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This feature provides a critical reappraisal of a well-known book that was published some time ago in order to asses how far it is still relevant to current thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the summer of 2006, over four hundred Catholic ethicists from around the world gathered for four days in Padua, Italy. About sixty of the conference papers have become available in two edited collections, Catholic Theological Ethics in the World Church: The Plenary Papers from the First Cross-cultural Conference on Catholic Theological Ethics, and Applied Ethics in a World Church: The Padua Conference. As the conference was marked by a distinctive and creative tension-between the diversity which characterized the nationalities and cultural identities of the participants, on the one hand, and the commonness of their religious heritage, on the other-these essays can tell us much about contemporary Catholic ethics in its response to global pluralism. The following develops four reflections. First, the conference papers pursue a style of scholarship that is at once critically creative and ecclesially rooted. Second, the conference raises new concerns about the importance that Christian formation must have in a pluralist world. Third, the participants affirm and defend the ultimate universality of moral goods while also arguing that these goods are expressed and embodied in unavoidably particular ways. Finally, the most important contribution that Catholic ethics can make to public conversations about issues of common concern is through its articulation and defense of key human values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the increasing number of vehicles and imperfect road traffic management have been sources of congestion in cities and reasons for deteriorating health of its inhabitants. With the help of computer simulations, transport engineers optimise and improve the capacity of city streets. However, with an enormous number of possible simulation types, it is difficult to grasp valuable, innovative solutions which are of the greatest value to city citizens. In this work, the authors expose various problems within this area having reviewed and analysed over 130 papers selected out of 1200 works in the field of urban simulations. The study describes the selection process of important papers and highlights characteristics of microsimulations, macrosimulations, computation optimisations and other approaches found in the literature which are especially useful and should be further built on in the future. They present and compare results provided in reviewed works in terms of throughput improvement, queue, waiting and travel time reduction, vehicle speed increase, speed‐ups as well as assumed simulation parameters. Finally, they focus on research gaps, such as a small number of works considering crisis simulations, few real‐world scale simulations as well as on software architectural changes and low‐level optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customers voice their negative brand experiences to their family and friends in the form of negative word‐of‐mouth (NWOM). Web 2.0 enables the sharing of NWOM in electronic format on various social media sites, online customer review forums, and blogs, which is known as negative electronic word‐of‐mouth (NeWOM). Researchers need to study the spread of NWOM/NeWOM to prevent adverse consequences for companies and suggest an optimal response for its redressal. Existing literature review studies have focused on word‐of‐mouth (WOM) and electronic WOM (eWOM) and have considered both positive and negative WOM and eWOM concurrently. Past literature reviews have captured the breadth of the WOM domain, ignoring the depth. This research article contains a review of 282 journal papers capturing the depth of the extant literature by focusing solely on 'negative' WOM and eWOM (NWOM and NeWOM), and presents a broad view of the NWOM and NeWOM domains using morphological analysis (MA). This will help to conceptualize and categorize the existing state‐of‐the‐art literature into broad dimensions and identify future research opportunities. The MA framework helps to bifurcate this literature into the following four dimensions: (i) nomenclature of NWOM and NeWOM, (ii) antecedents of NWOM/NeWOM, (iii) impacts of NWOM/NeWOM, and (iv) prevention and recovery response to NeWOM. Further dissection of these four dimensions leads to 15 sub‐dimensions and 217 variants. Combinations of the 217 variants enable the identification of 550 novel future research opportunities in the area of NWOM and NeWOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a highly cited randomized controlled trial on dance‐movement therapy with adolescent girls with mild depression and examine its treatment in 14 evidence reviews and meta‐analyses of dance research. We demonstrate substantial limitations in the trial which seriously undermine the conclusions reached regarding the effectiveness of dance movement therapy in reducing depression. We also show that the dance research reviews vary substantially in their treatment of the study. Some reviews provide a positive assessment of the study and take its findings at face value without critical commentary. Others are critical of the study, identifying significant limitations, but showing marked differences in Cochrane Risk of Bias assessments. Drawing on recent criticisms of systematic reviewing and meta‐analysis, we consider how reviews can be so variable and discuss what is needed to improve the quality of primary studies, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses in the field of creative arts and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of papers discussing the efficacy of microbial synthesised metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) against cancerous and normal cell lines by exploiting Bayesian generalised linear (BGL) model. Data was systematically collected from published papers via Cochrane library, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Scopus, and Embase. Impressively, most of the studies were carried out on HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. Specifically, a hefty 65.67% of studies employed bacteria to biofabricate MNPs. Significantly, BGL meta‐analysis represented highly valuable information. Hence, based on adjusted analysis, the MNPs with the size of 25–50 nm were found to be far less cytotoxic than the MNPs with the size of ≤25 nm (OR = 0.233, P ˂ 0.05) against either cancerous or normal cell lines. Interestingly, it was found that the odds of cytotoxicity in cancerous cell lines were practically nine times more than normal cell lines, representing the substantially more cytotoxicity of MNPs in cancerous cell lines (OR = 9.004, P ˂ 0.001). Green MNPs mentioned here may be developed as novel anti‐cancer agents, which could lead to a revolution in the treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate (AN) are reviewed. Both neat AN and AN containing various contaminants are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not encompassed. Also not included is the performance of AN as the oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO. The review is intended to be the most comprehensive review of decomposition reactions of AN since Berthelot's treatise of 1892. Despite hundreds of papers on the topic that have appeared in the intervening years, understanding of decomposition mechanisms remains only modestly more complete than it was in Berthelot's day. However, some additional reaction steps and mechanisms have been identified and these are discussed. Explosions of AN most commonly involve fire as the proximate cause, yet chemical‐mechanism research on the topic is nil. A modest number of studies have explored the potentiation of AN decomposition by organic contaminants. These have, thus far, not produced guidance useful for promoting of safety from fire‐related causes. Contamination from inorganic sources, notably chlorides is better understood and some mechanisms have been studied. The UN classification of AN as an oxidizer, instead of as an explosive, should not be interpreted literally, since AN has been associated with numerous detonation disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade in vulnerable marine species is regulated once they are listed in CITES Appendices (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Parties to the Convention submit proposal(s) 150 days prior to the CITES Conference for voting on the inclusion of new species in Appendices I and II, making a case for why CITES listing criteria are met in each case. Before the vote, Parties receive advice from (a) the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (b) the International Union for Conservation of Nature—TRAFFIC and (c) the CITES Secretariat, among others. This paper offers an expert review of listing processes, which are the subject of much debate in fishery and environment‐protection communities, looking at two specific cases: silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinidae) and bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus, Alopiidae). The reviewers determine that the evidence made available to voting Parties is substantial, but suffers from non‐standard presentation across assessments. The best available data are not always presented or described transparently in relation to CITES criteria. An extension of the assessment period, as well as the opportunity to refute evidence, has been suggested as ways to support more informed and effective decision‐making by CITES Parties, whose composition of delegations varies greatly in their experience of marine species management and trade. Experts welcomed a greater coherence of advice between fishery and non‐fishery sources in the long term, and proposed a range of suggested improvements for the delivery of information and advice to CITES Parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the modern history of alcohol and drug policy research through a series of four monographs that were written collaboratively by international groups of career scientists. The books promoted the view, supported by a considerable amount of evidence, that alcohol and drug problems can be reduced, if not prevented, through organized policy action by governments and public health organizations. The books used a problem-focused integrative approach to align research more effectively with public policy. A common thread that runs throughout the monographs is the influence of Professor Griffith Edwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An in-depth, small scale narrative inquiry into ex-clients' experiences of counselling was undertaken, using a local community counselling agency which highlighted several important themes, including reviews and endings. Aim: To show clients' lived experience of reviews and endings. Methods: Narrative case study methods were used, alongside researcher reflexivity. The meanings were co-constructed between the ex-clients, their counsellors and the researchers. Results: Clients stories show the inter-relationship between reviews and endings, and that even when experienced negatively, clients can see the value of reviews. This paper also notes the therapeutic importance of mutuality and negotiation in decision making about endings. Conclusions: The process of undertaking collaborative, narrative inquiry can be empowering for all involved. Clients, counsellors and managers can question funders about their assumptions about the number of sessions offered when they inform themselves with research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's participation in decision making of all kinds is of increasing interest across the world as more and more countries seek to comply with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The participation rights of children who are in the care of the state are of particular concern. Recent research in England suggests that Independent Reviewing Officers (IROs) can play a crucial role in ensuring that looked after and accommodated children are able to participate in care planning and review processes. This paper outlines the findings of the first Scottish study to investigate the role of Reviewing Officers in encouraging children's participation in reviews. Surveys were collected from social workers, Reviewing Officers and young people after 69 review meetings as part of an action research study. Follow-up qualitative interviews were then completed with 10 young people and a focus group held with the five participating Reviewing Officers. The findings suggest that participation in looked after reviews can best be understood as a cyclical and relational process and that taking part in action research may enhance participation practices. While the role of the Reviewing Officer was found to be important, the findings suggest that everyone involved in the care and support of the young person needs to encourage participation processes that are individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a study of participation by children aged 8–12 in decisions when they are ‘looked after’ by local authorities. The research established that more children in this age group are attending reviews and planning meetings, but that the likelihood of their attendance varies with age and other factors. The paper explores reasons why some children are more likely to attend meetings than others, and uses material from interviews with children and adults to understand the part which children take in meetings when they do attend. The attendance of children at review meetings has exposed some ambiguity in their purpose, and the paper argues for a re-evaluation of the place of reviews in relation to other processes. It concludes by calling for a combination of rights-based and relationship-based approaches to empowering children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers began studying multiple schedules in basic laboratories, but recent advances have extended research on multiple schedules to a wide variety of socially significant applications, especially during the last decade. Applied researchers have used multiple schedules to (a) promote stimulus control over high-rate appropriate behaviors, (b) thin the schedule of reinforcement following functional communication training, and (c) obtain stimulus control over problem behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the current paper, we reviewed 31 studies with 147 applications identified through a search of the applied literature on multiple schedules. Using these studies, we (a) reviewed the empirical literature on multiple schedules, (b) recommended multiple-schedule procedures that serve as best practice guidelines for applied behavior analysts, (c) identified the generality and boundaries of current knowledge about the effectiveness of multiple schedules, and (d) critically analyzed the literature to provide directions for future multiple-schedule research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In single photon emission computed tomography, the choice of the collimator has a major impact on the sensitivity and resolution of the system. Traditional parallel-hole and fan-beam collimators used in clinical practice, for example, have a relatively poor sensitivity and subcentimeter spatial resolution, while in small-animal imaging, pinhole collimators are used to obtain submillimeter resolution and multiple pinholes are often combined to increase sensitivity. This paper reviews methods for production, sensitivity maximization, and task-based optimization of collimation for both clinical and preclinical imaging applications. New opportunities for improved collimation are now arising primarily because of (i) new collimator-production techniques and (ii) detectors with improved intrinsic spatial resolution that have recently become available. These new technologies are expected to impact the design of collimators in the future. The authors also discuss concepts like septal penetration, high-resolution applications, multiplexing, sampling completeness, and adaptive systems, and the authors conclude with an example of an optimization study for a parallel-hole, fan-beam, cone-beam, and multiple-pinhole collimator for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous health monitoring for an infant is crucial for detecting and preventing several diseases. Recent advancement in wearable technology has given rise to the development of wearable infant health monitoring systems (WIHMSs). These systems provide an edge over conventional infant health monitoring systems which are not only bulky and uncomfortable for the infants but are also limited to the clinical settings. This study reviews some state‐of‐the‐art WIHMS, mentions the advantages, limitations and the challenges faced by such systems. This study, for the first time, contributes an appraisal of research prototypes and commercially available systems for WIHMS, which is the need of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2012 Summer School of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) focused on optimization of the use of ionizing radiation in medical imaging. Day 2 of the Summer School was devoted to fluoroscopy and interventional radiology and featured seven lectures. These lectures have been distilled into a single review paper covering equipment specification and siting, equipment acceptance testing and quality control, fluoroscope configuration, radiation effects, dose estimation and measurement, and principles of flat panel computed tomography. This review focuses on modern fluoroscopic equipment and is comprised in large part of information not found in textbooks on the subject. While this review does discuss technical aspects of modern fluoroscopic equipment, it focuses mainly on the clinical use and support of such equipment, from initial installation through estimation of patient dose and management of radiation effects. This review will be of interest to those learning about fluoroscopy, to those wishing to update their knowledge of modern fluoroscopic equipment, to those wishing to deepen their knowledge of particular topics, such as flat panel computed tomography, and to those who support fluoroscopic equipment in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors review the field of resolution modeling in positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction, also referred to as point-spread-function modeling. The review includes theoretical analysis of the resolution modeling framework as well as an overview of various approaches in the literature. It also discusses potential advantages gained via this approach, as discussed with reference to various metrics and tasks, including lesion detection observer studies. Furthermore, attention is paid to issues arising from this approach including the pervasive problem of edge artifacts, as well as explanation and potential remedies for this phenomenon. Furthermore, the authors emphasize limitations encountered in the context of quantitative PET imaging, wherein increased intervoxel correlations due to resolution modeling can lead to significant loss of precision (reproducibility) for small regions of interest, which can be a considerable pitfall depending on the task of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides notes and guidelines for article contributors. It suggests that book review essays should consist of over 4,000 words and are peer reviewed. All submitted work should be double spaced and submitted on legal-sized paper. Abstracts of up to 300 words detailing the purpose, results, and conclusions of the paper as well as keywords pertaining to the article should be presented. Other guidelines that are outlined in the article include quotation marks, abbreviations, and notes appearing in the text. Notes for bibliographical referencing are also provided.

For 70 years the image of an apparent comic actor performing on a simple stage has been known primarily from the drawing by Gilliéron. This paper is founded on the first direct study of the Vlasto chous since 1935. The author compares the vase with the drawing, showing that while scholars ought to have been sceptical of Gilliéron, he was reasonably accurate. Interpretations of the imagery from Caputo, who first studied the vase (1935), to Schmidt (1995 ) explain it variously as a scene of comedy or a manslaughter trial on a ship. The paper evaluates these views in the light of comparable iconography and fresh study of the vase, and concludes that it is indeed theatrical. However, some aspects of the imagery remain difficult to explain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses findings from empirical research to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the child protection procedures in the UK. Discontinuities in which child protection plans were not implemented arose because of limitations in the plans made, obstacles to implementation and weaknesses in the conduct of review meetings which rarely questioned the management of cases even when it was clearly deficient. The construction of risk made during the investigation carried over into the initial conference, fed into decisions about registration and had an enduring influence on the way in which later risks to children were interpreted. However, this meant that new information which challenged this view of risk was often ignored. Continuities were also evident between adequate plans for children’s safety made at initial conferences and their subsequent protection. However, when children remained at home with an abusing parent, this remained true only when a new key worker had been allocated at the time of the conference. These initial plans also had an impact on the interventions provided, especially those for treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of adequate planning for children and families at initial child protection conferences and the need for an overhaul of the conduct of reviews if they are to be used more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between online reviews and ratings through text mining and empirical techniques. An Indian food delivery portal (Zomato.com) was used, where 50 restaurants on Presence Across Nation (PAN) basis were selected through stratified random sampling. A total of 2530 reviews were collected, scrutinized, and analysed. Using the NVivo software for qualitative analysis, seven themes were identified from collected reviews, out of which, the 'delivery' theme was explored further for identifying sub‐themes. Linear regression modelling was used to identify the variables affecting delivery ratings and sentiment analysis was also performed on the identified sub‐themes. Regression results revealed that hygiene and pricing (delivery subthemes) demonstrated lower delivery ratings. These variables can be established as indicators for restaurants and related online food delivery services to build their business model around them. Similarly, negative sentiments were observed in pricing and hygiene sub‐themes. Restaurants and online food services can enhance hygiene levels of their food delivery process in order to receive higher delivery ratings. Similarly, pricing of food items can be modified such that customers are not deterred from ordering the items—food and ordering service do not become cost‐prohibitive. This study devised a standardized methodology for analysing vast amounts of online user‐generated content (UGC). Findings from this study can be extrapolated to other sectors and service industries such as, tourism, cleaning, transportation, hospitals and engineering especially during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression testing remains a promising research area for the last few decades. It is a type of testing that aims at ensuring that recent modifications have not adversely affected the software product. After the introduction of a new change in the system under test, the number of test cases significantly increases to handle the modification. Consequently, it becomes prohibitively expensive to execute all of the generated test cases within the allocated testing time and budget. To address this situation, the test suite reduction (TSR) technique is widely used that focusses on finding a representative test suite without compromising its effectiveness such as fault‐detection capability. In this work, a systematic review study is conducted that intends to provide an unbiased viewpoint about TSR based on various types of search algorithms. The study's main objective is to examine and classify the current state‐of‐the‐art approaches used in search‐based TSR contexts. To achieve this, a systematic review protocol is adopted and, the most relevant primary studies (57 out of 210) published between 2007 and 2022 are selected. Existing search‐based TSR approaches are classified into five main categories, including evolutionary‐based, swarm intelligence‐based, human‐based, physics‐based, and hybrid, grounded on the type of employed search algorithm. Moreover, the current work reports the parameter settings according to their category, the type of considered operator(s), and the probabilistic rate that significantly impacts on the quality of the obtained solution. Furthermore, this study describes the comparison baseline techniques that support the empirical comparison regarding the cost‐effectiveness of a search‐based TSR approach. Finally, it isconcluded that search‐based TSR has great potential to optimally solve the TSR problem. In this regard, several potential research directions are outlined as useful for future researchers interested in conducting research in the TSR domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports show air pollutant magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering various field applications of MNPs because of developments in nanotechnology, the aim of this study is to identify major trends and data gaps in research on magnetite to allow for relevant environmental and health risk assessment. Herein, a bibliometric and systematic analysis of the published magnetite literature (n = 31 567) between 1990 to 2020 is completed. Following appraisal, publications (n = 244) are grouped into four time periods with the main research theme identified for each as 1990–1997 "oxides," 1998–2005 "ferric oxide," 2006–2013 "pathology," and 2014–2020 "animal model." Magnetite formation and catalytic activity dominate the first two time periods, with the last two focusing on the exploitation of nanoparticle engineering. Japan and China have the highest number of citations for articles published. Longitudinal analysis indicates that magnetite research for the past 30 years shifted from environmental and industrial applications, to biomedical and its potential toxic effects. Therefore, whilst this study presents the research profile of different countries, the development in research on MNPs, it also reveals that further studies on the effects of MNPs on human health is much needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and 1,3‐butadiene into unsaturated lactone monomers provides an efficient route for converting sustainable carbon feedstocks into novel macromolecules. The chemical reactivity of this monomer is reviewed in order to highlight the many viable mechanistic pathways. Polymerization strategies, monomer alterations, and post‐polymerization modifications are covered. The polymerization methods include radical, coordination, conjugate addition, ring‐opening, olefin metathesis, and thiol‐ene chemistries. Materials derived from these processes possess a wide range of function including responsiveness, degradability, adhesion, recyclability, and self‐assembly. These aspects along with the advances in polymer chemistry that make them possible are discussed, along with a perspective on the future directions of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parenting is a valued, common and challenging adult role. Many parents, including some living with disability or difficult social circumstances, experience barriers to fulfilling their parenting roles. Yet, occupational therapy involvement in parenting is rarely documented. Current understandings about 'doing' parenting lack cohesion and are dispersed in occupational therapy literature. This study aims to map and synthesise occupational therapy literature on 'doing' parenting to describe the state of the existing knowledge base, and develop a conceptual framework of parenting occupations as portrayed in occupational therapy literature. Methods: A scoping review was conducted. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on 28 October 2019 and updated on 18 February 2021. Journal articles and book chapters were screened for eligibility. Included texts' publication characteristics, methodological characteristics, and areas of focus were summarised. Interpretive content analysis was conducted. Results: From 5945 unique records, 105 texts were included. These discussed general parenting, parents with disabilities, and parenting in challenging social situations. Most texts focussed on mothers caring for young children in Western cultural contexts. The analysis culminated in the development of a conceptual framework: the Parenting Occupations and Purposes (POP) Framework. This comprises 10 interrelated areas of parenting occupations, which are performed for the purposes of addressing the child's basic, developmental and social needs. Parenting occupations were also found to be influenced by additional, underlying occupations that build parenting capacity ‐ Continuous Parental Development (CPD) occupations. Conclusion: These findings provide an overview of current occupational therapy conceptualisations of parenting. Unlike most of the existing literature on parenting, the POP Framework is parent‐centric rather than child‐centric. More research on parenting occupations is needed, especially with more diverse representation (fathers, ages of children, parental disability and sociocultural background). Further research is required to examine the POP Framework's usefulness in guiding research and practice, particularly among parents with diverse characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New key evidence on common method variance (CMV) has been generated in the last decade (including quantitative and qualitative reviews, and simulations) to estimate its real validity threat, and evaluate the post hoc techniques to detect and correct for its effects. This work looks at the new evidence, and reviews all HRM‐related empirical articles published in the last 10 years in six major journals. The following primary conclusions are drawn. First, adoption of new knowledge about CMV by the empirical literature has been uneven. Second, published research in these journals indicates few incidences of meaningful distortion of estimates due to CMV, even when post hoc tests are used to detect it. Third, these findings in the empirical literature mirror the conclusions of reviews and simulations of the last 10 years, which indicate that the probability of significant distortion of estimates because of CMV is very limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2009 (xi and 529 pp., £135, $250). This paper reviews the contributions in The Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp. The book's coverage is comprehensive in a conventional way. It emphasizes the significance of recent developments in theoretical and empirical regional analysis that have occurred in both neoclassical (convergence) and new economic geography (concentration) contexts. The role of knowledge spillovers in regional growth receives special attention. Given the recent advances in the field, and renewed interest in regional issues, it is time to expand the focus of analysis from relatively narrow production and distribution concerns, to broader ones that incorporate the effects of structural/sectoral, demographic, and environmental change on the future prospects of regional economies. Such an expansion would not only contribute to the theoretical richness of regional growth and development analysis, it would also do much to expand its utility in guiding public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers work by Christopher Hitchens, who is part of the group called the 'New Atheists', and a response to this by Tina Beattie. The concern of Hitchens is to alert his readers to the problems that arise from fideistic belief, and his proposed solution in common sense naturalism. The author argues that while Hitchens does raise important questions about fideism, he himself is a fideist in his claims about reality. Far from being new, these are the same claims as held by ancient materialists: all of reality can be reduced to atoms in motion. Also considered is Tina Beattie's analysis and response to the New Atheists. Her cogent analysis is helpful, although her own proposal to resolve the debate encounters difficulties similar to those attending fideism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge for schools, following the Green PaperEvery Child Matters(HM Treasury, 2003) and theSpecial Educational Needs Code of Practice(DfES, 2001), is to enable young people to give their views about matters affecting their lives. Whilst these recommendations are a welcome step to enable the effective inclusion of all young people, whatever their needs, there is little information on how this can be done, particularly in terms of making a young person's presence at a meeting meaningful and one where there is genuine regard for their views. The challenge increases if the young person has limited communication or significant learning difficulties. In this article Julia Hayes describes the development of the visual annual review, a practical, child-centred planning tool to use in a review at a time of transition for those who may have limited understanding or language. The effectiveness of this method was evaluated following a review. The response was very positive from the staff, the pupil and the parent involved in the study. They felt that it was child-centred, fun and accessible, whilst ensuring that all professionals had the chance to speak and chart the young person's progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an appreciation of the work done by the reviewers of papers and books in the November 2002 issue of the journal "Gender, Work and Organization." Some of the reviewers listed include Joan Acker from the United States, Lisa Adkins from Australia, Nancy Adler from Canada, M. Alston from Australia, Mats Alvesson from Sweden, Carol Amaratunga from Canada, Karen Anderson from Canada, Rachel Annand from Great Britain, Ellen Annandale from Great Britain, Dominique Anxo from Sweden, Sara Arber from Great Britain, Hugh Armstrong from Canada, Pat Armstrong from Great Britain, Jane Aronson from Canada, Lynne Ashburner from Canada, Lynne Ashburner from Great Britain, Janis Bailey from Australia, Sue Baines from Great Britain, Isabella Bakker from Canada, and Kirstie Ball from Great Britain.

Functional imaging has successfully been applied to capture functional changes in the pathological tissues of a body in recent years. Nuclear medicine functional imaging has been used to acquire information about areas of concerns (e.g. lesions and organs) in a non‐invasive manner, enabling semi‐automated or automated decision‐making for disease diagnosis, treatment, evaluation, and prediction. Focusing on functional nuclear medicine images, in this study, the authors review existing work on the classification of single‐photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and their hybrid modalities with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images by using convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques. Specifically, they first present an overview of nuclear imaging and the CNN technique, such as nuclear imaging modalities, nuclear image data format, CNN architecture, and the main CNN classification models. According to the diseases of concern, they then classify the existing CNN‐based work on the classification of functional nuclear images into three different categories. For the typical work in each of these categories, they present details about their research objectives, adopted CNN models, and achieved main results. Finally, they discuss research challenges and directions for developing technological solutions to classify nuclear medicine images based on the CNN technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions, but it is susceptible to noises. ECG signal denoising is a major pre‐processing step which attenuates the noises and accentuates the typical waves in ECG signals. Researchers over time have proposed numerous methods to correctly detect morphological anomalies. This study discusses the workflow, and design principles followed by these methods, and classify the state‐of‐the‐art methods into different categories for mutual comparison, and development of modern methods to denoise ECG. The performance of these methods is analysed on some benchmark metrics, viz., root‐mean‐square error, percentage‐root‐mean‐square difference, and signal‐to‐noise ratio improvement, thus comparing various ECG denoising techniques on MIT‐BIH databases, PTB, QT, and other databases. It is observed that Wavelet‐VBE, EMD‐MAF, GAN2, GSSSA, new MP‐EKF, DLSR, and AKF are most suitable for additive white Gaussian noise removal. For muscle artefacts removal, GAN1, new MP‐EKF, DLSR, and AKF perform comparatively well. For base‐line wander, and electrode motion artefacts removal, GAN1 is the best denoising option. For power‐line interference removal, DLSR and EWT perform well. Finally, FCN‐based DAE, DWT (Sym6) soft, MABWT (soft), CPSD sparsity, and UWT are promising ECG denoising methods for composite noise removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug delivery is one of the major challenges in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. The brain needs to be protected from harmful agents, which are done by the capillary network, the so‐called blood–brain barrier (BBB). This protective guard also prevents the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain and limits the effectiveness of treatment. For this reason, various strategies have been explored by scientists for overcoming the BBB from disruption of the BBB to targeted delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) and cells and immunotherapy. In this review, different promising brain drug delivery strategies including disruption of tight junctions in the BBB, enhanced transcellular transport by peptide‐based delivery, local delivery strategies, NP delivery, and cell‐based delivery have been fully discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in demand for energy, penetration of alternative sources of energy in the power grid has increased. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is the most common and popular form of energy sources which is widely integrated into the existing grid. As solar energy is intermittent in nature, to ensure uninterrupted and reliable power supply to the prosumers, it is essential to forecast the solar irradiance. Accurate solar forecasting is necessary to facilitate large-scale modelling and deployment of PV plants without disrupting the quality and reliability of the power grid as well as to manage the power demand and supply. There are various methods to predict the solar irradiance such as numerical weather prediction methods, satellite-based approaches, cloud-image based methodologies, data-driven methods, and sensor-network based approaches. This study gives an overall review of the different resources and methods used for forecasting solar irradiance in different time horizons and also gives an extensive review of the sensor networks that are used for determining solar irradiance. The various error metrics and accessible data sets available for the sensor networks are also discussed that can be used for validation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), an ideal semiconductor, belongs to the group of 40 well‐identified transition metal dichalcogenides. These have unique chemical bonding; in an ideal case they do not feature dangling bonds and hence possess a layered‐like atomic structure, such that strong intraplane and weak interplane bondings exist. Hence, MoS2 can be peeled into a precisely controlled number of layers; the bulk with Eg = 1.2 eV can be reduced to a unit cell‐thick layer (monolayer) with Eg = 1.89 eV. However, in reality, both bulk and monolayers possess many types of atomic defects associated with in‐plane, edge, grain boundaries, etc. As a result, MoS2 exhibits many interesting and tunable optoelectronic properties suitable for a wide range of applications. Interestingly, its basic polyhedral form (MoS6) undergoes a structural change that leads to many polymorphic phases, the three in bulk and the five in monolayer. Theoretical predictions and experimental observations clearly confirm that MoS2 and its interfaces with other materials can be significantly important for energy conversion and storage applications, which are emerging and critically important topics of modern science and society. This Review provides an overview of the past few years of research and developments on these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid advances in high‐resolution chip lithography have accelerated nanophotonic device development on the silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) platform. The ability to create sub‐wavelength features in silicon has attracted research in photonic band and dispersion engineering and consequently made available a wide array of device functionalities. By drawing on recent demonstrations, the authors review how periodic, sub‐wavelength structures are used for passive wave manipulation in SOI device design. The optical response is evaluated for both orthogonal polarisations at the telecom wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm. The results offer a versatile toolkit for the integration of these features in conventional nanophotonic device geometries. Notable benefits include a fine control of dispersion, wavelength and polarisation selectivity, and broadband performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originating in the mid‐1960s, functional analysis (FA) has become the gold standard method for understanding the environmental variables that come to shape and maintain problematic behaviors such as aggression, self‐injury, and property destruction. Over the decades, a number of studies have refined FA methods, attempting to improve the overall efficiency of the analysis through experimental design and procedural modifications. In the present review, we used ongoing visual‐inspection criteria and basic probability theory to compare and analyze levels of efficiency across FA types. The multielement design and synthesized contingency analyses were about equally efficient with respect to the mean number of sessions conducted per function tested, and the trial‐based and synthesized contingency analyses were the 2 most efficient with respect to the mean duration per function tested. We discuss the implications of these findings in the broader context of efficiency and provide recommendations for maximizing efficiency during an FA. We also discuss other qualitative procedural details that may influence the overall efficiency of an FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data preprocessing remains an important step in machine learning studies. This is because proper preprocessing of imbalanced data can enable researchers to reduce defects as much as possible, which, in turn, may lead to the elimination of defects in existing data sets. Despite the remarkable achievements that have been accomplished in machine learning studies, systematic literature reviews of imbalanced data preprocessing techniques are lacking. Consequently, there are a limited number of systematic literature review studies on imbalanced data preprocessing. In this study, the authors assess the existing literature to identify the key issues related to data quality and handling and to provide a convenient collection of the techniques used to address these issues when performing data preprocessing. They applied a systematic literature review method involving a manual search to select articles published from January 2010 to September 2018 for review. The qualities of the existing studies were assessed using certain quality assessment criteria. Of the 118 relevant studies found, only 2% were identified as having been conducted following systematic literature review guidelines. This study, therefore, calls for more systematic literature review studies on data preprocessing to improve the quality of the data applied in machine learning studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the extensive range of exotic nanoparticle (NPs) applications, investigation of magnetic NPs (MNPs) in vitro has ushered modern antibacterial studies into an increasingly attractive research area. A great number of microorganisms exist in the size scales from nanometre to micrometre regions. The enormous potential of engineered MNPs in therapeutic procedures against various drug‐resistant bacteria has declined the menace of fatal bacterial infections. Many biocompatible MNPs have been introduced that possess remarkable impacts on various bacterial strains. Conventional synthesis methods such as co‐precipitation or hydrothermal techniques have been widely adopted in the production of MNPs. The MNPs for antibacterial applications are mainly required to be superparamagnetic, recyclable and biocompatible. To implement novel strategies in developing new generation antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, it is essential to obtain a comprehensive preview of recent achievements in synthesis, proposed antibacterial mechanisms and characterisation techniques of these nanomaterials. This review highlights notable aspects of antibacterial activity in engineered MNPs and nanocomposites including their particle properties (size, shape and saturation magnetisation), antibacterial mechanisms, synthesis methods, testing methods, surface modifications and minimum inhibitory concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is little consensus regarding the meaning of quality of life (QOL) within occupational therapy literature. Measurement of QOL has varied in both research and practice. This scoping review explored the definitions and measures used within occupational therapy quantitative intervention research to evaluate QOL as an outcome. Methods: The review was completed by searching six databases using occupational therapy‐related and QOL‐related terms. Data were extracted from each article and authors performed descriptive statistics to establish trends for both definitions and measures. Results: Eighteen publications met the inclusion criteria. Seven articles included a definition of QOL. Most authors defined QOL as a multidimensional construct, comprised of varying domains. Fourteen different standardised measures and two non‐standardised measures were utilised. Conclusions: A clear conceptualisation of QOL that incorporates occupational therapy values such as client‐centredness and holism is needed to advocate for the profession's role in health care and to encourage the development of suitable outcome measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the development of nanotechnology and its influence in various fields, the development of efficient and environmental friendly technique for the synthesis of nanomaterials is important. Among the various traditional and conventional methods available for the synthesis, plant‐mediated synthesis seems to be a very attractive and environmental friendly method, attributing to its simple methodology and eco‐friendly approach. The synthesis rate and stability of the nanoparticle synthesised are good when compared to the other methods of synthesis and it is proved to be efficient in various fields of application. Hence, the present review article deals with furnishing information about the plant sources used so far and details about the environmental and biomedical applications of the synthesised nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system is an inherent protection system in vertebrate animals including human beings that exhibit properties such as self‐organisation, self‐adaptation, learning, and recognition. It interacts with the other allied systems such as the gut and lymph nodes. There is a need for immune system modelling to know about its complex internal mechanism, to understand how it maintains the homoeostasis, and how it interacts with the other systems. There are two types of modelling techniques used for the simulation of features of the immune system: equation‐based modelling (EBM) and agent‐based modelling. Owing to certain shortcomings of the EBM, agent‐based modelling techniques are being widely used. This technique provides various predictions for disease causes and treatments; it also helps in hypothesis verification. This study presents a review of agent‐based modelling of the immune system and its interactions with the gut and lymph nodes. The authors also review the modelling of immune system interactions during tuberculosis and cancer. In addition, they also outline the future research directions for the immune system simulation through agent‐based techniques such as the effects of stress on the immune system, evolution of the immune system, and identification of the parameters for a healthy immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, taxanes have emerged as a new class of anticancer drugs. Docetaxel (DTX) the prototype of this class has been approved for the treatment of broad range of cancers. However, to date the commercial preparation of DTX (Taxotere®) is accompanying adverse side effects, intolerance, and poor solubility, which can be overcome by encapsulating them using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). SLNs represent versatile delivery system of drugs with newer forms such as polymer–solid lipid hybrid, surface modified and long circulating nanoparticles bringing forth improved prospects for cancer chemotherapy. In this review, the authors have discussed the current uses of various SLNs formulations of DTX with key emphasis on controlled and site‐specific drug delivery along with enhanced antitumour activity elucidated via in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the review article highlights few approaches that can be used in combination with existing DTX‐loaded SLNs to supplement DTX drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomolecular regulatory networks are organised around hubs, which can interact with a large number of targets. These targets compete with each other for access to their common hubs, but whether the effect of this competition would be significant in magnitude and in function is not clear. In this review, the authors discuss recent in vivo studies that analysed the system level retroactive effects induced by target competition in microRNA and mitogen‐activated protein kinase regulatory networks. The results of these studies suggest that downstream targets can regulate the overall state of their upstream regulators, and thus cannot be ignored in analysing biomolecular networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major objective of 'omics' technologies is to understand genetic causality of complex traits of human diseases. High‐throughput omics technologies and their application to medicine open up remarkable opportunities for realising optimised medical treatment for individuals. Because many major breakthrough and discoveries in this field have been driven by the development of new omics technologies, in this review, the authors aim to provide an in‐depth description of their underlying principles as a foundation of developing another new omics technology, and to introduce their emerging applications for personalised medicine. The systems biology approach is then introduced as a future direction towards actionable personalised medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented on the developments of the journal including the publication of educational research, reviews of books, and the publication of research papers.

Objective To determine the prevalence of potential dosing errors of medication dispensed to children for 22 common medications. Study design The investigators used automated pharmacy data from three health maintenance organizations. Children were eligible if they were less than 17 years old at the time of dispensing. The investigators randomly selected up to 120 children with a new dispensing prescription for each drug of interest, giving 1933 study subjects. Errors were defined as potential overdoses or potential under-doses. The error rate in two health maintenance organizations that use paper prescriptions was compared with one health maintenance organization that uses an electronic prescription writer. Results Approximately 15% of children were dispensed a medication with a potential dosing error: 8% were potential overdoses and 7% were potential under-doses. Among children weighing less than 35 kg, only 67% of doses were dispensed within recommended dosing ranges, and more than 1% were dispensed at more than twice the recommended maximum dose. Analgesics were most likely to be potentially overdosed (15%), whereas anti-epileptics were most likely potentially under-dosed (20%). Potential error rates were not lower at the site with an electronic prescription writer. Conclusions Potential medication dosing errors occur frequently in outpatient paediatrics. Studies on the clinical impact of these potential errors and effective error prevention strategies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how well a video tutorial for software training that is based on Demonstration-Based Teaching supports usermotivation and performance. In addition, it is studied whether reviews significantly contribute to these measures. The Control condition employs a tutorial with instructional features added to a dynamic task demonstration. The Review condition additionally includes video reviews. Participants were 55 seventh graders who viewed task demonstrations (and reviews) followed by practice. Both tutorials increased motivation (i.e., task relevance and self-efficacy) and performance. In addition, the Review condition had significantly better results for training time, self-efficacy and scores on an immediate post-test. Reviews have rarely been studied in dynamic visualizations. The present study suggests that there may be important advantages to be gained from concluding a demonstration video with a summary of the main points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]