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An encyclopedia entry for American physician Joseph H. Warren of Boston, Massachusetts is presented.

A reference entry is presented for Arthur H. Nichols, specialist of domestic and public hygiene, of Boston, Massachusetts who was born on September 9, 1840 in the same city and received his medical degree from the medical department of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1866.

A reference entry is presented for Reuben D. Mussey, physician and surgeon, of Boston, Massachusetts who was born on June 23, 1780 in Pelham, New Hampshire and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1809.

A reference entry is presented for Henry Orlando Marcy, physician and surgeon, of Boston, Massachusetts. He was born on June 23, 1837 and received his medical degree from the medical department of Harvard University in Cambridge of that state in 1863. His medical career began with his appointment as medical director of Florida in 1864, serving the U.S. Army, then went into the study of surgical diseases. He is credited for introducing the use of plastic splints and tendon suture.

An encyclopedia entry for American philosopher and statesman Benjamin Franklin is presented. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. His interest in seafaring life started at an early age. His father recommended him to his brother to be an apprentice printer to prevent him from running away. Franklin established his own business in 1729. His career highlights as a politician are discussed.

An encyclopedia entry for American physician Edmund D. Spear of Boston, Massachusetts is presented.