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Franz diffusion cell was primarily used to evaluate the permeability and stability of formulations such as topical (gels and creams) and transdermal (lipid nanoparticle formulations). Diffusion cell is a straightforward assay that can reliably measure the in-vitro and ex-vivo drug release from topical preparations such as creams, ointments, liposomes formulations, and gels. It offered crucial critical perspectives on skin, drug, and formulation relationships. In addition, it is also employed for toxicity testing and quality control. Currently, many medications are available in the market, administered through transdermal routes. To treat various skin conditions, medical professionals use a wide range of methods aimed at increasing the skin's permeability and drug absorption. The biggest challenge with transdermal drug delivery system is determining the amount of medication penetrating the skin. Today, there is a lot of research into creating new dermal dosage forms for pharmaceuticals. In this review, the authors discuss various evaluation methods to determine the amount of drug penetrating the skin. With their strengths and weaknesses, these models and assessment methods provide a valuable framework for investigating the dermato-pharmacokinetics of different transdermal formulations. The assessment techniques aid in assessing molecules that cause skin irritation by shedding light on the molecular mechanisms by which they penetrate the skin. These assessment tools and models provide a novel strategy for creating topical medicinal formulations for various skin infection disorders. The present review explores Franz diffusion cell application, its implication in pharmaceutical research, and the regulation related to pharmacopeia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work involved development of phospholipid‐based permeation enhancing nanovesicles (PENVs) for topical delivery of ketoprofen. Screening of phospholipids and process parameters was performed. Central composite design was used for optimization of factors, that is, amount (%, w/w) of phospholipid and ethanol at three levels. The optimized nanovesicles (NVs) were loaded with different terpenes and then incorporated into a gel base. Optimized NVs exhibited 69% entrapment efficiency, 51% transmittance, 328 nm mean vesicle size, and polydispersity index of 0.25. In vitro release kinetics evaluation indicated best fitting as per Korsemeyer–Peppa's model and drug release via Fickian‐diffusion mechanism. The optimized NVs loaded with mint terpene showed minimal degree of deformability and maximal elasticity as compared with the conventional NVs and liposomes. Rheology and texture analysis indicated pseudoplastic flow and smooth texture of the vesicle gel formulation. Ex vivo permeation studies across Wistar rat skin indicated low penetration (0.43‐fold decrease) and high skin retention (4.26‐fold increase) of ketoprofen from the optimized PENVs gel vis‐à‐vis the conventional gel. Skin irritancy study indicated lower scores for PENVs gel construing its biocompatible nature. Stability studies confirmed cold storage is best suitable for vesicle gel, and optimized PENVs were found to be suitable for topical delivery of ketoprofen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) refers to excessive use of internet which lead to distress and impairment in socio-occupational functioning. A number of psychological and personality variables seem to be correlated to it. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of Internet Addiction with Anxiety, Depression, Self Esteem, Social connectedness and Insomnia. Methodology: Around 140 college going students, both males and females in the age range of 16-35 years were recruited using purposive sampling technique. Online questionnaire consisting of Young's Internet Addiction Scale (Kimberly, 1998), Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7item Scale-GAD7(Spitzer, 2006), Patient Health Questionnaire-PHQ9 (Kroenke, 2001) Social Connectedness Scale-R(Lee, 2001), Insomnia Severity Scale (Morin, 2011) were administered. Results: Descriptive-analytic correlation revealed that Internet addiction was positively related to Depression, Anxiety and Insomnia Scores and negatively related to Social Connectedness and Selfesteem Scores. Regression analysis indicated that Internet addiction was able to predict the variance in psychological variables like social connectedness, self-esteem, depression, anxiety and insomnia to some extent. Conclusion: Current study is replicating results from studies worldwide. It can be concluded that IA is associated with poor sleep quality, low scial connectedness, low Self Esteem and High depression and Anxiety severity. Further longitudinal studies and larger sample sizes are required to establish sound model for etiopathogenesis of IA, as these variables are also dependant on each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]