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Educators in contemporary educational settings are met with many challenges in the classroom. This is a descriptive paper focused on the impact of classroom management on students' academic achievement at the undergraduate level, entailing two aims one is from teachers' perspective, and the other is from the students' perspective. The first aim of this paper was to find out the factors that have an impact on classroom management and the strategies used in the classroom by the teacher and, in turn, the effect of classroom management on the students' academic achievement. Thirty-five teachers were selected randomly from the Science and Art University in Yazd Province. An adopted questionnaire consisting of three sets of questions each set with six questions was distributed and the data were collected. The results showed that students' need and teachers' knowledge and teachers' skills were three things that affect classroom management. Regarding the classroom strategies, the teachers' idea was that they have to provide instructional activity awareness. Lastly, teachers believed that management of the class was an interesting process of creating and maintaining a successful learning environment and friendly relationship which leads to students' success and in this way the teachers' role impact students' academic achievements. The second aim was to investigate students' perceptions of classroom management. Survey method was used to collect the data from the students through an adopted questionnaire. For this purpose, 250 students were selected from Science and Art University of Iran from fields of Psychology, Management, law and Accounting. Data was collected by using a Five-Likert scale. The result showed students' idea was that the latest technologies must be used in classrooms to facilitate the learners. There must be transparency and strict implementation of rules regulations and time schedule.

Dance has entered mainstream empirical research: dance as an experimental stimulus, and dancers as movement experts. Informed by several sources, including primary sources (original, historical documents, and oral reports, such as interviews with practitioners and academic scholars of Iranian dance genres) and secondary sources (research literature), we describe what we label "Iranian classical dance" within this paper as an important resource for empirical research, not only in humanities scholarship but also, and importantly, for empirical aesthetics, emotion psychology, cross‐cultural psychology, and affective neuroscience. For this purpose, we (1) describe the aesthetics, characteristics, and history of Iranian classical dance; (2) outline issues of definition and systematization; and (3) give an overview of the cultural complexities and sociopolitical issues regarding Iranian classical dance in the past 40 years, which have shaped its current form. After the political revolution of 1979 (Iranian solar calendar year: 1358), dance in Iran—both as everyday practice and as a cultural heritage—was first forbidden, and now remains heavily restricted. International, interdisciplinary research teams can contribute to safeguarding Iranian classical dance in the future by firmly enshrining it into empirical research on human dance. We outline empirical research perspectives on Iranian classical dance, dataset resources, and expert communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Underreporting of new tuberculosis (TB) cases is one of the main problems in TB control, particularly in countries with high incidence and dominating role of a private sector in TB cases diagnosing. The purpose of this paper was to explore behavioral determinants of underreporting of new TB cases among private sector physicians in Iran. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study of physicians working in private clinics. The data collection tool was designed using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The authors used structural equation models with maximum likelihood estimation to examine attitude toward the notification behavior. Findings: Of 519 physicians, 433 physicians completed the questionnaire. Attitude toward notification had the highest score (mean score = 87.65; sd = 6.79; range: 0–100). The effect of perceived behavioral controls on the notification behavior ((β^) = 0.13; CI: 0.01–0.25) was stronger than the total effect of attitude ((β^) = 0.06; CI: 0.00–0.12) and subjective norms ((β^) = 0.01; CI: −0.00–0.03) on the behavior. However, the attitude was the main predictor of intention and justified 46% of the intention variance. Intention had a significant effect on the behavior ((ß^) = 0.09; CI: 0.1–0.16). Practical implications: Considering stronger effect of perceived behavioral control on the behavior, interventions aiming at facilitating notification process would be more effective than those aiming at changing the attitude or enhancing intention among physicians. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, no other study previously explored determinants of underreporting from the behavioral and cognitive perspective. Specifically, the authors explored the role of the TPB constructs in predicting intention to notify new TB cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) has long been identified as a way of providing optimal mental health services (MHS). It is important, therefore, to identify and facilitate factors driving IPC. This paper presents health professionals' experiences and perceptions regarding the clients' role as a driving factor for IPC in MHS in an Iranian context. Health professionals included nurses, physicians (general physicians and medical specialists), psychologists and consultants. Qualitative methods were employed in the form of in-depth individual interviews and focus groups to collect data from 24 professionals and 4 clients. Data analysis generated four key themes: 'Clients as axis of IPC', 'Seamless services as a common incentive for IPC', 'Clients as a common interprofessional linkage' and 'Clients as a driving force to achieve IPC'. From the professionals' perspective, it was found that clients had a mediating role in their collaborative relationships and practices. These findings are discussed in relation to the interprofessional literature. This paper goes on to argue that professionals need to be aware of and be trained about how to manage, as well as benefit from, the clients' fundamental role in IPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Education systems throughout the world seek to take the advantage of every presenting opportunity for achieving a standard level of ethical accountability and capability. The purpose of this paper is to explain the challenges of professional ethics training from the perspective of faculty members at the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS).Design/methodology/approach The present qualitative framework analysis held interviews with 21 key faculty members were selected using the purposeful and snowball method to interview from ARUMS in 2016. The duration of each interview varied between 45 and 120 min. The data obtained were analyzed in MAXQDA-10. Codes were extracted using inductive methods.Findings Three main themes were extracted from the interviews, namely, educational efficacy, professional interaction and equity in education along with 12 subthemes, namely, teacher's personal capability, work in the area of expertise, regular class attendance, quality class attendance, inclusion of theoretical bases, the teacher as an ethical role model, respect for the student, encouragement of ethical behaviors, respect for the patient's rights, fair assessment, attention to differences and positive discrimination.Practical implications This study results could help to improve the quality of training and ethical standards in medical education.Originality/value To comply with the codes of ethics in research, permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee and the participants were ensured about the confidentiality of their data and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage. Given that this project was a qualitative study, the authors did not have a moral or practical problem in the study. This study was approved with number "IR.ARUMS.FEC.1394.25" at the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Research Ethics Council. The cooperation of participants in the study was completely voluntary; moreover, the authors obtained written consent from participants for the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease and a growing global health problem. It is estimated that about 200m people are suffering from this disease in the world. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions and factors influencing the intention to do regular physical activities in order to prevent osteoporosis in Iranian Muslim working women. Design/methodology/approach: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 217 women employed in a university in Iran. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire that had gone through validity and reliability processes. The data analysis was done using SPSS ver. 19 software as well as statistical descriptive and analytical tests. Findings: The majority of participants were aged 30–39 (50.7 percent) and the least ones were 40 years old (24.4 percent). In total, 67.7 percent of the participants were married. Also, 77 percent of the participants had religious belief on the duty to do strong physical activities, and 83 percent had intention to do physical activities. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of self-efficacy and the mean scores of religious belief between the women with and without having intention to do physical activities (p<0.01). Originality/value: Regarding the relationship that self-efficacy and religious belief had with the intention to do physical activities in women employees, the need to address this issue through educational programming with the focus on self-efficacy and religious culture seems to find priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable groups of road users that potentially are at risk for road traffic injuries and deaths. The present paper reports an application of the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to the prediction of road-crossing behaviors among students from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) in the west of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 315 medical students who were randomly selected from seven faculties of KUMS in 2017 according to their size, and who filled out a self-administered questionnaire containing a scenario depicting a potentially hazardous road-crossing behavior, followed by items measuring the PWM constructs. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 at 95% significant level. Results: The mean score of safe road-crossing behaviors was 9.57 [95% CI: 9.10, 10.05], ranging from 0 to 16. Attitude, subjective norms, and prototype accounted for 15% and 9% of the variation of willingness and intention, respectively. Willingness was a stronger predictor of the safe road-crossing behaviors (P less than 0.001). The road crossing behavior of female student pedestrian was safer than that of their male counterparts (P less than 0.035). Conclusions: The results have a number of implications. In particular, PWM-based interventions should focus on willingness in order to encourage safer road-crossing behavior among pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent research has focused on the students' silence and inviting more student voice. This paper investigated the reasons behind Iranian undergraduate students' silence in English classes and stepped further to give voice to those students' attitudes toward English with the belief that inviting and including student voice could improve the overall participation of silent students in English courses. One hundred freshmen and sophomore undergraduate students majoring at the University of Isfahan volunteered to take part in this study. From among them, 60 students who indicated they were silent in English classes were asked to complete a survey adopted from Life. In addition, 20 of the students were interviewed to pinpoint the intentions behind their silence. Thus, the paper took an in-depth look at the reasons for the Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students' silence, drawing from detailed examination of the students' own accounts, comparing and contrasting them. The results of this study explicitly states reasons behind the silence of the EFL students in English classes. It also put forth various solutions that could easily be implemented in pedagogical settings by English instructors to break the silence of EFL/English as a Second Language (ESL) students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose Hypertension is the most common chronic disease throughout the world. Self-care is the key criteria in determining the final course of the disease. However, the majority of elderly people do not observe self-care behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the experiences of elderly people with hypertension in order to understand the barriers of their self-care behaviors.Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study with a conventional content analysis approach conducted in Tehran, Iran in 2017. Data collection was done among 23 participants – 14 elderly people; 6 cardiologists, geriatric physicians and nurses working in the cardiovascular ward; and 3 caregivers – who were selected by purposeful sampling. Using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews, data collection was continued until data saturation.Findings Three main categories, including attitude limitations, inefficient supportive network and desperation, all showed barriers to self-care by the experiences of elderly people with hypertension.Originality/value Lack of knowledge of the disease and its treatment process is one of the main barriers to self-care in elderly people with hypertension. Deficient supportive resources along with economic and family problems exacerbate the failure to do self-care behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of a valid and reliable women's empowerment tool was reported by previous studies in Iran. The authors of this paper, accordingly, intended to fill this gap by developing a valid questionnaire. 600 women in Dezful city, southeast of Iran, took part in the study in 2014-2015. Multistage sampling method was used to recruit the participants. Our exploratory factor analysis revealed that 18 items of the model loaded on 4 factors. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was suitable as Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.77. Considering high validity and shortness of the questionnaire, it can be used as a trustful and comprehensive tool to measure women's empowerment in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper has attempted to explore views of patients with severe mental illness and their care providers about sharing sexual problems with care providers in these patients within the context of Iran. Method: A total of 17 in‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted in one of the psychiatric hospital in Tehran: 4 with patients, 2 with patient's family, and 11 with health providers who had been employed for 5 years in psychiatric wards at least. All participants were selected by purposive sampling. Using conventional qualitative content analysis data reduction was done. Findings: A total of 89 codes about the reasons for lack of communication between clinician and patients, about sexuality were extracted. These are classified in two categories. The first is "Clinicians avoidance from addressing sexual issues" and second is "Patients avoidance from expressing their sexual problems." Conclusion: Despite having sexual needs, severe mental illnesses patients do not disclose it due to poor communication between clinician and patients, about sexuality. So, physician had to be pioneer in communicating with them. Therefore, to enhance clinicians' sexual knowledge and effective communication skills with patients, especially those with severe mental illnesses, training is completely necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose A sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence resulting in death or serious physical or psychological injury or the risk thereof. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influencing factors of sentinel events in the emergency department of a military hospital in Tehran to find out some of the effective solutions. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study with content analysis approach, 20 hospital healthcare personnel participated as participants from the fields of medicine and nursing. Purposive random sampling and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Atlas.ti software version 5.2 was used for data analysis. Findings Four themes and 32 subthemes were identified by numerous revisions and combining the codes. The four main themes of sentinel events were: causes, incidence barriers, cause prevention solutions, and barriers' improvement solutions. Moreover, these main factors were related to these issues: staff and patients' education, communication, assessment, patients and their companions, employee rights, leadership, care continuum, human factors, physical environment, information management and medication use. Some solutions were also suggested according to these factors and a policy was recommended. Practical implications Hospital managers and authorities should try to find the main causes of sentinel events by periodical analysis to find ways to prevent them in the future, using logical and reasonable solutions. Originality/value This study confirms that strategies to reduce the sentinel events in emergency departments should focus on empowerment of all staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) has improved patient safety effectively. Despite the known benefits of applying the checklist before surgery, its implementation is less than universal in practice. The purpose of this paper is to determine the operating room personnel's attitude, their awareness and knowledge of the SSC, and to evaluate staff acceptance of the SSC (including personal beliefs). Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight tertiary general hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Some 145 operating room personnel (surgeons, anaesthetists and nurses) were selected for the study. Data collection was carried out via a validated questionnaire in three parts which included socio-demographic, attitude, awareness and acceptance. Data were then analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 statistical test. Findings Out of the 145 participants in the study, 92 per cent were aware of the existence of the SSC and 73.9 per cent of them were aware of the objectives of SSC. Overall, the attitude to SSC was positive. The attitude of surgeons was positive towards the impact of the SSC on safety and teamwork. Surgeons were significantly more sensitive to the barriers of SSC application compared to nurses and anaesthetists ( p=0.046). Among the three groups, nurses had the highest level of support for SSC ( p=0.001). Practical implications Despite high acceptance of the checklist among staff, there is still a gap in knowledge about when exactly the checklist should be used. Therefore, involvement of all surgical team members to complete the checklist process, support of senior managers, on-going education and training and consideration of the barriers to its implementation are all key areas that need to be taken into account. Originality/value This is the first research to examine the operating room personnel's attitude, awareness and acceptance about SSC in Iranian hospitals. The outcomes of this study provide documentation and possible justification for effective establishment of SSC in Iran and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran's nuclear programme has brought ever-sharpening conflict with Israel, the United States, and the European Union. The Iranian public has been actively drawn into this debate, as the Iranian government cultivates support for its actions and by foreign appeals for change (including Bush administration support for regime change). This article explores data relating to public support for Iran's nuclear program. We utilize data from a nationally representative, face-to-face poll fielded in Iran in late 2006. The poll (n = 1,000) queried respondents about numerous domestic and external security concerns, including Iran's 'full nuclear fuel cycle' program. We present data on Iranian beliefs about Iran's nuclear program and the determinants of those beliefs. After discussing poll methodology and data integrity, the paper presents summary statistics on key variables about the nuclear program. We estimate three logit models to explain respondent beliefs about the program. The dependent variables address support for the program, the economic importance of the nuclear program, and beliefs that Iran will weaponize. Iranians' support for the program correlates with perceived status and deterrence benefits conferred by the program and opinions of the United States. Respondents' concerns about Israel do not drive support for the program. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned from this study for future work of this type in Iran or other coercive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the finding of a qualitative grounded theory study on drug dependency and parenting in Iran. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 41 opium- and heroin-dependent parents selected from Self-Referred Drug Addicts' Treatment Centre in Rasht in Iran. Research findings showed that parental drug dependency impacts various aspects of parenting such as parent-child relationship, parent-child communication, and disciplinary strategies of parents. Intervention and prevention programs to support the children of drug-dependent parents are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the presentation and evocation of emotion in performative face-to-face linguistic communication in Iran. Performance in linguistic communication is shown to involve the speaker's need to convey an impression of his or her own inner states. Since affectivity is one of the most difficult things to convey in face-to-face interaction, it is posited that a person employing successful linguistic performance skills must have a series of strategies available for demonstrating that he or she is truly conveying a specific intended emotion. This involves a two-stage process in which the speaker first signals that a message conveys an emotion, then signals the nature of the emotion being conveyed. In order to accomplish this, culturally prescribed symbolic elements are presented by the speaker that must be performed for others to "read" the emotional content of a communication. Added to the performative skills needed by the speaker is the requirement that the emotion conveyed be perceived as "sincere." This paper continues earlier research (Beeman 1986) demonstrating the effectiveness of speakers in Iran in creating the contexts for the interpretation of their own strategic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews medical psychology in Iran and describes the two major professional associations representing the profession. The unique role of religion in Iran is stressed, and limitations of the current health care system are described. The paper also addresses human resource issues and the educational requirements for the practice of psychology in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Social support is a significant factor in the life of homeless people, as it helps them meet their life challenges more efficiently and increases the likelihood of return to a normal life. Social support plays a different role in homeless women’s life, as gender culture often causes them to be exposed to more risks. The purpose of this paper is to identify homeless people’s access to social support from their network members, with a comparison between men and women.Design/methodology/approach In this study, a survey method was used with an administrated questionnaire. Participants were recruited from among the homeless people (men and women) who used the municipal social services in shelters and social service centers in Tehran. The main variables in this study included frequency of contact, social support, and gender.Findings The results have shown significant differences between homeless men and homeless women in terms of frequency of contact and receipt of social support. Homeless women contacted their network members more often than did homeless men and also received more support. There seems to be a strong correlation between the receipt of social support and women’s greater ability for social communication, as well as with traditional culture, which considers women to be weak and dependent so that they receive more support compared with men. The weakness of social support, especially among homeless men, requires serious attention; however, homeless women are not in a favorable situation either.Originality/value The social networks of homeless people who usually live on the streets and in public places without permanent shelter are weak because of various reasons, including poverty, addiction, immigration, and divorce. The weakness of social support leads to an escalation of their vulnerabilities. Thus, it is necessary, in social policy and services, to improve the social network of high-risk people such as homeless people, which would help the rehabilitation process and reduce the probability of exposure to harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the main reasons for discharge against medical advice (DAMA) in the emergency department (ED) of a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran.Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all the patients who left the ED of a referral teaching hospital against medical advice (AMA) in 2008. A questionnaire was filled out for each patient to determine the reasons behind patient leaving AMA.Findings: In total, 12.8 percent of the patients left the hospital AMA. Dissatisfaction with being observed in the ED, having a feeling of recovery and hospital personnel encouraging patients to leave the hospital were the main reasons for leaving the hospital AMA.Practical Implications: Like many other centers, the results showed that poor communication skill and work overload were the main contributing factors to DAMA. The center managed to improve patient satisfaction and thus lowered DAMA rates following this study. Considering the similarities reported in the reports and that of other studies, it could be concluded that policy makers in other centers can also benefit from the results to adopt effective approaches to reduce DAMA rate.Originality/value: To the knowledge no study has evaluated the rate and the reasons behind DAMA in the Iranian EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to highlight the main factors and items affecting the productivity of construction projects, based on the perceptions of CEOs in construction companies in Iran. Second, the study compares the elicited CEOs’ perceptions against the findings of studies based on the views of such as project managers, middle managers and employees in other levels. Design/methodology/approach – The study drew upon literature on construction work to develop a conceptual model. Further, a total of 60 CEOs from road construction companies were surveyed using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire to generate the data. The collated data were categorised and ranked according to the CEOs perceived level of importance using the relative importance index. Findings – The findings highlight the main factors and items affecting labour productivity in construction projects in Iran as perceived by CEOs, which are mainly of human resources management nature and could be attributed to motivation and managerial policy aspects. The study also recognises that factors associated with the working environment particularly safety and health are perceived as insignificant by Iranian CEOs which could be a concern for the Iranian construction industry. The discussions shed some light on the discrepancies between the perceptions of CEOs and previous studies in regards to major determinants of productivity in the construction context. Originality/value – This study is the first study aiming at discussing the perceptions of CEOs of construction companies active in construction projects in Iran. As such, the study highlights the standpoint of the main decision makers in construction companies in regards to labour productivity in the construction sector. Thus, the key contribution of the present study is providing insight into the perceptions of CEOs, who play the most vital role in strategic development of construction companies whereas previous studies have mostly focused on project or middle managers having a lower influence in determining the strategic plans of companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the interaction of gender, disability and education in rural Iran, which is a relatively unexplored field of research. The responses of 10 female students with disabilities from Isfahan indicated that the obstacles they faced included marginalization, difficulties in getting from home to school, difficulties within the school building itself, and discrimination by teachers, classmates and school authorities. The data collected for the study contain a wide range of conservative gendered discourses, and show how traditional gender beliefs interact with disability to aggravate the problems faced in education by young women with disabilities. It is hoped that the findings will raise awareness among policy-makers of the many formidable obstacles that make it difficult for young women with disabilities to achieve their full potential in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identification of causes of divorce in any society is the first and most important step in proposing practical solutions to this social problem. This study aimed to investigate certain causes of divorce in a community of divorce applicants in Rafsanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 278 people (139 couples) applying for divorce, referring to counseling centers in Rafsanjan, Iran (2021) were enrolled via convenience sampling method. The causes of divorce were examined from the perspective of the counsellor and subjects. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean age were 34.70±9.85 years. From the perspective of counsellors, psychological-psychiatric and sociocultural issues were the most common reasons for divorce (19.4% and 19.1% respectively). Men stated that the most important causes of divorce were lack of boundaries (parental interference) (21.6%), lack of empathetic dialogue (18%), and lack of conflict resolution skills (17.6%). According to women, the principal causes of divorce were the husband's addiction (17.3%), poor anger control skills (15.1%), and economic problems (15.1%). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that apart from the issue of addiction and economy, other causes of divorce are related to marital skills, which can be reduced with proper pre-marriage education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a memory alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working memory test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical memory interview to indicate whether working memory capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict memory specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of memory specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working memory capacity can predict memory specificity (r=0.216, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in memory impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working memory capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict memory specificity. Therefore, memory capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher burnout is a world-wide phenomenon that draws the attention of educational psychologists and stimulates efforts in construct elaboration and measurement. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishments are three dimensions that constitute the burnout syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender and marital status on burnout of English teacher among 100 English teachers in Tehran, Iran. This paper describes the quantitative data obtained from the study. All the participants of the study were Iranian citizens who were working at secondary schools in Tehran. In order to determine the level of burnout experienced by English teachers, the Maslach Burnout Inventory test (MBI) was conducted. Based on the findings, the gender of English teacher seemed to have influenced the teacher's responses on each of the sub-scales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory so there was a significant difference between the gender and burnout. The study also found that there was no significant difference between marital status and the English teacher's score on the MBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to Florence Nightingale's hypothesis, the environment can play a central role in the healing of the patient's body and mind. The nurse should, therefore, strive to provide a healing and stress‐reducing environment for patients about to undergo invasive procedures. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental factors on anxiety as experienced by patients in waiting rooms prior to coronary angiography. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 200 patients undergoing coronary angiography in an urban area of Iran were assigned randomly to the following intervention groups: (1) nature sounds; (2) nature sounds and daylight; (3) nature sounds, daylight, and colour enhancements; and (4) control. Portable monitors were used to measure the patients' physiological indices upon admission and 30 and 60 minutes thereafter. Results: Patients who experienced environmental affecting interventions had significantly lower physiological indices of anxiety than the control group (P < 0.001). Some significance was demonstrated between the three interventions groups, with patients in the intervention group that experienced maximum environmental interventions demonstrating the most overall reduction in anxiety indices. Conclusion: Environmental factors were shown to have a positive effect on the indices of anxiety experienced by patients waiting for the procedure of coronary angiography; this is therefore an area of study and practice worthy of further development. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Waiting for coronary angiography is a source of anxiety for patients.Anxiety can influence patients' physiological responses.People have an inherent tendency to respond positively to nature sounds, daylight, and colour.What this paper adds? Environmental factors had positive effects on the physiological indices of anxiety among patients undergoing coronary angiography.Environmental factors can reduce the physiological indices of anxiety before coronary angiography.Nature sounds, daylight, and colour can affect positively physiological indices of anxiety. The implications of this paper: Environmental factors should be considered, alongside other interventions, during the provision of nursing care to prevent adverse physical and psychological affects in patients.Environmental changes help nurses to relieve patients' anxiety when they are waiting for invasive procedures.Environmental factors can help create a relaxing waiting time and improve the physiological indices of anxiety among patients undergoing coronary angiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

shahbazi s. (2012) The consequences of unsafe abortion : a qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(6), 1247-1255. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of a study of the consequences of illegal abortions experienced by Iranian women. Background. Despite the increase in effective and safe methods of contraception and the distribution of information about these methods, unwanted pregnancy is still a problem in some societies. Induced abortion is a common procedure throughout the world and at least half of more than 45 million induced abortions which happen in a year are performed under unsafe circumstances. Unsafe abortions carry a high risk of maternal mortality and morbidity, accounting for more than 80,000 maternal deaths per year. Method. In this qualitative study, 27 participants were interviewed in 2006. Some participants were women who had illegal abortions and others were people who had contact with those women. Content analysis was used to identify and categorize participants' responses to the interview questions. Findings. Four consequences of women's experiences of illegal abortion were identified: physical, psychological, socio-political and judicial. Conclusion. In Iran, as in some other developing countries intentional abortion, except for some special cases, is illegal because of social and religious beliefs. In these countries, offering services and support to women with unwanted pregnancies seems to be the best solution for reducing or preventing illegal abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people are among the most vulnerable in major disasters. In their aftermath, it is crucial to institute efforts that will maintain a high level of elders' quality of life (QoL). This paper presents QoL assessments of elderly survivors five years after the Bam earthquake in Iran, and evaluates the determinants. A cross-sectional analysis of 210 randomly-selected survivors was carried out in 2008 using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. A comparison of the results with data on the general population showed that experiencing the earthquake may adversely affect psychological dimensions of QoL even five years after, but paradoxically the earthquake resulted in better social relationships in affected communities than in the general population. Lower QoL associated with female gender, higher age, living alone, severe earthquake-related injury, poor quality of living conditions, increased dependency in the activities of daily living, living in an urban area, and being temporarily housed. Recovery experts and donors should carry out long-term monitoring of health status and QoL in disaster-affected communities, with a focus on psychological wellbeing. Intervention programmes that emphasise post-disaster quality of care and satisfactory housing may lead to better QoL of the victims and may shorten the recovery phase. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to show different Iranian accountants' as well shareholders' ideas on Non-audit services and their effects on audit independence in Iran. In other words, in this paper the authors have attempted to deal with this question: does providing non-audit services by an Iranian auditor impair audit independence? And in order to gather usable data a suitable questionnaire was designed and developed. The results of this study show that the participants strongly believe that non-audit services may impair audit independence. It is interesting to note that, although the auditors offer to clients non-audit services, they believe that offering such services leads to audit independence being questionable. Further, the result reveals that literate participants moderately agree that NAS has a negative effect on audit independence, however illiterate participants strongly agree that NAS has a negative affect on audit independence. This paper is the first paper which includes two groups of participants: the first group is auditors in general, or we can call them academiciana with pretensions to having auditing literacy and the second group is non- academician, including stakeholders who may not have auditing literacy skills. This may useful for future studies regarding the non-audit service and its effect on audit independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Anxiety manifests as feelings of worry, stress, and physical changes, such as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure. According to the coronavirus prevention protocols, home quarantine is necessary to control the disease in society, but doing it causes a feeling of social isolation and, ultimately, different psychological effects, such as mood disorders, depression, anxiety, and mental disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the population of South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods: Using a web-based descriptive-analytical study, data from 507 people were voluntarily collected using a demographic information questionnaire, religious attitudes of Sirajzadeh (26 questions), and anxiety caused by COVID-19 disease (18 questions). Multivariate linear regression was used to identify the effect of factors affecting anxiety related to the disease. Results: The results of this study showed no significant relationship between religious attitudes and anxiety in two-variable analysis (P>0.05), but in the presence of other variables in multivariate linear regression analysis, a significant relationship is observed between the dimension of the consequence of religious attitudes and physical anxiety (P=0.006). Also, the level of anxiety among women (P<0.001) in the age group 31-40 (P=0.003), married people (P<0.001), the unemployed (P<0.001), and people with a history of chronic diseases (P=0.003) was higher. Conclusion: This study showed a significant relationship between the consequences of religious attitude and physical anxiety, as well as high levels of anxiety among different population groups. Our study revealed high levels of anxiety among different populations among these groups. In this regard, the health care system should reduce the level of anxiety among high-risk groups by using psychological interventions and strengthening the religious basis of the society using religious leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Psychological hardiness is described as one of the vital health potentials on theoretical and research bases; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual experiences and the psychological hardiness of nurses. Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional path analysis. The research population included all the nurses of Birjand City, Iran in the second six months of 2023, of which 280 people were selected using a stratified random sampling method (male and female). The data collection tools were spiritual experiences questionnaires by Underwood and Teresi (2002), mindfulness by Chadwick et al. (2008), and psychological hardiness by Kiyamrie et al. SPSS software, version 22 and Amos software, version 22 were used for data analysis. Results: Bentayj showed that spiritual experiences directly affect mindfulness (P<0.01, ß=0.592). Spiritual experiences affect psychological hardiness both directly (P<0.01, ß=0.198) and through the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, ß=0.224). Mindfulness has a direct positive effect on psychological hardiness (P<0.01, ß=0.379) Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it is suggested to pay more attention to improving spiritual experiences and mindfulness to improve nurses' psychological hardiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of disease and illness is limited not merely by a lack of empirical knowledge but also by an inadequate medical semantics. The empiricist theories of medical language commonly employed both by comparative ethnosemantic studies and by medical theory are unable to account for the integration of illness and the language of high medical traditions into distinctive social and symbolic contexts. A semantic network analysis conceives the meaning of illness categories to be constituted not primarily as an ostensive relationship between signs and natural disease entities but as a 'syndrome' of symbols and experiences which typically 'run together' for the members of a society. Such analysis dirests our attention to the patterns of associations which provide meaning to elements of a medical lexicon and to the constitution of that meaning through the use of medical discourse to articulate distinctive configurations of social stress and to negotiate relief for the sufferer. This paper provides a critical discussion of medical semantics and develops a semantic network analysis of 'heart distress', a folk illness in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Old age is a critical period in life. Due to advances in technologies and improvement in healthy conditions, the number of aged population is increasing. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to their life satisfaction and attitudes towards aging. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of a psychological empowerment program on life satisfaction and attitude towards aging in older women living in Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials The study population consists of all women aged 60-70 years referred to a charity foundation in Tehran, Iran in 2020. Of these, 24 women were selected by a convenience sampling method. They were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Using a pre-test/post-test design, the elderly first completed the life satisfaction index-Z and the attitude towards aging questionnaire. Then, the experimental group received the psychological empowerment program at 8 sessions. After the intervention, the questionnaires were completed again by both groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data in SPSS software, version 19. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch (Code: IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1400.027). Results There was a significant difference in life satisfaction (F=9.673, P=0.006) and attitudes towards aging (F=8.385, P=0.009) between the two groups. The psychological empowerment program significantly improved life satisfaction and attitudes towards aging in older women. Conclusion The psychological empowerment program is effective in improving life satisfaction and attitude towards aging in older women living in Tehran. It can be used by experts in the fields of counseling, geriatrics, psychology, and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed consent should not be regarded as a rigid process. Instead, it should be regarded as a flexible process that provides patient with the right amount of information required to facilitate meaningful decision-making. Informed consent is an important ethical and practical part of patient care. Understanding the moral foundation of informed consent can help to guide therapists in their communication with all patients. Nurses, as members of the multidisciplinary team, are currently key contributors in providing information to patients regarding the treatment process. But in this process, there are some challenges that make it difficult. This paper describes the underlying ethical and regulatory requirements as well as related challenges regarding informed consent in the context of a nursing practice in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online learning systems have become an applied solution for delivering educational content, especially in developing countries, since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study is designed to identify the factors influencing the behavioral intention of agricultural students at universities in Iran to use online learning systems in the future. This research uses an extended model in which the constructs of Internet self-efficacy, Internet anxiety, and output quality are integrated into the technology acceptance model (TAM). Data analysis was performed using the SmartPLS technique. The analyses showed the proposed model to be strong in terms of predicting the attitude to online learning and the intention to use it. The extended TAM model fit the data well and predicted 74% of the intention variance. Our findings show attitude and perceived usefulness to have directly affected intention. Output quality and Internet self-efficacy indirectly affected attitude and intention. Research findings can help with the design of educational policies and programs to facilitate education and improve student academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: According to the learning approach, adaptation is a set of learned behaviors, and incompatibility occurs when a person has not learned the necessary skills to cope with daily life problems. At the same time, there is no perfect compatibility, but optimal compatibility probably occurs when there is a reasonable agreement between what a person thinks about himself and what others think about him. Therefore, it can be said that behavioral compatibility with new processes or new ways of doing work and tasks that result from using the Internet of Things in the organization is a fundamental issue in today's organizations (13). In other words, successfully dealing with new phenomena is called adaptation. Creating a logical connection between the new ways of doing things and tasks, which can be called processes modified by the Internet of Things, with the behavior of employees and how they deal with these processes is of great importance and is considered one of the important issues of the organization a problem caused by technological changes in the organization's environment (14). One of the companies providing services to people and citizens is the Electricity Distribution Company. In recent years, this company has been able to update many internal processes through the use of administrative automation, and subscribers do not need to visit in person to solve their problems or follow up on their requests. The use of the Internet of Things in the electricity distribution company is one of the new topics in the organization, which has improved the quality of providing services to subscribers both in terms of the speed of service delivery and the access of all people to services at any place and time (15). But the point that should be checked and evaluated is how the employees of this company deal with these changes. The behavioral adaptation of the employees of the electricity distribution company with the new way of providing services to the subscribers and also the changes made in the duties of the employees are among the issues that have arisen due to these changes. During the past few years, the managers of the Mazandaran and Golestan Regional Electric Company have made many changes within the company and also want to make extensive changes in the coming years, so it is important and necessary for the company managers to know that the employees are facing the changes that are going to be made. How will they react? The critical issue for company managers is to see these behavior patterns so that they can implement a system that fits these behavior patterns for employees to adapt to changes in their organization and deal with each behavior pattern accordingly. Therefore, if organizations want to survive, continue to live, improve, develop, and increase effectiveness, they must be sensitive to the different behaviors of employees and show appropriate reactions. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following central question: What is the pattern of adaptation of employees' behavior with an emphasis on the Internet of Things? Methods: In this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been done. The statistical population of the qualitative research includes organizational experts. These people included university professors (scientific experts) and senior managers, assistants, middle managers, and senior experts of the specialized mother company of Tavanir (practical experts) who had expertise (scientific experts) and sufficient experience (practical experts) in the field of research. Their opinions were used during Delphi and AHP hierarchical analysis. Criteria for selecting experts: People who have a master's degree or higher in the fields of human resource management or organizational behavior are included in this list. Also, have work experience in the management department of the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company) for 5 years or work experience for 10 years in the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company). Also, university professors in related fields as scientific experts are on this list. The time frame of data collection and implementation of the interview technique was carried out in the winter of 1400 and for one month. In the quantitative part of the questionnaire, the pairwise comparison of the dimensions and indicators of the model was provided to the statistical community, which included senior managers, assistant managers, middle managers, and senior experts in the field of human resources in the specialized mother company of Tavanir. To determine the sample in this section, the purposeful, non-probability sampling method was used until reaching theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview (Delphi questionnaire) and a researcher-made quantitative questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Delphi technique, structural equation method with the help of SMART PLS software, and AHP hierarchical analysis method. Results: The results show that the proposed model of employee behavior adaptation consists of 5 main dimensions, including attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, usage experience, cognitive processes, and behavioral motivation. In the hierarchical analysis section, the results show that the dimension of behavioral inspiration with a weight of 1.563 ranks first, and the dimension of mental norms with a weight of 0.602 ranks next in terms of importance in adapting the behavior of employees in the fourth industrial revolution with an emphasis on the Internet. Objects are located. Conclusion: In general, according to the results of the study, it can be said that the technology factor played an important role in the behavioral adaptation of the employees, therefore, the acceptance of technology and the behavioral adaptation of the employees with its, technological capabilities are needed in the field of improving the conditions of performing tasks for Describe the staff. The limitations of the research are those factors that create obstacles in the way of collecting information, analyzing, and obtaining desirable results. Limitations are inherent in any research. This research is not exempted from this principle and limitations include the problems of determining the index and converting qualitative categories into quantitative values such as attitude to behavior and the involvement of factors such as boredom, stress, lack of time and lack of sufficient knowledge of the respondents causing inaccuracy of people in Answering questions has had. Considering that behavioral motivation was recognized as the most important dimension of the behavioral adaptation model of the employees, it is suggested to improve the behavioral adaptation of the employees, to identify the expectations of the employees from the changes made, and to fulfill them or provide a logical justification for it. To accept the technology and adapt the behavior of the employees to it, it is suggested to explain the capabilities of the technology in the field of improving the working conditions for the employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a significant challenge to education systems worldwide, disrupting traditional teaching and learning methods. This study aims to explore the perceptions of medical students at Abadan University of Medical Sciences regarding electronic assessment methods during the pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study utilized conventional content analysis and involved medical students in their second semester of 2021 who had chosen a unit during the pandemic. Results: Through the analysis process, the participants' experiences were categorized into six main classes, which included the following: information technology infrastructure, teaching methods of teachers, design of virtual exam questions, monitoring of online exams, psychological issues, and types of virtual assessment. Conclusion: The medical students shared their experiences with virtual assessment during the pandemic, highlighting challenges related to internet infrastructure, communication issues between teachers and students, exam monitoring, psychological factors, reduced learning efficiency due to virtual summative assessment alone, and better learning efficiency through formative assessment alongside summative assessment. They also suggested improvements to online exams, such as increasing the number of questions on each page, allowing the possibility to return to previous questions, and ensuring non-randomness in clinical questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Limited research has been undertaken on suicide in developing countries. This paper aims to investigate characteristics of suicide attempts in Hamadan district of Iran. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in all university hospitals in the Hamadan district of Iran and patients admitted for attempted suicides were included. All cases were assessed by psychiatrists and visited by two trained interns of Medicine. Results: The incidence rate per 100,000 persons of attempted suicides was 228.6 for males and 263.1 for females; moreover, 344.9 for rural areas and 222.7 for urban areas. The suicide attempt was the highest in the 15 to 24 age category for both sexes and regions. Conclusions: Suicide is a complex, long-term outcome that requires multifaceted theoretical constructs for the appropriate study of its antecedents. Findings of this study along with other studies in Iran revealed that unemployed men, housewives, and rural women, high-school students, and those with a low level of education were at higher risk of suicidal behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 21: 1-12 Several tools have been developed for the measurement of emotional status of the child in paediatric dental clinics including nonverbal self-report techniques. Subjective methods like drawing and Child Drawing: Hospital (CD:H) score have recently been applied in hospitalized children. Studies, however, have not attempted to analyse children's drawings as an aid to investigate the subjective feelings of children in paediatric dental settings. To assess drawing as a measure for child's distress in paediatric dental settings. Fifty-four children, aged 4-11 years, participated in this study. After finishing the first therapeutic session, the child was instructed to draw a picture of a person in a dental clinic. The pictures were scored using CD:H score sheet and the findings were compared with SEM and Frankl scores. CD:H was correlated with both Frankl (correlation coefficient = −0.550) and SEM (correlation coefficient = +0.483) scales ( P < 0.001). Drawing is a useful measure of children's emotional status in dental settings in a way that is easier, familiar and more enjoyable for the child patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching through visualization or in Tomlinson's (1998) terms "the ability to build mental pictures or images while reading" is known as an efficient strategy in language learning. Thus, this research was done to investigate the role of this strategy on ESP reading comprehension ability of Iranian students whose syllabus mostly focuses on this skill. To do so, two homogeneous groups of thirty served as the experimental and the control groups. Before treatment, pretest was performed in both groups. The participants in the experimental group were taught through visualization and the ones in the control group were taught through the conventional method common in Iranian ESP setting by the same teacher. At the end of the treatment which took twenty-four sessions of two hours during twelve weeks, a test of 30-item multiple choice in ESP reading comprehension was administered to both groups. Finally, drawing on t-test at the 0.05 level of significance, the researchers compared the participants' performances to study such an effect. The findings revealed the significant advantage of using visualization in promoting ESP reading comprehension ability of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety can reduce the couples’ self-confidence and damage their mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety, cognitive avoidance, and empathy among couples visiting counseling centers in Ahvaz City, Iran, in 2020. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design, followup, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples with low marital adjustment who were referred to the psychological centers of Ahvaz in 2019. Using a convenience sampling method, 30 participants were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The research instruments included the symptom checklist-90- revised, the cognitive avoidance questionnaire, and the basic empathy scale. The experimental group underwent eight 90-min sessions (one session per week) of ACT, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The follow-up was performed after 45 days. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data in SPSS. Results: ACT effectively decreased anxiety and cognitive avoidance and increased empathy among couples in the experimental group (P<0.001). The Mean±SD pre-test and post-test scores of anxiety in the experimental group were 23.33±2.89 and 18.93±3.36, respectively, which decreased compared to the post-test mean score (24.27±2.96) of the control group. Conclusion: ACT decreased anxiety and cognitive avoidance and significantly increased empathy in married individuals. ACT can improve empathy in couples involved in marital conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Ambivalent sexist attitudes have been previously measured regarding several factors such as sex, race and religion. Aims: In this study, we evaluated the ambivalent sexism among Iranian individuals with gender dysphoria with or without disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods: Attitudes towards gender stereotypes were investigated using Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) among three groups of participants with varying psychosexual outcome. These groups were transpeople (N = 152, M = 25.44, SD = 6.52), people with DSD (N = 40, M = 21.2, SD = 2.24) and cisgender people (N = 195, M = 25.9, SD = 5.59). Results: Significant differences in both types of sexism, benevolent (F (2,383) = 134.217, p <.001) and hostile (F (2,383) = 93.765, p <.001), were found between transpeople, participants with DSD and controls. While scores of transpeople and people with DSD were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.191, Cohen's d = 0.38), both groups were significantly more sexist than controls on hostile sexism (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.4 and 1.1). In benevolent sexism, there were significant differences between the scores of the trans, DSD and control groups, with individuals with DSD being most sexist followed by transgender people (p < 0.001) and controls showing the least degree of sexism (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM), we propose that increased scores of ASI among individuals whose gender identity is incongruent with all or some of their physical features are attempts to attain gender typicality. This may lead to a higher degree of sexist beliefs than when all sex and gender characteristics are congruent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To investigate the impact of domestic violence‐related factors on suicide attempt in married women. Background: Suicide is a global public health concern that poses significant burden on individuals, families and communities. There is limited research on factors predicting suicide attempt in women. Design: A retrospective case–control design was adopted. Methods: Using a convenience sampling method, 610 participants, admitted to a teaching referral hospital in Northwest of Iran, were recruited to the study and assigned to case or control groups based on whether or not they had attempted suicide. The participants in two groups were matched in the terms of important demographic characteristics. Domestic violence‐related factors were considered as independent variables and suicide attempt as dependent variable. Descriptive statistics, and simple and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyse the data. Odds ratios (OR) of domestic violence‐related factors were compared between the groups. We used STROBE checklist as an EQUATOR in this study. Results: The mean age of participants in the case and control groups was 28.4 and 29.45 years, respectively. The infidelity was the strongest predictor of suicide attempt in women (OR 44.57, 95%CI 6.08–326. 63, p < 0.001), followed by being threatened to physical assault by husband (OR 37.01, 95%CI 11.54–118.67, p < 0.001), jealousy of husband (OR 23.46, 95%CI 11.63–47.30, p < 0.001), and previous attempts to divorce (OR 16.55, 95%CI 5.91–46.31, p < 0.001). Suicide attempt was significantly lower in women who reported a sense of peace in life or lived with their mother or father‐in‐law (p < 0.001). Conclusions: To reduce the risk of suicide in women, violence against women should be condemned and appropriate prevention measures be taken by health professionals. Relevance to clinical practice: Recognising risk, assessment and referral of victims of domestic violence should be an integral part of healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are new methods used primarily for infertility treatment. They consist of different methods for including inseminated sperm into the uterine tube, developing embryo transfer into the fallopian tube, injecting sperm into the egg, and also IVF. This article examines the legal aspects and civil liability resulting from these modern technologies. In other words, we are going to see how children born by these technologies are related to the sperm owners and egg donors, and in what circumstances religion allows these technologies. Materials and Methods: This study uses documentary and library methodology. Given the fact that ART bloodline is not defined in Iranian law, this paper tries to find an appropriate solution by appealing to dynamic Islamic fiqh and general legal rules. Results: Parentage debates are quite significant, since we can decide for other crucial affairs including privacy, inheritance, alimony, and custody once parents are determined. Therefore, it is essential to examine parenthood regardless of religious permission. Gamete and embryo donation act approved in 2003 by Iranian Parliament would not suffice to manage issues and further arrangements need to be considered. In addition, it is essential that parents, sperm owners, egg donors (provided they are married) mention all terms and conditions in a contract and liabilities be determined. Laws and rules concerning civil liability are general and would embrace the subjects discussed. Yet, the novelty of these emergent technologieshave restrained them from being merged into the customs, let alone adopting children born by them. Conclusions: Parentage of children born by ART bears significant civil and religious consequences. Turning a blind eye to it can cause harm and result in morbid social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A history of suicide attempts is the most important predictor of suicide. The aim of this study was to understand the experience of women after suicide attempts. Design and Methods: A purposive sampling method using semistructured in‐depth interviews with seven Iranian women was implemented for data collection, and an interpretative phenomenological approach with the van Manen method was used for data analysis. Findings: The main theme was "being at the center of attention," from which emerged two subthemes: "loved ones keeping an eye on them" and "rain of love." Practical Implications: The study participants experienced satisfaction with their suicide attempt, and some of them felt that they are now being restricted. The study recommends that a special caregiver training program would be beneficial to educate the families in appropriate behavior after a loved one's suicide attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feeding ecology of gray wolves has been investigated extensively worldwide. Despite previous studies on food habits of wolves in Asia and Iran, none has focused on the diet of the species in a scenario of depleted of wild prey and with recent records of attacks on humans. Here, we combined telemetry methods and scat analysis to study the diet of wolves in areas of Hamadan province, Iran, where medium to large wild prey is almost absent. Between October 2015 and March 2017, we studied the feeding behavior (by identifying feeding sites through clusters of GPS locations) of three wolves fitted with GPS collars, belonging to different wolf packs. We also collected and analyzed 110 wolf scats during the same period within the same areas. Overall, we investigated 850 clusters of GPS locations in the field, and identified 312 feeding sites. Most feeding clusters were linked to dumpsites and poultry farms around villages. We found 142 and 170 events of predatory (kill sites) and scavenging behavior, respectively. Prey composition based on kill sites was comprised of 74.6% livestock, 19.7% lagomorphs, 3.5% dogs, 1.4% red fox, and 0.7% golden jackal. Similarly, prey composition based on scavenging clusters was comprised of 79.9% livestock, 10.6% red fox, and 9.4% golden jackal. Scat analysis, however, indicated that livestock (34.3%), garbage (23.7%), poultry (16.0%), and European hare (15.4%) were the most frequent food items. We discuss the role of anthropogenic food sources in a context where agonistic wolf-human encounters occur recurrently, and suggest management guidelines regarding illegal dumping of animal carcasses and garbage dumpsites, in order to minimize wolf-human negative interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to increase the acceptance level of the cervical cancer screening behavior among women, understanding the associated factors of the behavior is necessary. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive determinants of Pap smear screening (PSS) behaviors among rural women in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, multistage random sampling was employed to recruit 220 rural women in Tabriz, Iran. A valid and reliable health behavior model (HBM)-based instrument was completed by all the respondents. Results: The odds ratio of perceived benefits in multivariable was 1.18 (1.08 - 1.27) i.e. with one unit increase in perceived benefits, odds cervical cancer screening behavior 18% increases, and age = 0.94 (0.91 - 0.98) i.e. with one unit increase in age, odds cervical cancer screening behavior 6% decreases were statistically significant. Conclusions: The HBM was promising in determining the cognitive predictors of PSS behavior. Healthcare providers may specifically focus on perceived benefits and perceived barriers for designing PSS promotion interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression and anxiety are two psychosocial illnesses that mostly are comorbid. The prevalence of these diseases is increasing worldwide. Both can affect general health also oral and dental health. The effects can be physiological and behavioral. Patients with these disorders are not willing to keep oral hygiene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between depression/anxiety and oral health indices in the 15–75-year-old population of Kerman. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 5900 people aged 15–75 years through one-stage cluster sampling (Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study, KERCADRS). Data were collected through beck questionnaires for anxiety and depression and clinical examinations. Oral health indices including decayed, missing, filled teeth, gingival index (GI), and community periodontal index (CPI) were also measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Chi-square, t-test and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the variables. P ≤0.05 was considered as the level of statistical significance. Results: In the study, 1975 (33.6%) of patients showed moderate-to-severe anxiety and 3502 (59.5%) got the scores as depressed. There was a significant difference between GI and CPI indices of the normal and depressed group (P < 0.01), but the difference in the anxious and normal group was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed a significant relationship between depression and oral health indices but not with anxiety. Therefore, the present study suggests that more attention should be paid to the oral health of people with a history of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]