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The adoption of paper in the Middle East changed literacy practices and improved economic performance, yet current accounts remain unhelpful for understanding why and how it happened. This paper offers a new analysis of the long-term factors behind the adoption of paper in the Middle East, combining insights from economic theory, economic history and evidence from quantitative studies. The paper establishes a long-term trend in the price of writing material and books in the Middle East, and suggests an explanation based on economic factors which led to a decline in the price of inputs in paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a steady-state model was developed to describe the paper drying process and to analyze pocket dryer conditions for a multi-cylinder fluting paper machine in Iran's Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries. The machine has 35 cylinders grouped in three drying groups and the cylinders are heated from the inside by steam. The model is based on the mass and energy balance relationships written for fiber, air, and water in the drying section. In this research, the heat of sorption and its variations with paper temperature and humidity changes have been taken into account. Temperature and moisture variation of the paper web and cylinder surface temperature in the machine direction were predicted by the proposed model. Also, temperature and humidity of air in the drying pockets and hood exhaust were estimated by the proposed model. Moreover, the model can predict the evaporation rate and specific drying rate with sufficient accuracy in comparison with the TAPPI standard. Finally, the main modeling parameters were compared with the available operating data and the effectiveness of the developed model was verified through validations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the determination of sheet formation effects on the printability of uncoated fine paper. The sheet formation plays an important effect on print quality as manufacturers of printing grades try to ensure that the best possible printability of their product will be achieved. Examinations of uncoated fine papers were conducted to know the effect of sheet formation. At least 89 commercial uncoated fine papers from North America were examined. The sheet formation was measured with the PaperPerfect formation analyzer.

Focuses on an experiment to study the impact of aqueous treatment on the strength properties of Whatman filter paper. Information on folding endurance and tensile absorption of the paper; Explanations for the decrease in tensile strength of the paper after aqueous treatment; Discussion on long-term implications of decrease in tensile strength on the basis of different strength decrease scenario.

Fibers from recycled copy paper were pretreated with two polymers, cationic poly-DADMAC followed by anionic CMC. Results were slightly different from the results of earlier work, which showed that the maximum strength was obtained when the amount of poly-DADMAC was just sufficient to saturate the fibers. In this study, higher tensile strength was obtained when poly-DADMAC addition exceeded the saturation level. It was hypothesized that the strength increase arises from the information of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in the bulk phase, followed by deposition of PECs onto the fibers. Pre-formed complexes were retained efficiently by the fibers, especially when their surfaces had been pretreated with poly-DADMAC to saturation. Surprisingly, such pretreatment increased the retention efficiency of all of the PEC mixtures tested. PEC deposition yielded an additional increase of about 13% in dry strength beyond what could be achieved by treatments not involving complexation. Application: Dual treatment with dry-strength polymers may boost the strength of paper made from recycled copy paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on an experiment to study the influence of accelerated ageing temperature on properties of papers treated with calcium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide combined with methyl cellulose solutions. Two kind of papers used in the experiment; Conditions under which accelerated ageing procedure was carried out; Measurement of chemical, optical and mechanical properties of treated and untreated papers.

Focuses on seven kinds of traditional Chinese paper. Effect of jiaofanshui, animal glue with alum as an acidic sizing agent; Properties of xuan paper and daqian writing paper; Uses of various traditional Chinese papers.

The article presents a second part of the study which evaluates important statistically valid test methods traditionally used for the determination of paper properties. The methodology used in this study is based on the first part which consists of the selection of appropriate samples, preparation, experimental planning, and selecting the suitable treatment for the paper. Based on the evaluation, the most sensitive and reproducible test procedures were selected to suggest a test protocol for paper conservation interventions.

The rate of wetting and washing of paper was been studied in this article. The papers studied were an Arches artists' paper and a Whatman filter paper. The papers were used as supplied and as artificially discoloured by soaking them in a concentrated aqueous extract of old, discoloured paper. The wetting of the Arches paper was much slower than that of the filter paper; a surfactant accelerated the wetting of the Arches paper but had little effect on the filter paper. For both discoloured papers, the rate of washing was accelerated by the presence of surfactant. The rate of wetting and of washing was increased as the temperature increased. A period of storage at zero degree, relative humidity increased the extent of washing compared with paper previously humidified.

The time from the mid-late Eastern Han Dynasty to the early period of the Three Kingdoms witnessed the simultaneous use of both bamboo and paper and the transition from the former to the latter as the preferred medium for literature. Paper, as a newly developed medium, was an informal text vehicle at first and had a closer connection with popular and recreational texts. The breakdown of the Eastern Han Dynasty accelerated the process of the replacement of bamboo by paper. Broad room for writing and cheap cost for production by paper changed writing conventions, shortened the composing process, and enlarged the volume of texts; all these made for a freer and more direct expression of feelings and meanings. The innovation in text carrier directly broadened the influence of literature, raised its value, promoted "letter correspondence" as a literary genre and enhanced the quality of literature as a way of expressing one's emotions. The change of text carrier led to the change in literary style, which gave rise to a more detailed study of literary genres. The enlargement of knowledge among intellectuals brought about the fashion of using dian (words that have a historical context). With the rising status of paper, the status of recreational works also rose. Meanwhile, the transition between these two mediums disrupted the propagation of traditional works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone components are commonly added to paper in order to reduce the sticking on the surface to favor the separation of commodities with fat matrix from the paper wrapping. In this work infrared spectroscopy (in the HATR version) was evaluated for performing the quantitative determination of the silicone components content present on the surface of the aforesaid packages. The proposed method is demonstrated to distinguish papers that are differentiable for a content of at least 0,1-0,2 g/m 2 , furnishing results in rapid and predictable way and not necessitating any preliminary sample preparation. Its application has allowed, for example, to determine the different level of silicone components that could be found in a paper used for oven-cooking of foods or in paper-packages for minicakes found on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which correlated the chemical, optical and mechanical properties of paper made from Egyptian raw materials with aging factors. Experimental set up; Results and discussion; Summaries.

Focuses on an experiment regarding the effect of pH and alkaline reserve of paper on the growth of some filamentous fungi. Factors influencing the growth and metabolic activities of filamentous fungi; Treatment given to different qualities of paper during the experiment; List of fungal strains that were used to carry out biological tests on paper samples.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) use the passive capillary-driven flow of aqueous solutions through patterned paper channels to transport a sample fluid into distinct detection zones that contain the reagents for a chemical assay. These devices are simple, affordable, portable, and disposable; they are, thus, well suited for diagnostic applications in resource-limited environments. Adding screen-printed electrodes to the detection zones of a μPAD yields a device capable of performing electrochemical assays (an EμPAD). Electrochemical detection has the advantage over colorimetric detection that it is not affected by interference from the color of the sample and can be quantified with simple electronics. The accessibility of EμPADs, however, is limited by the requirement for an external potentiostat to power and interpret the electrochemical measurement. New developments in paper-based electronics may help loosen this requirement. This review discusses the current capabilities and limitations of EμPADs and paper-based electronics, and sketches the ways in which these technologies can be combined to provide new devices for diagnostic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, we contemplate the merger of paper and electronics in different forms. There is a great desire to further explore this twinning of the information displaying features of printed papers and electronic inks. Here, we report a full-color paperboard display technology comprised of thermochromic and static inks combined with a patterned heater foil. Black and full-color thermochromic ink dots were screen-printed adjacent to, and on top of, static ink dots using a zero-angle mesh and template pattern orientation. As the heater is turned on and off, the display alter its content in between two predefined four-color pictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One consequence of the ongoing controversy on the implementation of digital tools in early writing instruction is a need to investigate the effect of different writing instruction tools such as pen(cil) and paper and tablet computers on early writing. The purpose of this pilot study is to develop a study design and a writing test to investigate the effect of writing instruction tool (tablet computer vs. pen and paper) and test format (digital vs. pen-and-paper) on early writing outcomes. For the writing test, our pilot study shows that pupils assessed by the digital test format wrote faster compared with those assessed by pen-and-paper format, independent of the writing instruction tool. Given the limitations of this pilot study in scope and its quasi-experimental nature, we provide some suggestions for the design of a larger scale study by taking into account the rapid development of the field of early writing instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on how self-control over pace might help learners successfully extract information from digital learning aids. Past research has indicated that too much control over pace can be overwhelming, but too little control over pace can be ineffective. Within the popular self-testing domain of flashcards, we sought to elucidate the optimal level of user control for digital learning and compare learning outcomes between paper and digital flashcards. College students learned vocabulary from paper flashcards or one of several digital flashcard versions and were scored on their memory recall and asked about their perceptions of the learning process. With digital flashcards, students were randomly assigned to an automatic slideshow of cards with no user control, automatic slideshow with pre-set pauses, automatic slideshow where users could press the spacebar to pause at any time, or a self-paced slideshow with complete user control. Users reported feeling more in control when indeed having some control, but ultimately memory recall, cognitive load, and satisfaction were similar across the five versions. However, memory recall was positively related to user satisfaction with their specific flashcard set, and negatively related to users' perceived mental effort and difficulty. Notably, whether paper or digital, students showed individual variability in how they advanced through the words. This research adds to the educational literature by suggesting that paper and digital flashcards are equally viable options for students. Given differences between individual users and the connection between satisfaction and recall, individualistic options that offer, but do not force, some control over pace seem ideal. Paper flashcards may already include such options, and e-flashcards should offer similar adaptive features to appeal to a wide variety of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This small-scale pilot study aimed to establish how the mode of response in an examination affects candidates' performances on items that require an extended answer. The sample comprised 46 17-year-old students from two classes (one in a state secondary school and one in a state sixth-form college), who sat a mock A-level English Literature examination. The analysis compared writing produced on screen and on paper to try to uncover any systematic differences between the two modes of delivery. The study considered the linguistic features of the texts produced in each mode, the marks achieved and the views of the participants regarding the use of computers in essay-based examinations. The study found that the response mode had a small effect on the length of essay produced, in that students using a computer wrote more, and on the type of language used, in that students writing on paper used denser but less varied language. There was very little effect on the marks achieved. Participants expressed a variety of concerns about computer-based examinations, such as noisy keyboards, assessment of spelling, and unfairness towards those who are less comfortable with the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigated the comparability of paper and computer versions of a functional writing assessment administered to adults 16 and older. Three writing tasks were administered in both paper and computer modes to volunteers in the field test of an assessment of adult literacy in 2008. One set of analyses examined mode effects on scoring by comparing scores for adults’ original handwritten responses to scores for their transcribed word-processed versions. Differences in overall or individual criterion scores were either statistically or practically nonsignificant. A second analysis examined differences in performance between adults who received paper versus computer versions of the same task. A third analysis examined whether the differences between administration modes were moderated by demographic variables or by computer experience. Results showed that adults performed better overall and on most aspects of the writing tasks when writing on paper than on computer. The effects of administration mode varied by employment status for one task, by race/ethnicity, age and word-processor experience for another task, and remained the same for all subgroups for the third task. These results suggest that, depending upon the writing tasks, a computer mode of administration may disadvantage some subgroups (e.g., unemployed) more than others (e.g., employed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work reviews the different analytical methods that have been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from different modern writing instruments. The reported works have been classified according to the writing instrument studied and the ink component analyzed in relation to aging. The study, done chronologically, shows the advances experienced in the ink dating field in the last decades. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Komponisten der Gegenwart (KdG) is currently the only ongoing and continuously updated German reference work on music. As of 2016 it comprises over 10,250 pages, a number that periodically increases with the addition of new entries. The lexicon includes both contemporary composers considered part of the musicological canon, and neglected or forgotten figures. The KdG operates on a very small scale with very limited institutional and private economic support. It neither benefits from the framework of a university or research institute nor does it have the financial backing of a foundation, creating serious structural problems affecting production and proper distribution. Therefore, the inclusion of KdG in meta-encyclopedias such as the RILM Music Encyclopedias facilitates the way in the digital future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Red sealing-ink samples are frequently submitted to forensic laboratories for identification and comparison in a wide variety of criminal and civil cases. The non-destructive identification of sealing-inks on paper is of important to preserve as large an amount of a fraudulent check, forged document, or other such evidence as possible for use in legal proceedings. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for the analysis of red sealing-inks on paper surfaces was investigated. TOF-SIMS spectra were employed to identify elements and organic compounds in red sealing-inks. An analysis was performed on five sealing-inks of red color manufactured in Korea, Japan, and China. Several fibers from specific sealing-ink sample on paper can be removed leaving little evidence of tampering and can be distinguished from other sealing-inks. Overlapped area of sealing-ink and ballpoint pen in the document was also investigated in order to identify the sequence of recording. Therefore, this study shows that TOF-SIMS is a useful technique for the non-destructive analysis of red sealing-inks on paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article suggests that accountants and auditors use alkaline paper for those records that may be needed for more than 25 years. An experiment that simulated the aging of paper showed that most papers are acidic and become more acidic as they deteriorate. Accounting firms need two kinds of permanent paper: stationery for correspondence, minutes and other agreements; and accounting work papers which are lined and ruled with numbered columns. Current papers that are deteriorating can be photocopied on alkaline paper.

A literary criticism is presented of several 18th century short stories and poems, including the short stories "The Genuine and Most Surprizing Adventures of a Very Unfortunate Goose-Quill" and "The Adventures of a Goose-Quill. In the Manner of Mrs. Midnight’s Tye-Wig” and the poem "From a Sheet of Gilt Paper to Cloe," by Sarah Dixon. Particular focus is given to the narratives written from the perspective of goose quills, paper and pens, including in regard to gender and materiality.

Abstract: This paper presents recent modifications of the Leak Before Break procedure of the A16 appendix from French RCC-MR nuclear code and the improvements that will be proposed. The first part of the study deals with the prediction of the crack size at penetration. In the case of small initial defect the validity of the Master Curve used in the A16 appendix is confirmed for pipes. For large initial defects, a correction to the A16 procedure is proposed to take into account the effect of large initial crack length on its size at penetration. The second part of this paper focuses on the crack shape evolution after penetration, which is characterized by two stages: first straightening of the crack shape and then crack growth at both inner and outer surfaces. This typical behaviour is confirmed by numerical and experimental works for which particular loading conditions have been investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article deals with the continued consumption of paper. It was assumed that computer technology has the potential of reducing the use of paper. However, every country in the Western world uses more paper as of December 2005, on a per-capita basis, that it did ten years ago. Cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts argued that paper persisted for very good reasons: when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many advantages over computers. The fundamental confusion about the role of paper makes people feel dismayed at the sight of a disorganized desk.

Abstract: The Szeged index extends the Wiener index for cyclic graphs by counting the number of vertices on both sides of each edge and sum these counts. Klavzar et al. [S. Klavzar, A. Rajapakse, I. Gutman, The Szeged and the Wiener index of graphs, Appl. Math. Lett. 9 (5) (1996) 45–49] provided an exact formula for computing Szeged index of product of graphs. In this paper, we apply a matrix method to obtain exact formulae for computing the Szeged index of join and composition of graphs. The join and composition of the vertex PI index of graphs are also computed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A tree which has exactly one vertex of degree greater than two is said to be starlike. In spite of seemingly simple structure of these trees, not much is known about their spectral properties. In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the notion of cospectrality called -cospectrality which turns out to be useful in constructing cospectral graphs. Based on this, we construct cospectral mates for some starlike trees. We also present a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for divisibility of the characteristic polynomial of a starlike tree by the characteristic polynomial of a path. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Measurement of short-term and long-term deflections is a necessary step towards understanding and evaluating the status of a bridge. In this paper, a novel non-contact weighted-stretched-wire (NCWSW) system is developed for measuring the deflection of a bridge. Also some factors related to the system are addressed. The proposed system is promising due to some attractive features such as high precision, low implementation cost and suitability for continuous monitoring. The efficiency and reliability of NCWSW system are investigated both analytically and experimentally. A realistic NCWSW system has been used in the monitoring of a real-world bridge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract  Multiobjective optimization methodology for the development of the papermaking process is considered. The aim is to find efficient and reliable solution procedures for the process line model consisting of sequential unit-process models; some of them based on physics, whereas others on experimental data. By the consequence of modeling procedures, nonphysical states or inherited from modeling data in statistical case, the unit-process models may suffer from undesired unreliability. To control the uncertainty resulting from the unit-process models, a new multiobjective optimization approach is introduced where both the papermaking targets as well as the uncertainty related unit-process models are simultaneously taken into account. We illustrate the solution process by numerical examples related to the quality of the produced paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper sets forth three mismatch properties, strictly ordered in strength, about sewings of crumpled n-cubes. The strongest is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for a sewing to yield , and the weakest, a necessary but not sufficient one. We show that when both crumpled cubes satisfies the Disjoint Disks Property, then the weakest property implies the sewing yields , and we also show that the intermediate property leads to the same conclusion when just one of the crumpled cubes possesses the Disjoint Disks Property. In addition, we develop examples that confirm sharpness of the relevant Disjoint Disks conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we study a boundary feedback system of a class of nonuniform undamped Timoshenko beam with both ends free. We give some sufficient conditions and some necessary conditions for the system to have exponential stability. Our method is based on the operator semigroup technique, the multiplier technique, and the contradiction argument of the frequency domain method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the discourse utilized by President George Bush after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. I carried out the analysis of the discourse strategies used by the main actors involved in justifying of the war on their foes. As a method for analyzing the discourse I relied on frame analysis. Framing involves selecting certain aspects of the reality perceived into a text in order to endorse definitions of the protagonist, antagonist and the conflict and then to propose some alternatives for the solution of said conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let ${\mathbb D}:=\{(x_1,x_2)\in {\mathbb R}^2:x_1^2+x_2^2 < 1\}$ be the 2-dimensional unit disk and $\gamma \in H^{1/2} (\partial {\mathbb D},{\mathbb R}^3) \cap L^\infty (\partial {\mathbb D})$. For suitably small H>0, we consider the Dirichlet problem for H-systems \[ \hskip3.4cm \left\{\begin{array}{rlll} \Delta u &=& 2H u_{x_1} \wedge u_{x_2} &\quad {\rm in}\ {\mathbb D}\\[5pt] u &=& \gamma &\quad {\rm on}\ \partial {\mathbb D}\,.\hskip3.45cm {\rm (H)} \end{array} \right. \] It is well-known that (H) admits at least two distinct solutions for non-constant γ and small H>0. In this paper, we introduce conditions on γ and develop methods of finding at least three distinct solutions to (H) under such conditions on γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that moralists and millers alike grinded away an epoch when the world of letters was inconceivable without paper, and when paper, though the source material was in perpetual short supply, could not be made without rag. Even paper and bread were not much different in composition, being in both cases vegetable stripped from the stalk and either cooked or dried; and the machinery that made them both was sometimes to be found under the same roof, millstone and masher blades in adjoining sheds, turned by the same gear and driven by the same wind or pure water.

Abstract: In this paper we expose new method to analyse time series. The method is essentially applied for the prediction of time series among approximation and modelisation. It is based on wavelet decomposition combined with autoregressive models. An iterative procedure is applied and the performance of the estimator is measured by standardized error. Finally, a comparison with some existing models and methods has been pointed out to prove the performance of our’s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]