present a scorecard-style assessment of all available Canadian BWC procedures in use (N = 27), documenting the extent to which the procedures address core issues related to BWC regulation. Key themes of the procedures fall into six general categories: expectations of the BWC program, expectations of BWC users, expectations of BWC supervisors, data retention and storage expectations, video disclosure expectations, and additional considerations. The procedures conveyed a good deal of consistency. Almost all procedures provided activation instructions, required subject notification as soon as reasonably possible, did not allow BWC footage to substitute for other forms of evidence, and permitted users to view BWC footage. However, some topics are broached far less consistently, with a minority of procedures commenting on camera buffering, victim-sensitive practices, and making disclosures in the public interest. We advocate for the continued standardization of BWC procedures across Canada (and mechanisms of police governance more generally) to support consistent, high-quality policing across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SEMS-Journal is the property of Schwiez Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Orthodontie Française is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sustainable Development Goal 3 aspires to ensure health and well-being for all and aims to achieve universal health coverage. The Indian government has developed policies, including schemes such as the Integrated Development Child Scheme (ICDS), to improve the health care outcomes for both mother and child. However, several studies have found that the ICDS program was not particularly effective, primarily because of implementation problems. To address these issues, several initiatives have been launched with the goal of strengthening community-based mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness of the ICDS program. In this context, this paper examines the role of citizen participation by enhancing service delivery under the ICDS. The study presents a case study of Nuh district, an aspirational district in India, where a civil society organization has played a crucial role in increasing citizens' awareness of their rights, entitlements, and redressal mechanisms, empowering them to demand better service delivery. The study utilizes a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and non-participatory observations. The research involved interviews with eligible household representatives and Anganwadi workers (AWWs) from ICDS centres, conducted through structured questionnaires, as well as non-participatory observations at all ICDS centres over three consecutive working days. The findings of the study underscore that improving access to information about rights and entitlements leads to increased communitybased monitoring of public institutions and encourages citizens to voice their concerns through the use of redressal mechanisms. Nevertheless, a lack of trust persists in formal grievance resolution mechanisms, which prompts the community to rely primarily on informal channels to address issues. This includes raising and resolving concerns through interactions with gram sabhas, government officials, and AWWs. Nonetheless, as community involvement in local governance grows, government authorities become more responsive to certain citizen demands, ultimately resulting in enhanced service delivery. This study highlights the essential role of citizen participation in promoting accountability and better service delivery within public health programs like ICDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le problème de la liberté a tourmenté les penseurs de tous les temps. Les plus grands philosophes de l’Antiquité (Socrate, Platon, Aristote), du Moyen Age (Duns SCOT) et de temps moderne (Descartes, Leibnitz, Spinoza, Kant, Bergson…) ont affirmé que l’homme était libre. Chacun de nous a le sentiment de sa libre spontanéité : il se sent libre.» Ôter à l’homme sa liberté, c’est lui ôter du même coup sa dignité, sa moralité et le sens de sa vie…. « Tout le sérieux de la vie vient de notre liberté. »(F. Challaye). Si souvent on ne nie sa liberté que pour se défaire de sa responsabilité, pour suivre plus librement ses instincts et agir à sa guise. « La fatalité est une folie inventée par l’esprit de paresse qui domine toujours les hommes (A. De Vigny). » La négation de la liberté de l’esprit est précisément l’esprit de l’anti-christ dont la venue sera marquée par la tyrannie extrême. »(Berdiaeff).

Assez méconnues dans leur diversité, les procédures d’initiative populaire sont de plus en plus présentes dans les constitutions des États. Permettant aux citoyens d’être plus directement impliqués dans le processus normatif et dans le contrôle de l’activité de leurs représentants, de telles procédures tentent de répondre à la défiance citoyenne et de donner plus de légitimité à la manière dont fonctionnent les démocraties. Dans les travaux de recherche, elles sont généralement appréhendées à travers l’étude d’un système juridique en particulier ou d’un type de mécanisme. Ainsi, les procédures de référendum d’initiative populaire, appelées « initiatives populaires directes », ont tendance à mobiliser les commentaires de la doctrine et des médias en raison de leur visibilité et de la radicalité de certains sujets adoptés. Les initiatives populaires indirectes, ou d’agenda, sont beaucoup moins étudiées et pourtant sont souvent présentes à l’échelle nationale et même supranationale, à l’instar de l’Initiative citoyenne européenne. Les initiatives suspensives ou abrogatives sont également prévues dans certains États mais, à l’exception de l’Italie et de la Suisse, font l’objet de peu de commentaires. Les procédures révocatoires, permettant notamment d’éprouver les choix effectués par les élus ou leur probité au cours d’un mandat, font l’objet d’études qui restent souvent cantonnées aux États-Unis. L’intérêt de cette contribution est de proposer une typologie des différentes formes d’initiatives populaires pour témoigner de la richesse des mécanismes consacrés en droit constitutionnel. Même si beaucoup de ces initiatives échouent à atteindre leur objectif premier, elles peuvent contribuer à sensibiliser les élus aux effets de leurs choix et comportements et attirer l’attention de l’ensemble de la communauté politique sur certains sujets.

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context and background: When you are a property owner and are considering selling, buying, or renting a real estate property, it is recommended to have your property evaluated by a professional expert who assumes significant responsibility, in order to determine an appropriate price based on the nature of the desired transaction. Indeed, decisions regarding real estate often have significant financial consequences. Real estate appraisal is a complex process that requires the involvement of recognized and experienced experts. It involves detailed analyses aimed at determining the market value of the property, by considering numerous information and data. There are several evaluation methods, but two of them are frequently used: comparative analysis and income capitalization. The choice of evaluation method depends on the objectives of the appraisal client. Goal and Objectives: Our goal is to gain a comprehensive and detailed understanding of all aspects and nuances of the field. This requires careful consideration of the specific responsibilities, obligations and complexities real estate professionals face in their work. Through this comprehensive analysis, we intend to develop a wellrounded perspective that captures the essence of real estate expertise in the context of Morocco. Methodology: The methodology adopted for this article is based on a thorough analysis of the real estate expertise field, with special attention given to identifying the specific obligations and responsibilities of real estate experts. The main objective is to highlight the essential elements that characterize this specialized role. To achieve this goal, in addition to the careful compilation of reference documents, we have chosen a participatory approach and broad consultation. Results: Professional expertise from a liability-engaged expert is required in real estate transactions. This is necessary in order to establish the correct price. To accurately determine the worth of the property in question, thorough real estate experience necessitates a comprehensive examination. The resulting appraisal report has a significant impact on the applicant's orientation choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

cet article propose de penser le projet d'ingénierie pédagogique de l'INSA Lyon consacré à la réforme des enseignements pour répondre la transition socio-écologique, à l'aune de la pensée et l'action de Gaston Berger, un des principaux fondateurs de cette école d'ingénieur.e.s. Si l'on retient que l'ingénierie nécessite une philosophie, cette dernière consiste en une opération de « conversion du regard » de l'idéalisme transcendental au pragmatisme, impliquant une éthique des connaissances. Cette étude vise également à nourrir la signification de la vision humaniste du rôle de l'ingénieur.e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article theorizes some of the ways that the COVID-19 health crisis was publicly narrated and morally regulated in Canada. Beginning with Valverde's theory of moral capital, public health crisis communication is conceptualized as dialectical claims-making activities aimed at maximizing the individual moral capital of citizens and the aggregate moral capital of nations. Valverde's historical sociology explains how moral capital operated in relation to economic capital accumulation in the context of 19th-century moral regulation of the urban poor. This article applies aspects of Valverde's historical framework about mixed economies of regulation to contemporary biopolitical moralization in the midst of a pandemic. It does so by arguing that responsibilizing citizens to flatten the epidemic curve of the disease contributed to the social construction of a normative pandemic subject. In this way, the analysis provides insights into how public health crisis communication explicitly intended to mitigate COVID-19 infection rates both reflected and reinforced the conjunctural norms associated with neoliberal governmentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary forms of parenting (such as same-sex couples, children conceived through oocyte or sperm donation, with possible assistance from surrogate mothers, and children raised by single mothers, among others) are now recognized to not cause more psychopathologies in children born and raised in these conditions compared to children conceived and raised in "traditional" parental constellations. Presenting a brief clinical vignette dating back more than 30 years will lead us to reconsider the essential elements for the psychological and ethical well-being of children in general, and specifically those born through contemporary forms of parenting. I will thus address the question of the primary origin of ethical capacity in every human being, as well as the ethics of responsibility and the ethics of truthful communication from parents, with a central focus on respecting the generational difference, i.e. the asymmetry between parents and child, respecting the difference between genders, and honoring the child's capacity for representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Feministes is the property of Groupe de Recherche et d'Echange Multidisciplinaires Feministes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo is the property of Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les entités territoriales décentralisées sont des sujets de droit. De ce fait, en cas de violation de la légalité, elles sont responsables des actes pris et mesures ordonnées par les autorités et les agents qui assurent leur gestion (administration). Comme dans des nombreux pays africains, en République Démocratique du Congo il y a un grand fossé entre les textes et la pratique concernant la responsabilité de l’administration en général et des entités territoriales décentralisées en particulier. Dans notre pays parler de la responsabilité des entités territoriales décentralisées n’est qu’un leurre, un scenario surtout qu’elles ne reçoivent pas les 40% des recettes à caractère national qu’on doit allouer aux provinces. L’Etat de droit tel que proclamé par le constituant de 2006 demeure théorique et semble être une coquille vide.

L’article 258 du décret du 30 juillet 1888 portant des contrats ou des obligations conventionnelles, communément appelé Code civil congolais, livre III dispose « Tout fait quelconque de l'homme, qui cause à autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer ». Cette disposition légale, d’importance capitale en droit positif congolais en ce qu’elle constitue le droit commun de la responsabilité civile délictuelle, n’échappe pas aux critiques nombreuses de la doctrine constante et abondante qui appelle à sa modification. En effet, non seulement qu’au regard de la doctrine moderne, cette disposition s’avère dépassée, mais aussi elle accuse de nombreuses lacunes dont les conséquences sont préjudiciables aux victimes des dommages en général, particulièrement aux victimes du dommage corporel. Ainsi, sa modification dans le sens de résorber l’essentiel des critiques formulées permet une meilleure lisibilité de la responsabilité civile délictuelle, offrant une prise en charge optimale des victimes en droit congolais.

L’action médicale est complexe et comporte des risques, le médecin peut aussi voir sa responsabilité médicale engagée en raison de dommages causés par ses actes. Faute d’un régime spécial en RDC, ce sont les règles du code des obligations et des contrats et le code pénal qui sont applicables. En droit, le terme responsabilité concerne deux fonctions : La réparation du dommage et la sanction du coupable. Elle peut aussi revêtir quatre formes : civile, administrative, pénale ou disciplinaire. La relation médecin-malade étant un véritable contrat, il en découle des obligations de moyens et non de résultats. Ces obligations qui définissent la faute médicale comme étant « la défaillance que n’aurait pas commis un médecin normalement compétent et diligent, agissant dans les mêmes conditions ». Afin que la responsabilité du médecin soit engagée, et le patient indemnisé, il faut qu’il y ait un fait dommageable, un préjudice subi par la victime et un lien de causalité entre les deux.

This article discusses the importance of ethics in the field of arbitration, specifically within the OHADA system. The author argues that while the OHADA arbitration system has established ethical rules in its conception, these rules are weakened in practice. The article emphasizes the need for better regulation and adherence to ethical standards in order to maintain the credibility and development of the OHADA arbitration system. The document highlights the various obligations imposed on arbitrators, such as confidentiality and equal treatment of parties, and mentions the potential sanctions for non-compliance with ethical rules. It also discusses the fragility of ethics in arbitration due to clientelism practices and the lack of effective regulation. The document proposes ways to improve ethical standards, including the adoption of codes of ethics and the integration of international guidelines. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of ethics in ensuring a fair and effective arbitration process and calls for all participants to prioritize ethical conduct. [Extracted from the article]

Vice principals although key players in the education system, remain an under-explored population. This article aims to understand the motivations and forms of their commitment to responsibility. It focuses on vice principals in private schools under contract and is based on qualitative research with a comprehensive aim (action-training research conducted by focus group with 24 vice principals). After contextualizing their access to management, clarifying the notion of commitment and responsibility, and presenting the methodology used, this article presents the main results. It shows the tensions inherent in the commitment to the managerial role under the prism of responsibility, between the appropriation of the desire of others and one's own desire, between institutional freedom linked to a with little framework and assignment to a position determined by the headmaster, between the relationship to teaching and to management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En droit maritime classique, la limitation de responsabilité ne profitait qu’aux seuls propriétaires en raison des risques encourus et de l’importance du capital investi, la limitation étant liée à la qualité du propriétaire. Mais, dans la mesure où c’est le système anglais de libération forfaitaire qui a été retenu dans les conventions de Bruxelles de 1924 et de 1957 sur la limitation de responsabilité des propriétaires de navires et repris dans la Convention de Londres de 1976 en matière de créances maritimes, le bénéfice de la limitation n’est plus lié à la qualité du propriétaire de navire, mais à celle de l’exploitant au sens large : toute personne qui est liée à l’exploitation d’un navire peut limiter sa responsabilité (affréteur, armateur, préposés nautiques et terrestres agissant dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions, assistant, assureur et tous ceux qui opèrent pour le compte du propriétaire « préposés, sous-traitants, agents et prestataires de service »). Bien que l’extension du principe de la limitation soit définitivement retenue, nous pensons avec le professeur Bonassies qu’il n’est pas opportun d’étendre à l’extrême le domaine de la limitation de responsabilité. Même si la limitation de responsabilité appartient aujourd’hui aux principes du droit maritime, elle demeure une institution d’exception qui ne doit pas être étendue au-delà de son domaine naturel.

Le droit, en tant qu’ensemble normatif, est le témoignage ou l’expression d’une culture, de positionnements de groupes sociaux. Les valeurs ainsi véhiculées sont parfois « posées », c’est-à-dire qu’elles deviennent des normes sociales dont le législateur s’est inspiré. Appliqué à la santé, le modèle du patient vertueux n’a de cesse d’évoluer. D’abord en réaction aux revendications des associations de patients, le législateur a affirmé les droits fondamentaux des usagers du système de santé au cœur de la démocratie sanitaire. Cependant, ce modèle chimérique du patient autonome, ne peut être le reflet de la réalité en ce qu’il n’est pas transposable aux personnes vulnérables. D’autre part, en raison du système de sécurité sociale budgétairement contraint, le législateur tente d’orienter les comportements responsables, plus économes des ressources budgétaires en santé. Le modèle du patient vertueux est alors un patient dont l’autonomie est recherchée dans son parcours de vie et son pendant invoqué celui de sa responsabilisation. Cependant, il semble possible d’alimenter le capital vertueux du patient dans la relation de soins d’abord par la valorisation des savoirs expérientiels mais également par un usage raisonné du numérique pour que celui-ci soit un outil au service des usagers. Enfin, d’autres versions du modèle du patient vertueux devraient être esquissés par le législateur. En effet, afin de protéger le climat et les ressources naturelles, l’invocation des droits des générations futures trouverait ici un terreau fertile pour faire valoir leur droit à la protection de leur santé, y compris environnementale.

Unfortunately, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) against women and men who are identified as enemies very often appears as a tool of war. For a long time, SGBV-related atrocities were not perceived as an element of combat, thus they were not investigated as war crimes. None of the war criminals prosecuted in the Nurnberg and Tokyo trials was ever charged with crimes that specifically targeted women, despite overwhelming evidence of mass-scale rapes committed during World War II by their subordinates. Only in 2000, the Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery was established to hear cases of women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army more than 50 years earlier.The perception of the SGBV crimes in armed conflicts has considerably changed because of the mass atrocities committed in Bosnia and Hercegovina and in Rwanda. Women who as victims of the sexual violence dared to talk about their suffering, played the crucial role in changing the general attitude towards SGBV crime committed during the war. Simultaneously, the composition of international prosecution and judiciary included numerous female prosecutors and judges.It may be argued if judge's characteristic, personal experience, or gender indeed or to what extent influence judicial decisions. Some fundamental questions related to the judge's gender remain without an answer: Would the gender of judges impact the quality of fact-finding in SGBV as a war crime? Would a female judge assess the evidence more thoroughly than a male judge? Would a SGBV victim's well-being be better protected by a judge of the same gender? Would the risk of a victim's re-traumatisation be lower if the trial was handled by a judge of the same gender as the victim? And finally: would the risk of a victim's re-traumatisation be lower if a judge of the same gender as the victim handled the trial? All these questions seem particularly relevant in the context of the new wave of war crimes SGBV cases resulting from the war in Ukraine.

Malgré l'apparition dès l'ère mésopotamienne de la responsabilité médicale, une apparente impunité du médecin sera de mise jusqu'au XIXe siècle. En France, il faudra attendre les codes napoléoniens de 1804 et 1810 afin de dissocier clairement les responsabilités civile et pénale du médecin. Si la responsabilité pour faute reste aujourd'hui la règle en matière médicale, la notion de responsabilité sans faute introduite par révolution industrielle et la législation sur les accidents du travail a été reprise par la loi Kouchner de 2002. Elle ouvre définitivement la voie à une indemnisation statutaire et légale de l'accident médical non fautif au titre de la solidarité nationale via l'Office National d'Indemnisation des Accidents médicaux (ONIAM) et les Commissions de Conciliation et d'Indemnisation (CCI). L'expertise en responsabilité médicale est aujourd'hui le pivot du processus d'indemnisation des victimes. Elle oriente le magistrat dans la reconnaissance d'une responsabilité médicale fautive ou non fautive et l'aide à fixer le montant de l'indemnisation allouée au regard du dommage corporel. Despite the appearance from the Mesopotamian era of medical responsibility, an apparent impunity of the doctor will be in place until the 19th century. In France, it will be necessary to wait for the Napoleonic codes of 1804 and 1810 in order to clearly dissociate the civil and criminal responsibilities of the doctor. If liability for fault remains the rule in medical matters today, the concept of liability without fault introduced by the industrial revolution and the legislation on industrial accidents was taken up by the Kouchner law of 2002. It definitively opens the way to a statutory and legal compensation for non-faulty medical accidents under national solidarity via the National Office for Compensation for Medical Accidents (ONIAM) and the Conciliation and Compensation Commissions (CCI). Expertise in medical liability is now the backbone of the victim compensation process. It guides the magistrate in the recognition of faulty or non-faulty medical liability and helps him to set the amount of compensation allocated with regard to bodily injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text examines the political processes that led to the establishment of Japan's lay judge system. The author identifies three explanatory mechanisms: international accountability, horizontal accountability, and social accountability. The article suggests that the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations played a Significant role in strengthening Japan's social accountability mechanism. This, the hypothesis argues, was supplemented by horizontal accountability arising from weak opposition among the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and the Ministry of Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, midwives are a medical profession with defined competences and operate autonomously only in eutocia, where their responsibility is full and complete. The recent extension of their field of competence to gynecology, orthogeny and ultrasound creates new problems and requires an adapted and effective initial training. The aim of this article is to describe the legal liability of midwife during childbirth according to their place of practice (i.e. public or private institution). In the public sector, midwives are allowed to perform low-risk eutocic childbirths without physician assistance. However, the ultimate person in charge of the delivery room is the obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN). This is problematic in terms of sharing information, especially when the doctor is on-call with longer response of intervention. It is then necessary to analyze the schedule, the content and methods of the shifts or the telephone calls, the traceability of which is often difficult. In the private sector, the midwife, except in special cases, works under the responsibility of the OB-GYN who is fully responsible for his patients. The development of new modalities of practice exposes them to manage extremely complex situations, especially when transferring patients to hospital in case in medical indication. It seems very difficult to determine at what precise moment the responsibility passed from the independent midwife to the establishment. This will be even more if this activity has not always been approved by all the hospital staff concerned. Finally, the revival of home births or even births without medical assistance brings back complications that we thought definitively forgotten and raises extremely complex questions of responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Academia & Derecho is the property of Universidad Libre - Seccional Cucuta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TraHs - Trayectorias Humanas Trascontinentales is the property of Universite de Limoges and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cette communication cherche à établir les apports des discussions et des contributions des membres de la Société Médico-Psychologique (SMP) à l'histoire de la psychiatrie légale en France pendant le siècle qui a suivi sa naissance en 1852. Les discussions du Second Empire et des débuts de la Troisième République sur les aliénés criminels, l'assistance, les aliénés dangereux, les aliénés avec conscience, sont résumées. Des articles de synthèse du milieu du XXe siècle sur la loi de 1838 (Desruelles), la médecine légale psychiatrique (Heuyer), l'évolution de l'assistance de 1789 à 1838 (Bollotte) et de 1838 à 1939 (Demay), sont analysés. Les grandes thématiques de la psychiatrie légale ont été traitées en profondeur à la SMP, sous les angles clinique, juridique et philosophique, dans trois registres : 1̊ l'état dangereux : rapports entre aliénation et criminalité, responsabilité des aliénés délinquants, critères de dangerosité des différentes catégories d'aliénés raisonnants et/ou avec conscience ; 2̊ l'assistance hospitalière et extra-hospitalière : activités des patients, colonies et placements familiaux, prise en compte de la chronicité, puis premiers services ouverts ; 3̊ la loi de 1838 et ses projets de réforme : rôles respectifs des autorités administrative et judiciaire, établissements privés, intégration des services ouverts et des suivis ambulatoires après 1945. Au XIXe siècle, le travail des malades (en général agricole) est mis en avant, avec la notion d'un rendement économique qui fait écran à sa fonction thérapeutique. Les débats occupant plusieurs séances cessent après 1880 de porter sur des thèmes spécifiquement médico-légaux. À la jonction des XIXe et XXe siècles, la prégnance de la dégénérescence, puis des thèses de Cesare Lombroso, éclipsent la philanthropie de la période précédente. Durant les années qui précèdent la guerre de 1914, la question de la responsabilité est traitée dans d'autres enceintes que la SMP. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la mortalité par famine dans les asiles n'est abordée qu'allusivement. Dans le contexte idéologique de l'époque où elles ont été publiées, des contributions décisives ont été apportées entre 1852 et 1946 par la SMP à des questions qui vont structurer jusqu'à nos jours la législation et l'assistance psychiatriques : d'une part, organisation des services hospitaliers, modalités de placement des malades mentaux, ergothérapie, formes de suivis extra-hospitaliers, ébauche d'une organisation sectorielle des soins ; d'autre part, criminologie, dangerosité et responsabilité juridique des patients psychiatriques, expertise mentale. This paper seeks to establish the contribution of the discussions of the Société Médico-Psychologique (SMP) to the history of forensic psychiatry in France during the century following its birth in 1852. We summarize the discussions held during the Second Empire and the beginning of the Third Republic, about the criminally insane, the dangerously insane, the insane with consciousness and about assistance. Synthesis articles published from the middle of the 20th century on the law of 1838 (Desruelles), psychiatric forensic medicine (Heuyer), assistance from 1789 to 1838 (Bollotte) and from 1838 to 1939 (Demay), are analyzed. The principal themes of forensic psychiatry have been treated in depth at the SMP, in their clinical, juridical and philosophical aspects. The paper contains three chapters: (1) dangerous lunatics: the association between insanity and criminality, the responsibility of delinquent insane persons, the criteria of dangerous behavior in "reasoning" lunatics and in lunatics with consciousness; (2) inpatient and outpatient care: patient activities, colonies and family placements, chronicity in asylums, incurable lunatics, and the first open-door services; (3) the law of 1838 and its projects of reform: the respective roles of administrative and judicial authorities, private establishments and religious hospitals, the integration in the law of open-door services and outpatient follow-up after 1945. In the 19th century, the economic value of the patients' work (generally agricultural) was put forth and took precedent, over its therapeutic function. After 1880, the great debates over several months and sessions ceased to deal with specific forensic themes. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the prevalence of degeneracy and the theses about criminals of the Italian Cesare Lombroso eclipsed the philanthropic concerns of the previous period. During the years just prior to World War I, the theme of responsibility is treated in other forums than by the SMP. After the Second World War, mortality due to starvation in asylums for lunatics was only slightly alluded to. In the ideological context of the period in which they were published, decisive contributions were made between 1852 and 1946 by the SMP in several domains, and which will have a bearing on psychiatric legislation and care up to the present day: on the one hand, the organization of hospital services for the mentally ill patients, occupational therapy, forms of outpatient follow-up care, the beginnings of a sectorial organization of care and ergotherapy in the institutions. On the other hand, criminology, knowledge about dangerous behavior and the responsibility of psychiatric patients, and in forensic expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, I analyze the onto-ethical basis of the Jonasian concept of "solidarity of interests", understood as a link uniting all living beings in a network of existential interdependence. This perspective reinforces the contemporary critique in ethics and science of anthropocentrism which is, in the same way, at the heart of Hans Jonas' critique of traditional ethics and modern science. This article analyzes the onto-ethical bases of this concept with the help of the "principle of mediacy" that Jonas understands as the capacity to establish mediations with the environment in view not only of the preservation of the other, but also of oneself, in such a way that it would be a very particular kind of solidarity, the one that, in the organic framework, does not exclude the interest of life for self-preservation. Solidarity is an ontological condition of interdependence between beings and also, according to Jonas, between things, including a sharing of identity between different forms of life and a fundamental mark of Being, because, according to this logic, the most intimate experience of life is to resist death - indeed, it is this solidarity that becomes the main motive of such relationships. Within the history of solidarity networks, the human being occupies a particular place: either it is in him that precariousness assumes more obvious versions; or it is in him that, as a response, capacities more favorable to his subsistence are developed. This concept of solidarity becomes central to understanding the degrees of freedom that characterize life with respect to the ethical obligation to preserve them through the principle of responsibility. In other words, solidarity must also be the basis of responsibility: it is a question of thinking about the affirmation of life within the collective framework of guarantees concerning the conditions of existence at the present moment and especially those concerning the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, nous analysons les bases onto-éthiques du concept jonassien de « solidarité d’intérêts », compris comme un lien unissant tous les êtres vivants en un réseau d’interdépendances existentielles. Cette perspective renforce la critique contemporaine en éthique et en sciences à propos de l’anthropocentrisme qui est, de la même façon, au cœur de la critique que Hans Jonas fait de l’éthique traditionnelle et de la science moderne. Cet article analyse les bases onto-éthiques de ce concept à l’aide du « principe de médiateté » que Jonas comprend comme la capacité d’établir des médiations avec le milieu en vue de la préservation de l’autre, mais aussi de soi-même, de telle façon qu’il s’agirait d’une forme très particulière de solidarité, celle qui, dans le cadre organique, n’exclut pas l’intérêt de la vie pour l’auto-préservation. La solidarité est une condition ontologique d’interdépendance entre les êtres et aussi, selon Jonas, entre les choses, incluant un partage d’identité entre différentes formes de vie et une marque fondamentale de l’Être, car selon cette logique, l’expérience la plus intime de la vie est de résister à la mort – voire c’est cette solidarité qui devient le principal motif de tels rapports. Dans le cadre de l’histoire des réseaux de solidarité, l’être humain occupe une place particulière : c’est chez lui que la précarité assume des versions plus évidentes et c’est chez lui que se développe, comme réponse, des capacités plus favorables à sa subsistance. Ce concept de solidarité devient central pour comprendre les degrés de liberté qui caractérisent la vie au regard de l’obligation éthique de les préserver à travers le principe de responsabilité. En d’autres termes, la solidarité doit fonder également la responsabilité : il s’agit de penser l’affirmation de la vie dans le cadre collectif des garanties portant sur les conditions d’existence au moment présent et surtout celles portant sur l’avenir.

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This presentation serves as an introduction to Paul Ricœur’s essay "The Question of the Colonies" (1947). The essay is contextualized in relation to other contemporary anti-colonial writings and to Ricœur’s own later philosophy. The argumentative structure of the essay is clarified, while identifying some difficulties in evaluating it today.