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The study investigates the economic aspects of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) production using biofloc technology under different electrical energy sources. Conducted at the El Vergel Fish Farming Association in Arauca, Colombia, the study examines four energy treatments: conventional energy (CE), combined conventional and photovoltaic energy (CPVE), full photovoltaic energy (PVE), and simulation of photovoltaic energy generating surplus for nighttime use (PVES). The water quality and zootechnical performance met the species requirements, with dissolved oxygen decreasing as fish size increased. The PVE treatment had the highest initial investment due to solar panels and battery costs, but it also had the lowest operating energy costs. However, the overall costs of the PVE treatment increased due to depreciation and maintenance. Feed was the largest production cost, followed by labor in most treatments, while depreciation was a major cost for the PVE treatment. The total operating cost (TOC) of the photovoltaic energy systems (PVE and PVES) was lower compared to that of conventional energy (CE), with PVES showing the highest cost savings. The reduction in energy costs highlights the potential for solar energy systems to enhance the economic viability of aquaculture production, making these systems a favorable option for sustainable production in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost of goods manufactured (COGS) is the direct and indirect costs incurred to improve an item so that it can be sold. Before determining the selling price, it is necessary to calculate the cost of goods produced. This descriptive qualitative research uses interview methods and literature studies to collect, analyze, and interpret data to obtain a deep understanding. This study aims to determine the importance of calculating the cost of production of t-shirt products at the Nobashi shrimp factory in Sogi Studio MSMEs using the full costing method. this research uses the full costing method analysis tool, where the definition of the full costing method is a method of determining the cost of production to take into account all elements of production costs into the cost of goods manufactured. The results of this study indicate that Sogi Studio MSMEs have made accurate calculations. Researchers classify production costs into three categories: raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, which can be both variable and fixed costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a considerable increase in e-commerce, with sales forecast to continue rising over the coming years. This study provides a corpus linguistic analysis of item descriptions on eBay's UK website, on which both members of the public and businesses can offer goods for sale. It is based on two corpora of items sold on the site in 2015 and 2020 which together contain 412,601 item descriptions and over 57 million words of text. The analysis applies corpus linguistic methods to gain further insight into the diachronic development of language use on eBay, to explore linguistic features in item descriptions and across product categories, and to relate word choice to product selling price. Its findings offer new understanding of the changing language of online selling and indicate how a corpus linguistic methodology may be used to explore the impact of linguistic features on sales figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the economic aspects of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) production using biofloc technology under different electrical energy sources. Conducted at the El Vergel Fish Farming Association in Arauca, Colombia, the study examines four energy treatments: conventional energy (CE), combined conventional and photovoltaic energy (CPVE), full photovoltaic energy (PVE), and simulation of photovoltaic energy generating surplus for nighttime use (PVES). The water quality and zootechnical performance met the species requirements, with dissolved oxygen decreasing as fish size increased. The PVE treatment had the highest initial investment due to solar panels and battery costs, but it also had the lowest operating energy costs. However, the overall costs of the PVE treatment increased due to depreciation and maintenance. Feed was the largest production cost, followed by labor in most treatments, while depreciation was a major cost for the PVE treatment. The total operating cost (TOC) of the photovoltaic energy systems (PVE and PVES) was lower compared to that of conventional energy (CE), with PVES showing the highest cost savings. The reduction in energy costs highlights the potential for solar energy systems to enhance the economic viability of aquaculture production, making these systems a favorable option for sustainable production in the long term.

There are no Italian studies on the self-production of marijuana. Finding out about the various aspects of small-scale marijuana cultivation from the point of view of the growers. Semi-structured questionnaire administered to a convenience sample. One-third had cultivated their plants indoors in their own or friends' homes, the remainder had cultivated outdoors. The interviewees cultivated to obtain a better quality product, out of love for the marijuana plant, to save money, to alleviate health problems, for ethical reasons, to combat the narcomafia. One in three had sold marijuana to make a profit, to improve sociality, or out of solidarity. Customers were found through friends or word of mouth. Economic factors (quality, commercial value, quantity, costs, production times) were the main considerations for the definition of the selling price. Our data highlight the distinction between the world of the self-producer and the illicit drug market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine whether service quality, selling price, and marketing strategy had an effect on customer loyalty, especially in the field of services. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method. The location of this research was carried out at the Telkom Regional Operation Center 2 (ROC-2) Office, Central Jakarta. In this case the determination of the number of respondents using the Hair's technique with total respondents in this study amounted to 75 customers who represent Indihome and Telkomsel users in Regional 2. Data collection methods used observation techniques and questionnaires. This research uses validity test, reliability test, normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multiple regression analysis test, hyphotesis test, and coefficient of determination test. The results showed that the service quality and selling price partially had no significant effect on customer loyalty, but the marketing strategy partially had a significant effect on customer loyalty. Based on the F test, the research results obtained are service quality, selling price, and marketing strategy simultaneously have a significant effect on customer loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anatolian Environmental & Animal Science is the property of Bulent Verep and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a study conducted to empower cross-border communities in Indonesia and Timor-Leste by increasing their understanding and ability to determine appropriate and competitive selling prices based on production costs. The study found that participants' understanding and skills improved, and they were able to determine selling prices by calculating production costs. The research findings have the potential to contribute to the development of business environments and policies that facilitate and enhance cross-border trade. The article also highlights the conditions of poverty and lack of economic opportunities at the border, which lead people to engage in informal cross-border trading activities. To address this issue, community service activities have been conducted to educate border residents on determining the selling price of goods based on production costs. The training activities aim to increase understanding and financial literacy skills, ultimately contributing to the growth and sustainability of businesses in the border area. The article concludes by discussing the successful empowerment of border actors in the Wini and Nipane regions through improved financial literacy and selling price literacy. The involvement of participants, stakeholders, and local authorities from both Indonesia and Timor-Leste played a crucial role in this success. The training provided to informal business actors at the border helped them determine competitive and fair selling prices, leading to fair transactions and the sustainability of their businesses. This effort has contributed to the economic development and well-being of the border residents of both countries. [Extracted from the article]

Background: What are the cumulative influences of pricing, promotions of commodities, order size-based discount opportunities, and alternative warehousing scenarios on effective decision-making concerning inventory management? It is observed that the prices and promotion of products influence the demand rate. The shortage can be partially backlogged, and the backlogging rate depends on the waiting time. Also, discount and trade credit facilities may be available when purchasing items. This paper describes a novel inventory control model regarding optimal warehousing decision-making scenarios. Methods: This paper includes the facts in its hypothesis and examines the overall impact of the mentioned issues on profitability. The inventory carrying scheme associated with the proposed model consists of both rented and owned warehouse facilities in which the cost increases linearly with time. The numerical and visual simulation succeeds the mathematical approach to analyze the proposed inventory model in Mathematica software. Results: The results show that a price hike enhances profit despite the negative impact on demand creation. Also, promotion frequency favors profitability, suppressing the corresponding costs. Another managerial intuition is revealed through the numerical result that the stock should be held in a rented warehouse when deterioration in the owned warehouse increases, despite the cost of a rented warehouse. Conclusions: Besides several mentioned management insights, this study includes several existing models as particular cases and tackles challenges in the analytical optimization approach. This study leads toward the consequences of future research scopes with industry-based raw data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to provide a framework for assessing the technical condition of a house to determine its market value, including the identification of other price-setting factors and their statistical significance. Time on market (TOM) in relation to the technical condition of a house is also addressed. Design/methodology/approach: The primary database contains 631 houses, and the initial asking price and selling price are examined. All the houses are located in the Brno–venkov district in the Czech Republic. Regression analysis was used to test the influence of price-setting factors. The standard ordinary least squares estimator and the maximum likelihood estimator were used in the frame of generalized linear models. Findings: Using envelope components of houses separately, such as the façade condition, windows, roof, condition of interior and year of construction, brings better results than using a single factor for the technical condition. TOM was found to be 67 days lower for houses intended for demolition – as compared to new houses – and 18 days lower for houses to refurbishment. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is original in the substitution of specific price-setting factors for factors relating to the technical condition of houses as well as in proposing the framework for professionals in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The home industry in the form of products made from moringa raw materials is growing along with the efforts of the Indonesian government through the Indonesian Ministry of Health to overcome stunting. One of the increasingly growing home industries is "Dapur Kelor” (Moringa Kitchen). The calculation of the cost price and the determination of the selling price of household agro-industrial products is very important to ensure the continuity and success of the business. This study aims to determine the company's cost of goods sold, the calculation of the cost of goods using the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method, and the determination of the selling price using the cost plus pricing method in the "Dapur Kelor" home industry in Kupang City, Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the determination of the cost of production used by the "Dapur Kelor” Home Industry company is by adding up the total production costs consisting of raw material costs, labor costs, and factory overhead costs which are then divided by the total units produced and the selling price is determined based on market prices.Calculation of production costs using the Activity Based Costing method includes the first stage of classifying overhead costs into activities consisting of identifying activities, assigning costs to activities, and determining group rates and the second stage of imposing overhead costs on products where overhead costs are charged using cost drivers of each product and results in the cost of production for the period May 25, 2022, for each moringa tea of Rp. Rp. 20,427/pcs and premium moringa powder Rp. 28,792/Pcs for determining the selling price using the cost plus pricing method which is smaller than the selling price applied by the Kelor Kitchen Household Industry.

The foreclosure crisis associated with the banking crisis transformed banks in the hardest-hit countries into real estate brokers. The main novelty of this paper is to study banks as sellers of their own foreclosed properties and compare banks' sales outcomes with those of traditional agents in the real estate market. We compare the list price, selling price, time on market and price discount of traditional real estate companies (TRECs) and bank-owned real estate companies (BRECs). We find evidence of a higher selling price, higher list price and longer time on market (TOM) for BRECs than for TRECs. Our findings are consistent with BRECs displaying greater patience as well as lower risk aversion. However, these explanations are not enough to fully account for the magnitudes of the coefficients. The empirical estimates suggest that information in the housing market may also be a source of distortions. In fact, the main aim of the sale varies depending on the incentives of the company. BREC sellers are banks that own the properties for sale, so their incentives are to maximize selling prices to reduce the loss charged to their annual results, while TRECs seek to minimize the TOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted at UD Kerupuk Ikan Kembar which operates in the Mantahukan fish cracker product industry, with the aim of knowing the calculation of the cost of production at UD Kerupuk Ikan Kembar and to analyze the application of the full costing method for calculating the cost of production at UD Kerupuk Ikan Kembar. This type of research uses quantitative descriptive research. Data was collected using documentation, interviews, and data analysis methods in the form of descriptive analysis. The research results show that UD Kerupuk Ikan Kembar still uses a simple production cost calculation method by adding up production costs consisting of raw material costs, direct labor costs, and supporting costs. Application of the full costing method by detailing all production costs that occur, including raw material costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This community service activity was carried out in Majau Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. The participants in this activity are Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) who are domiciled in Majau Village, Pandeglang Regency. Majau Village, Pandeglang Regency has community potential and resources that support entrepreneurship. This condition is evidenced by the increasing number of business actors in the village. In line with the increase in the number of business actors, they faced several problems, namely the low level of knowledge and understanding in recording production costs, calculating and determining the total cost of production, and accuracy in determining and calculating selling prices. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide knowledge and understanding through counseling and socialization related to the problems faced by them, namely the MSMEs business actors in Majau Village. The method used in community service activities is the lecture method which is then followed by discussion, question and answer and case simulations. The evaluation that was carried out before the end of the activity showed that most of the participants really understood the counseling or socialization material delivered. The evaluation results also illustrated that all participants who attended the activity felt that they had benefited and were satisfied with the implementation of this activity. Keywords: MSMEs, Cost Of Production, Selling Price

In a supply chain that consists of a supplier or manufacturer, a retailer, and a customer, the supplier regularly offers the retailer a pay in later facility in terms of $S$ periods, while the retailer then gives their client a pay in later facility in terms of $N$ periods to increase sales and decrease inventory. Offering trade credit benefits the seller’s sales and profits, but it also increases default risk. As a result, understanding the credit period is becoming widely acknowledged as a key tactic for boosting seller profitability. This study suggests an EOQ model in the perspective of retailer point of view for which: (a) both the supplier and the retailer supply up-stream pay in later facility; (b) downstream trade credit provided from the retailer to the buyer increases opportunity cost and default risk in addition to sales and profitability; (c) items that are degrading not only continue to degrade over time but also have an expiration date. We employed the well-known metaheuristic algorithm Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) to solve the optimisation problem because the objective function is high nonlinear nature. In addition, we have compared the results with some other metaheuristic algorithm. In order to highlight the problem and provide managerial advice, we conclude by using some numerical examples.

The cattle industry in Indonesia is very important because it can provide an adequate supply of meat for the community. However, the cattle industry in Indonesia still faces various challenges, such as increasing production costs and low productivity. One way to overcome these challenges is to feed cattle with technology. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the physical composition of beef carcasses on the selling price of beef fed with technological feed. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected using observation and literature study techniques. The results showed that the physical composition of cattle carcasses affects the selling price of beef. Cattle with heavier carcasses and a higher percentage of meat tend to have a higher selling price. In addition, cattle with a lower percentage of fat also tend to have a higher selling price. These findings suggest that the use of feed technology can improve the physical composition of cattle carcasses and increase the selling value of beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to design an inventory model for a retail enterprise with a profit maximization objective using the opportunity for a price discount facility given by a supplier. In the profit maximization objective, the demand should be increased. The demand can be boosted by lowering the selling price. However, lowering the selling price may not always give the best profit. Impreciseness plays a vital role during such decision-making. The decision-making and managerial activities may be imprecise due to some decision variables. For instance, the selling price may not be deterministic. A vague selling price will make the retail decision imprecise. To achieve this goal, the retailer must minimize impreciseness as much as possible. Learning through repetition may be a practical approach in this regard. This paper investigates the impact of fuzzy impreciseness and triangular dense fuzzy setting, which dilutes the impreciseness involved with managerial decisions. Based on the mentioned objectives, this article considers an inventory model with price-dependent demand and time and a purchasing cost-dependent holding cost in an uncertain phenomenon. This paper incorporates the all-units discount policy into the unit purchase cost according to the order quantity. In this paper, the sense of learning is accounted for using a dense fuzzy set by considering the unit selling price as a triangular dense fuzzy number to lessen the impreciseness in the model. Four fuzzy optimization methods are used to obtain the usual extreme profit when searching for the optimal purchasing cost and sale price. It is perceived from the numerical outcomes that a dense fuzzy environment contributes the best results compared to a crisp and general fuzzy environment. Managerial insights from this paper are that learning from repeated dealing activities contributes to enhancing profitability by diluting impreciseness about the selling price and demand rate and taking the best opportunity from the discount facility while purchasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A microgrid is a promising small-scale power generation and distribution system. The selling prices of wind turbine equipment (WT), photovoltaic generation equipment (PV), and battery energy storage equipment (BES) have a significant impact on microgrid profits, which, in turn, affects the planning capacity of renewable energy. However, existing research has not yet conducted in-depth modeling and analysis for different kinds of energy generation electricity prices. This paper proposes an optimal capacity planning method for wind-photovoltaic-storage equipment, considering different energy selling incomes in microgrids. Stochastic characteristics of renewable energy (WT and PV), selling prices of different types of energy, and timing coupling characteristic are considered in the proposed model. In addition, the configuration capacities of WT, PV, and BES are modeled as discrete decision variables, according to the type of specific equipment. The comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) is considered an objective function. It can be found that the proposed collaborative capacity planning model is a mathematical programming problem with complex nonlinear constraints and integer variables. To solve this problem, a cultural gray wolf optimization algorithm (CGWO) is applied in this paper. The proposed method’s efficiency, convergence, superiority, and effectiveness are verified through a case study. Moreover, the impact of different new energy sales prices on capacity planning results is also revealed in the article.

Today, the World Health Organization and many countries globally, have implemented a lockdown to restrict the spread of the novel coronavirus disease. For this concern, we have worked out a model on the deteriorating food supply chain with two different dealers during the pandemic situation. First, the authorized dealer sells the products directly to the customer. As the lock-down begins, he has two options to sell the products. (i) He owns the unsold products himself and awaits unlocking but this option gives more deterioration as the time goes. (ii) He passes on all those remaining unsold inventories to an unauthorized dealer for sale. The profit maximization is done through the genetic algorithm and compared with the results of both dealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salt issue seems inexhaustible in a public discussion on the national and local scale. Issues and problems with the salt trade system in Indonesia, which have not been well managed until now, seem to be protracted. The problem of the salt trade system has occurred during the last decade, coloring various national and regional reports. The purpose of this research is to find empirical evidence (1) determining the cost of production, (2) selling price, (3) the level of profit (profit), and (4) analysis of the fairness of salt import policies in the perspective of the Political Economy of Accounting (PEA).The results showed that (1) the cost of production of salt farmers ranged from Rp. 821 to Rp. 1,028 per kilogram (2) Farmers do not have the power to determine the price. Because it turns out that it is the middlemen and wholesalers who can determine, which is Rp. 400 -- Rp. 500 per kilo gram (3) the government's price fixing has never been carried out and has been defeated by pressure from middlemen and traders (4) farmers have never enjoyed profits. While the only ones who benefit are middlemen and wholesalers (5) PT Garam can still make profits (profits) even though farmers continue to lose (6) The salt import policy by the government has never been in favor of farmers' interests (7) many facts reveal that salt imports are forced and never coordinated with other ministries and local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the scientific work was to assess the economic efficiency of cultivating red clover and mixed soybean and corn crops for green mass, depending on the use of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers. The research was carried out in the fields of the Adyghe Research Institute of Agriculture, the soil of which is represented by heavy in mechanical composition merged chernozem. The content of physical clay throughout the profile is quite high – up to 78%. Tillage was applied with a plow PN-4-35 to a depth of 25–27 cm. It was revealed that the average yield of mixed crops of corn and soybeans for three years of research on the entire experimental site was 35,14 t/ha, perennial legumes for two years of research 18,67 t/ha. The yield of the green mass of soy and corn forage mixture, red clover is higher in all indicators on the variant with the introduction of the highest dose of nitrogen. The yield increases obtained depending on the use of increasing doses of nitrogen have been statistically proven (corn-soy mixture NSR05 ~ +3,5 t/ha), (clover NSR05 ~ +1,25 t/ha). Analysis of calculations of economic efficiency of cultivation of mixed crops of corn and soybeans showed that in all variants the level of profitability of products amounted to 91,1–117,7%. The income from the sale of products varied in the range of 14 469,6–21 169,7 thousand rubles/ha. The minimum income from the sale of the green mass of corn-soy mixture in the control variant is 14 469,6 thousand rubles/ha, the maximum in the variant with the highest dose of top dressing is 21 169,7 thousand rubles/ha. With a yield of red clover of 20,1 t/ha, the conditional net income from 1 hectare amounted to 3 963,0 rubles, the profitability level is 24,6%. Thus, the cultivation of corn-soy mixture and red clover by all economic indicators is possible without loss for an agricultural enterprise and it is advisable to include a raw material conveyor in the system.

This research aims to find out the values behind determining the selling price of virtual items, using a qualitative method in the form of a phenomenological approach. The approach was chosen because researchers need depth to reveal the reality behind the phenomenon. Informants in the study were business people and virtual item customers. The research plunges directly into the game as a player and finds out information directly. The results showed that the practice of determining the selling price of virtual items that occurred had several concepts in common with the theory, namely in the calculation of the cost of production. But coupled with the treatment of a sense of friendship in determining prices. This sense of friendship is manifested in the form of selling price "adjustments" for the sake of friendship. In addition, the form of friendship is in the form of discounts for party or guild friends who are buyers.

This paper reviews the organizational awareness and marketing preferences of members of producer organizations in agriculture. The main material of this research consisted of surveys applied to 360 producers determined via the Proportional Sampling Method in Uşak province, Turkey. According to the research results, each of the producers was a member of at least one Producers' Organization (PO). 59.1% of producers were interested in the PO, and 33.6% of them think that crops should be marketed by the Agricultural Development Cooperative. The ratio of member producers marketing their products through the POs was 19.7%. Only 38.4% of members were satisfied with the selling price of products. The POs in the region were generally successful, and the most successful one was also the Agricultural Development Cooperative with 72.3%. In the study, marketing prices, satisfaction with being a member of the POs, and satisfaction with the organizational management variables were tested by the Chi-square, and it was viewed that there was no significant difference among them. The study is important in increasing the effectiveness of the POs in all areas of agriculture and improving the organizational awareness of their members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fundamental problem faced in the process of economic transformation in Indonesia is that the GDP growth of the agricultural and plantation sectors is still relatively low and the contribution of tax revenue from exports has not been optimal, especially in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic era. Aim: The data is compiled in the form of panel data consisting of 10 provinces producing the largest production of palm oil in Indonesia and with a time series of research period 2012-2021. The research model was formulated as a linear model and analyzed recursively using linear regression using the ordinary least squares method (OLS). Method: This study uses the explanatory method to explain the causal relationship in Indonesia's GDP growth model per capita and Indonesia's export tax revenue through hypothesis testing. Findings: The research findings are that production, selling prices, exchange rates, and exports have a simultaneous effect on Indonesia's GDP per capita and export tax revenues. In part, Indonesia's GDP per capita is more determined by production, selling prices, and exchange rates. Meanwhile, some export tax revenues are more influenced by production and selling prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Literature Review article on the Effect of Selling Prices and Discounts on Purchasing Power and Customer Loyalty is a scientific article that has the aim of building a research hypothesis on the influence between variables that will be used in subsequent research, within the scope of Marketing Management. The method of writing this Literature Review article is the library research method, which is sourced from online media including Google Scholar, Mendeley and other academic online media. The results of this Literature Review article are: 1) Selling Price has an effect on Purchasing Power; 2) Discounts have an effect on Purchasing Power; 3) Selling Price affects Customer Loyalty; 4) Discounts affect Customer Loyalty; and 5) Purchasing Power affects Customer Loyalty. Apart from these 2 exogenous variables that affect the endogenous variables of Purchasing Power and Customer Loyalty, there are many other factors, including product availability, income, customer satisfaction, and location variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy internet zones, which supply and manage multiple energy kinds to customers simultaneously, attract more and more attentions for its high energy efficiency. This paper discussed the optimal weekly bidding strategy for a energy internet zone in midterm timescale. The optimal amount of bilateral contract and selling prices of multiple energy kinds can be obtained for expected profit maximization. Stochastic optimization is adopted to manage the uncertainties of electricity market prices and load demands. A energy internet zone in shanghai, China is adopted to illustrate the proposed model. The result shows that the energy internet zones prefer to supply the base load by signing bilateral contracts. The signed contracts increase with the decrease of contract prices and local photovoltaic system’s installed capacity.

Background: What are the cumulative influences of pricing, promotions of commodities, order size-based discount opportunities, and alternative warehousing scenarios on effective decision-making concerning inventory management? It is observed that the prices and promotion of products influence the demand rate. The shortage can be partially backlogged, and the backlogging rate depends on the waiting time. Also, discount and trade credit facilities may be available when purchasing items. This paper describes a novel inventory control model regarding optimal warehousing decision-making scenarios. Methods: This paper includes the facts in its hypothesis and examines the overall impact of the mentioned issues on profitability. The inventory carrying scheme associated with the proposed model consists of both rented and owned warehouse facilities in which the cost increases linearly with time. The numerical and visual simulation succeeds the mathematical approach to analyze the proposed inventory model in Mathematica software. Results: The results show that a price hike enhances profit despite the negative impact on demand creation. Also, promotion frequency favors profitability, suppressing the corresponding costs. Another managerial intuition is revealed through the numerical result that the stock should be held in a rented warehouse when deterioration in the owned warehouse increases, despite the cost of a rented warehouse. Conclusions: Besides several mentioned management insights, this study includes several existing models as particular cases and tackles challenges in the analytical optimization approach. This study leads toward the consequences of future research scopes with industry-based raw data.

The present paper aims to demonstrate the combined impact of memory, selling price, and exhibited stock on a retailer's decision to maximizing the profit. Exhibited stock endorses demand and low selling prices are also helpful for creating demand. The proposed mathematical model considers demand as a linear function of selling price and displayed inventory. This work utilized fractional calculus to design a memory-based decision-making environment. Following the analytical theory, an algorithm was designed, and by using the Mathematica software, we produced the numerical optimization results. Firstly, the work shows that memory negatively influences the retailer's goal of maximum profit, which is the most important consequence of the numerical result. Secondly, raising the selling price will maximize the profit though the selling price, and demand will be negatively correlated. Finally, compared to the selling price, the influence of the visible stock is slightly lessened. The theoretical and numerical results ultimately imply that there can be no shortage and memory restrictions, leading to the highest average profit. The recommended approach may be used in retailing scenarios for small start-up businesses when a warehouse is required for continuous supply, but a showroom is not a top concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to design an inventory model for a retail enterprise with a profit maximization objective using the opportunity for a price discount facility given by a supplier. In the profit maximization objective, the demand should be increased. The demand can be boosted by lowering the selling price. However, lowering the selling price may not always give the best profit. Impreciseness plays a vital role during such decision-making. The decision-making and managerial activities may be imprecise due to some decision variables. For instance, the selling price may not be deterministic. A vague selling price will make the retail decision imprecise. To achieve this goal, the retailer must minimize impreciseness as much as possible. Learning through repetition may be a practical approach in this regard. This paper investigates the impact of fuzzy impreciseness and triangular dense fuzzy setting, which dilutes the impreciseness involved with managerial decisions. Based on the mentioned objectives, this article considers an inventory model with price-dependent demand and time and a purchasing cost-dependent holding cost in an uncertain phenomenon. This paper incorporates the all-units discount policy into the unit purchase cost according to the order quantity. In this paper, the sense of learning is accounted for using a dense fuzzy set by considering the unit selling price as a triangular dense fuzzy number to lessen the impreciseness in the model. Four fuzzy optimization methods are used to obtain the usual extreme profit when searching for the optimal purchasing cost and sale price. It is perceived from the numerical outcomes that a dense fuzzy environment contributes the best results compared to a crisp and general fuzzy environment. Managerial insights from this paper are that learning from repeated dealing activities contributes to enhancing profitability by diluting impreciseness about the selling price and demand rate and taking the best opportunity from the discount facility while purchasing.

The purpose of this study to examine (1) how the stages of the production process for “Sale Pisang Product’ that affects the determination of the selling price of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Banyuwangi? (2) How is the selling price computing model "Banana Sale Products" able to determine a competitive selling price for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Banyuwangi?. This Study used survey, qualitative exploratory and action. The analysis data used triangulation method. The results obtained in this studi is the process of computing the production cost of “Sale Pisang Product” still uses a traditional method, so that the resulting product cost is distorted and the selling price becomes uncompetitive. In fact, the product cost compute model using Time Driven Activity Based Costing provides more accurate and informative information for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises actors in making decisions such as determining the selling price. The Time Driven Activity Based Costing method is able to reduce costs and increase the net income of each “sale pisang” variant. The contribution of this study is expected to create competitive selling price of “Sale Pisang Product” and improve the economic competitiveness of Kab. Banyuwangi is more dynamic based on the potential of natural resources and local wisdom.

This article deals with an increasing total profit for inventory optimal ordered quantity and partial backlogging with the holding cost depending on the storage time period, and the rate of market demand is assumed to fluctuate as a function, based on level of stock and selling price. Thereafter, using the concept of a Hessian matrix, we have proved the concave nature of the profit function for the case where maximum cost is obtained. Finally, in order to validate the derived models, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are explained. Through numerical test, we show that the proposed algorithms give quite satisfactory solutions. Hence, it can be concluded that the total profit can be increased by allowing shortage and partial backlogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of economically important crops in Indonesia. However, its production fluctuates since there are some factors affecting the yield. Recently, we found dwarf disease at potato central production area in Wonosobo and Banjarnegara Regencies in Central Java. So far, there is no information related to the yield loss caused by the dwarf disease on potato. Therefore, the research aimed to estimate the yield loss caused by the dwarf disease on potato in Central Java. The yield loss estimation was determined on some potato cultivations with different disease severities. The disease intensity was observed for five times with interval two weeks on six plots. The quantity and quality of potato yields, and selling price was calculated at the end of the observation and the correlation between the severity of disease and AUDPC (Area under disease progress curve) with yield loss was determined by regression and correlation analysis. The dwarf disease reduced plant height, individual and total tuber weight without affecting the number of tuber yield. The different of disease intensities in some area affected to the percentage of yield loss. The yield loss caused by dwarf diseases on individual potato plants up to 64.42%. Yield loss estimation caused by the dwarf disease in fields with different level of disease intensities ranged from 10.3526.43%. Regression analysis between disease severities and yield losses showed the R square value at the level of 88.6% and a correlation at the level of 94.14%. These results indicated that the correlation between the severity of dwarf disease and yield loss is high.

This study is carried out to obtain optimal policies for an impresario who organizes various entertainment programs. The impresario brings an artist or group of artists which includes well-known local or national or international artist/s to perform before the audience. Impresario starts ticket booking in advance and uses frequent advertisements during the cycle time T. Impresario books an auditorium and artist/s for the number of days depending on the number of tickets sold and the capacity of the auditorium. Ticket demand depends on the selling price of tickets, quality of artists, and advertisement frequency. The proposed study aims to maximize the total profit of the impresario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an economic order quantity model has been studied in view of joint impacts of the memory and learning due to experiences on the decision-making process where demand is considered as price dependant function. The senses of memory and experience-based learning are accounted by the fractional calculus and dense fuzzy lock set respectively. Here, the physical scenario is mathematically captured and presented in terms of fuzzy fractional differential equation. The α-cut defuzzification technique is used for dealing with the crisp representative of the objective function. The main credit of this article is the introduction of a smart decision-making technique incorporating some advanced components like memory, self-learning and scopes for alternative decisions to be accessed simultaneously. Besides the dynamics of the EOQ model under uncertainty is described in terms of fuzzy fractional differential equation which directs toward a novel approach for dealing with the lot-sizing problem. From the comparison of the numerical results of different scenarios (as particular cases of the proposed model), it is perceived that strong memory and learning experiences with appropriate keys in the hand of the decision maker can boost up the profitability of the retailing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to demonstrate the combined impact of memory, selling price, and exhibited stock on a retailer’s decision to maximizing the profit. Exhibited stock endorses demand and low selling prices are also helpful for creating demand. The proposed mathematical model considers demand as a linear function of selling price and displayed inventory. This work utilized fractional calculus to design a memory-based decision-making environment. Following the analytical theory, an algorithm was designed, and by using the Mathematica software, we produced the numerical optimization results. Firstly, the work shows that memory negatively influences the retailer’s goal of maximum profit, which is the most important consequence of the numerical result. Secondly, raising the selling price will maximize the profit though the selling price, and demand will be negatively correlated. Finally, compared to the selling price, the influence of the visible stock is slightly lessened. The theoretical and numerical results ultimately imply that there can be no shortage and memory restrictions, leading to the highest average profit. The recommended approach may be used in retailing scenarios for small start-up businesses when a warehouse is required for continuous supply, but a showroom is not a top concern.

This study aims to determine the formulation of the sell price for service of tour package at travel companies. This research was conducted at PT Airlangga Global Traveling Surabaya. The analytical method used in this study is a comparative descriptive, is the analysis of the curreny selling price of tour package services, determining the cost method based on activity cost plus pricing, then comparing the selling price of tour package services based on current methods with activity cost plus pricing. The result of this research showed that the calculation of the selling price of the company method is too high when it compares with using the activity cost plus pricing method. This is due to the imposition of indirect cost on each of the tour package service products that have been able to allocate cost appropriately based on the consumption of each activity. This research contributes to PT Airlangga Global Traveling itself, that they sould be allocate indirect cost using Activity Cost Plus Pricing to formulate the right selling price. Other than that, this research also contributes to the literature history regarding TDABC which is still very rarely written in detail case step-by-step.

Copyright of Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis Airlangga (JRABA) is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We take a motivated reasoning perspective to examine the robust finding that a seller's willingness to accept (WTA) to give up a good is typically higher than a buyer's willingness to pay (WTP) to obtain the good. We propose that the seller/buyer role and/or the WTA/WTP elicitation activate different motivations. Four studies, using different ways to test for motivational processes, demonstrate how motivational processes influence the WTA‐WTP disparity in a predictable and systematic way. Study 1 shows that the WTA/WTP elicitation activates distinct motivations and that altering the medium of exchange reverses the motivations. Study 2 shows that eliciting WTA/WTP using an auction mechanism activates multiple motivations, attenuating the WTA‐WTP disparity. Study 3 demonstrates that activating regulatory focus that is inconsistent (vs. consistent) with the motivation activated by the WTA/WTP elicitation attenuates the WTA‐WTP disparity. Study 4 demonstrates that WTA/WTP elicitation may bias perceptions of an ambiguous stimulus and that the WTA‐WTP disparity increases with delay. Together, our findings provide new insights into the valuation of sellers and buyers by highlighting the role of motivational processes underlying the WTA‐WTP disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sales revenues are considered the determining factor of economic and financial performance of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Moldova. Their ascending evolution during the period 2005 - 2019 is analyzed by the authors in the light of the polynomial trend of the second degree. The statistical tests performed demonstrated the validity of the model to make predictions. At the same time, the performance of enterprises, which carry out activities in agriculture, hunting and related services, expressed by the financial result before taxation, shows that performance is influenced by other factors, which need to be analyzed at the level of the agricultural entity. The size of sales revenue depends largely on internal factors, specific to the field of activity of the enterprise. These include the quantity sold of products, the unit cost of sold products and the ways in which production is marketed. These factors can be considered as internal reserves to increase sales revenues, which the authors want to demonstrate in this research paper. Internal reserves capitalized to increase sales revenues are analyzed based on the activity of an agricultural enterprise in the Republic of Moldova - LLC „Lemisona". In order to highlight reserves to increase production capacity, the correlation between sales revenues and fixed expenses is analyzed, emphasizing the importance of fixed expenses in reflecting the productive potential of agricultural enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to identify factors contributing to the development of rice production, the efficiency of rice production, stabilization of the sector, using modern approaches based on the analysis of foreign and domestic economic indicators. Materials and Methods. The production and economic indicators of rice growing in Krasnodar Territory are considered. It is shown that the gross yield of rice grain in the Kuban on average is 761.8 thousand tons with an average yield of 59.9 c per ha over the past 12 years. Results: it was found that an increase in production indicators in recent years does not compensate for the costs of crop growing as the sector economics testifies. It was shown that the rice cost value exceeds 1.82–1.99 times the cost value of other crops grown in the region, this is due to the biological characteristics of rice, the specifics of its cultivation and land reclamation activities in the rice irrigation system. The dynamics of the main economic indicators of rice growing is studied. Their significant variability over the years has been stated, that indicates the recent financial instability of the industry. A close positive relationship between the price of rough rice and consumer prices for rice cereal (r = 0.96), realizable cost value (r = 0.83) and rice production costs (r = 0.82) has been shown. A high degree of rice export dependence on grain production output in the Kuban was revealed (r = 0.85). It was found that rice import is in very weak negative dependence on the price of rice corn and grain in the country's consumer market (r = –0.03 and r = –0.05, respectively), and export positively correlates with grain production (r = 0.85) and produced cereals (r = 0.55), this is a consequence of an increase in industry operational indicators. At the same time, the average negative conjugation (r = –0.48) of exports and imports characterizes the market reaction to the lack of domestic products. Conclusions: the further development of rice growing should be based not only on increasing the area of rice sowing and grain production, but also on stabilizing the economic indicators of the sector using state support measures in the agricultural and industrial complex, subsidizing production costs.

At the present stage of development of Ukrainian agribusinesses, pricing for agricultural products is one of the major tasks to be solved. It is well known that the price significantly impacts business performance since it determines both production cost recovery and business profit. In a market economy, the success of agribusinesses largely depends on how reasonable prices for their products are. However, the current sluggish pricing process at agribusinesses argues the lack of effective methodological and theoretical support for decision-making in the field of pricing policy, which often leads to material miscalculations when pricing, and consequently to significant losses. Thus, it is necessary to study pricing principles, methods, and features in the sector and their impact on the efficiency of agribusinesses. The purpose and objectives of the study: the study aims at determining the factors, methodological approaches and peculiarities of pricing for agricultural products and agricultural production means in the present-day conditions. Background: the peculiarities of pricing in the agrarian sector and the influence of the price mechanism on the Ukrainian agrarian sector are examined by many domestic scientists. Among the works published in recent years, the fundamental studies by M.M. Artus, R.F. Brukhanskyi, V.B. Vavryk, V.V. Hudak, Ye.M. Kyryliuk, M.Z. Matviichuk, M.K. Parkhomets, B.Y. Paskhaver, Ye.A. Firsov, O.M. Shpychak, and others deserve a special consideration. Although, it should be noted that there are significant changes in how certain factors impact pricing for agricultural and agrarian products. For the reasons given, it is necessary to continue investigating the corresponding processes. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition of the current market situation, in which agribusinesses function, the method of theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis to determine theoretical framework for studying pricing for agricultural products, determining pricing methods and rationalizing their application, a systematic approach to determining pricing factors and interrelations between them. Having examined, synthesized and critically evaluated studies on pricing in the agricultural sector at the stage of its reform and the market-oriented agricultural model, the following theses have been formulated. A broad methodological and theoretical base for pricing is laid in classical works on economic theory. Although, there have been different trends, concepts, and schools within the issue. They can be classified according to two main and even alternative price theories: 1) labour theory of value and price; and 2) marginal utility theory. Their content is well-known and developed in many studies in economics. For the said reason we only note that currently, domestic scientists suggest various points of view on base and basis of pricing. Many of them argue that in the market system of economic management, regardless of its model and national characteristics, the law of value functions in all spheres and branches of the economy. Results. The author focuses on the peculiarities of pricing for agricultural products, considers the causes and consequences of a significant fluctuation in prices for certain types of products and shows an increasing influence on the pricing of foreign economic transactions and the concentration of agricultural production. It is concluded that agribusinesses strengthen their positions in pricing their products, which is proved by improving selling price variation in the context of individual producers and their groups. The practical implication of the results of the study is as follows applying in practice the suggested recommendations that allow providing a comprehensive definition of the factors affecting the price of agricultural products. Value/ originality. Knowledge of theoretical foundations of pricing is one of the most important success factors in the practical application of experience. Very relevant is the analysis of numerous price strategies of foreign companies related to differences in the positioning of companies and goods, the speed of penetration of the national and the world markets, the formation of brands, relationships with competitors and consumers, systems of stimulation of demand and sale, movement of goods products, the ratio of wholesale and retail components of the sales complex.

This paper studies retailer's optimal policies which include optimal replenishment, pricing and promotional cost for a two-phase inventory system with a constant rate of deterioration. The first phase is advance booking period in which the product is offered at a discounted price and delivery of the product is given as soon as the replenishment arrives. The second phase is spot sales period in which the product is sold at a normal price. Products are considered to be deteriorated at a constant rate. Demand of the product is influenced by promotion of the product as well as by the selling price of the product. The objective is to maximize the total profit of the retailer with respect to cycle time, selling price and promotional cost through advertisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are number of confrontations faced by the producers to manufacture a product environmental friendly. These challenges can be related to the product design, manufacturing process and the waste diffusion after reprocess. To solve these issues, a production model is proposed for green production. Shortage is not permissible in the whole time cycle. To promote the model, demand and selling price are correlated. Cost of Product stewardship and green production cost is calculated for the model made it more suitable. It is analyzed that if the products are recycled then it will become more costly than a fresh product. The objective of this paper is to reduce total cost of recycled object with the help of green production and product stewardship. Agriculture is one of the most suitable example for this model. The aim of this research paper is achieved and it is proved with the help of sensitivity analysis. An optimal solution is derived for proposed model and to epitomize the analytic result of convexity behavior of the function and sensitivity analysis of some specific parameters is done in the paper. A theorem is also annexed in the paper to derive the condition for the convexity of total cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)