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The goal of this analysis was to obtain local citation behavior data on undergraduates researching history, political science, and sociology papers. The study found that students cited books and journals even with the availability of web sources; however, usage varied by subject. References to specific websites' domains also varied across subject area. Most of the top journal titles that students referenced were online and locally owned. Students cited a broader range of journal titles than predicted by the Law of Scattering and cited titles across a wide array of subject areas. This data helped identify potential gaps in the library's collection and services. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reports on the use of aerial photographs to study the social structure of a dairy farm neighborhood in St. Lawrence County, New York. The paper compares information from aerial photographs of farmsteads and farm work to data gathered in a sociological survey. I examine how the visual data compares to other sociological information; how photographs, in this research, amplify, supplement, or contextualize nonvisual data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In analyzing the 1979 strike by nearly all of the prison guards in New York State, this paper focuses on the social organization of the prison environment and the guards' changing occupational role as critical causes of the strike. Many guards believe that in recent years they have lost status and much of their authority; in addition, racial tension has mounted within the guard force as well as between guards and inmates. The authors argue that collective bargaining is not well suited to resolving those problems, and in fact the bargaining system may have aggravated them. The authors also analyze the strike's resolution, concluding that it was the state's use of National Guard troops and the application of Taylor Law sanctions, rather than any bargaining strategy by either party, that brought the guards back to work. Finally, the authors suggest that these strike penalties may have intensified the worker anger and discontent that were major causes of the strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the convention of the American Sociological Association. The article further refers to a sociologist who is so much a part of normal society that today one of the stores is tendering a fashion show for his wife to indicate her status equal to the wife of doctor, politician or any other example of social adjustment to be found at a convention in New York. According to the author, the paper presented at the convention can only represent a tiny sample of all the chaff that is annually struck up by this vast communal threshing crew. People owe many of these papers to the broad tolerance of the American academic community which apparently approved and even financed them without one man in a supervisory position having the discourtesy to suggest that the matter under study was self-evident. There seems also to be developing a sociology within sociology which promises much. Its best sample is a paper which indicates that persons who fail to answer sociological questionnaires by mail come from homes where their parents habitually beat them.

Accurate and fast path computation is essential for applications such as onboard navigation systems and traffic network routing. While a number of heuristic algorithms have been developed in the past few years for faster path queries, the accuracy of them are always far below satisfying. In this paper, we first develop an agglomerative graph partitioning method for generating high balanced traverse distance partitions, and we constitute a three-level graph model based on the graph partition scheme for structuring the urban road network. Then, we propose a new hierarchical path computation algorithm, which benefits from the hierarchical graph model and utilizes a region pruning strategy to significantly reduce the search space without compromising the accuracy. Finally, we present a detailed experimental evaluation on the real urban road network of New York City, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to generate optimal fast paths and to facilitate real-time routing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a New York City man risked his own life to save a stranger on the subway tracks, the New York Times interpreted his behavior not in terms of virtue but as a product of certain ‘hard-wiring’ he happened to possess. In denying virtue, the Times followed a school of thought that is pervasive in social science (referred to in this paper as the ‘individualists’) who, for example, explain charitable donations by pointing out tax deductions, explain volunteer work by revealing the opportunities contained therein to meet other singles, and so on. Actually, the assumptions and arguments which ground this widespread ‘denial of virtue’ are both empirically and normatively flawed, and the theory itself is belied by data about people doing good for moral reasons. Evidence drawn from personal introspection, from empirical studies of human behavior, from analysis of voting as a civil act, from interpreting peoples’ reaction to Alzheimer’s disease, from critical inspection of the logic of ‘individualist’ social explanations, and from a normative criticism of the products of the ‘individualist’ approach all support a rejection of the ‘individualist’ approach. The deniers of virtue should heed the evidence and pay mind to the amoralizing consequences of their erroneous theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Americans are aware that joy was expressed in the Arab world over the suffering inflicted on Americans with the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. Less known is that such Schadenfreude was expressed by many Chinese citizens as well. This paper analyzes a sample of texts from postings on the Beijing University bulletin board system. Following a discursive approach to the social psychological study of emotion, we consider discourse as the means whereby power relations are asserted and maintained. These power relations comprise a domain within which actions and emotional displays are occasioned and understood. Based on the texts analyzed here, Schadenfreude can be understood as a discursive display by an observer of an event. This event must be recognized in terms of a "discursive history" within which a bully (here, the United States) has repeatedly violated the "rights" of bullied parties. In accordance with this discursive history, the event is seen as a reversal-in-tradition whereby rights presumed by the bully are violated. Finally, the observer must disidentify with the bully. As a discursive display, Schadenfreude not only comprises the overt performance of the observer's taken-for-granted understanding of the bully-as-bully, but also displaces any potential alternative discourse such as expressions of sympathy other observers may have for any target of such an event. This approach complements the social constructionist perspective within the literature on the sociology of emotions, but departs fundamentally from this literature's essentialist (or psycho-physiological) perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses holy New York City's workfare program has structured opportunities for collective action by welfare recipients. As workfare blurs the distinction between wage workers and welfare recipients, it calls into question accepted understandings of the rights and obligations of welfare recipients and fosters new claims on the state. The concept of "cultural opportunity structures" can help to explain the political mobilization of workfare participants if it is linked to a Durkheimian tradition of cultural analysis attentive to symbolic classification. The dramaturgic approach to culture exemplified in the work of Erving Goffman can usefully complement this structural approach if a narrowfocus on frames and framing processes is broadened to include interaction rituals and ceremonial profanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a report from the president of the American Sociological Society (ASS). Preparations are now under way for the 1947 annual meeting of ASS. The tentative arrangements are to meet in New York City, from December 28-30. Specific plans will be announced at the earliest possible moment in order to facilitate the largest possible attendance on the part of the members. According to the author, this is an appropriate time to review the progress that has been made in the major fields of sociological interest and in the discipline as a whole. With this in view, the author is considering inviting a number of members of the Society who have been particularly interested in one or another field of sociology to give an account of the present state of knowledge in their respective fields of interest in the form of a comprehensive paper which will be circulated early in the year among their colleagues having a similar interest, with the object of inducing the latter to participate in a panel which would subject this field to rigorous analysis and clarify the problems and possibilities that exist.

This article argues that U.S. education reforms for "failing" schools are strikingly similar to a domestic Structural Adjustment Program; and that comparing the two clarifies: how K–12 schools are neoliberalized and how neoliberalism's key feature is the making of a larger yet less democratic state. The study contrasts with the scholarship claiming that reforms epitomized by the "No Child Left Behind Act" are neoliberal because they stem from interests in privatization for capital accumulation. The analysis focuses on a "failing" school navigating federal reforms in New York State, drawing on education policy, school documents, ethnography, and interviews. It shows how the neoliberal state took power from local school authorities, and largely did not shrink the state via privatization. This work illustrates how neoliberal reforms for "failing" schools are at least as much about power as they are about profits and demonstrates the large-scale continuity in neoliberal restructuring strategies and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury related deaths. Urban areas accommodate multiple road users and pedestrians account for a larger share of traffic fatalities. Speed reduction has been one component of New York City's multidisciplinary approach to reduce traffic fatalities—Vision Zero. Data from the New York City (NYC) Community Health Survey 2015–2016 were used to document population-based estimates of self-reported speeding (defined as driving ten miles per hour or more over the posted speed limit in the past 30 days) among NYC adult drivers collected soon after the adoption of Vision Zero in 2014. Self-reported speeding is common, with nearly two-thirds (63%) of adult drivers indicating they ever sped and 13% often speeding. In adjusted multivariable models, often speeding was more common among younger drivers vs. older drivers (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.77; 95%CI 1.93–3.98), males vs. females (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.59; 95%CI 1.35–1.87), wealthier drivers vs. poorer drivers (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.37; 95%CI 1.10–1.70) and those reporting worse perceived social cohesion vs. better perceived social cohesion (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.51; 95%CI 1.09–2.10). Population-based health surveys facilitate exploration of a range of potential influences on health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a note from the new editor of the journal "Sociological Forum," for the first issue processed in the Albany office in New York. The issue is similar to the issues from offices in Ithaca and Stony Brook. Two reasons for this continuity are that the papers in editorial process at Stony Brook were sent to Albany in the editorial office transition and that editors are at the mercy of the authors who submit manuscripts. The plea made to authors by editor Stephen Cole was that if one had a manuscript ready for submission, one should first think of the "Sociological Forum."

ABSTRACT This paper explores the connection between employment trends and state mental hospital admissions first presented by Brenner in Mental Illness and the Economy The analysis is based on employment data for the Buffalo SMSA and admissions to the SMSAs only major public psychiatric hospital for the years 1914 to 1955. We employ a series of specifications in time-series analyses. Our findings contrast with Brenner's; unlike his analysis, ours indicates that employment is positively related to admissions. Consistent with other previous research, hospital capacity is also found to be important in predicting admissions. We offer a number of interpretations for the results, in particular noting the need for the examination of the stressful effects of work itself, not merely its loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society (ASS), 1949. The forty-fourth annual meeting of the American Sociological Society will be held in New York City, December 28-30, 1949. The program is oriented toward the presentation of research and the analysis of problems, whether substantive or methodological, that lie near the frontiers of contemporary sociology. The paper "The American Soldier" will be subjected to analysis and evaluation as a research contribution in one meeting, while another will consider the censuses of 1950 as potential sources of data for social analysis. It is peculiarly appropriate that this meeting devoted to the frontiers of sociological research should be held under the auspices of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The headquarters of both the ASS and the Rural Sociological Society will be the Hotel New Yorker, though ASS's own day meetings will be held in the rooms of the Manhattan Center. The program for the meeting and the proposals of the Reorganization Committee for the future development of the Society will be sent to all members in October.

The article presents supplementary information guide to graduate departments of sociology. The California State College is situated at Long Beach, California. The chairman of the Sociology and Social Welfare Department is George W. Korber. Here masters' degrees are offered in sociology. The City College of the City University of New York is situated in New York, New York. The Chairman of its Department of Sociology and Anthropology is William Howton. Here degrees are offered in sociology in M.A. Ph.D. is offered by City University with City College participating. The 6th World Congress of Sociology was held in Evian, France from September 4th to 11th, 1966.

Child–nature interaction has undergone drastic changes in modern history, from a free outdoor childhood to a confined daily life connected to electronic devices, with negative consequences to development and well-being. Any resulting lack of connection to the natural environment can hamper involvement in solving environmental problems. This research attempted to assess children’s perceptions of nature, as well as their feelings and values. Six- to 14-year-old children from the Tupinambá group (n = 91), an indigenous society in Brazil, and from New York (n = 54) drew pictures of nature and answered five questions about their drawings, feelings, and values in regard to natural environments. Quantitative (descriptive) and qualitative (content) analyses of the drawings were carried out, and their liveness and animism were estimated. The answers given by children to the questions about nature were organized into emerging categories from the data. The Tupinambá children’s drawings were generally livelier than those of the New York children. However, the difference failed to reach statistical significance among the younger children, and the difference only approached significance among the older children. The drawings of the Tupinambá contained more animism, depicting non-humans and non-animals with facial expressions, than those of the New Yorkers. Compared with the New Yorkers, the Tupinambá children more often included human constructions such as roads and houses in their drawings. The indigenous children more often saw human and non-human elements as integrated compared with the nonindigenous children. The study reinforces theoretical tendencies about the environmental perception of children in relation to the natural environment and highlights peculiarities of the participating groups, indicating relevant questions for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveillance technologies may be capable of monitoring a domain, but they need a sufficiently orderly domain to monitor. This article examines the secretive effort to institute artificial-intelligence-based ‘smart surveillance’ in the New York subway, using object- and pattern-recognition algorithms to identify dangerous activities in video feeds, such as a person abandoning a package. By considering the necessary preconditions for computer vision systems to recognize patterns and objects, I show how smart surveillance was challenged by the lack of visual and social uniformities necessary for smart surveillance systems to make its fine-toothed distinctions. In spite of vast resources and involvement of a major military contractor, the project was eventually deemed a failure. Although problems in computer vision are being incrementally solved, those improvements do not yet add up to a holistic technology capable of parsing the real-world ambiguity of open-ended settings which do not meet the assumptions of the detection algorithms. In the absence of technologies that can handle the actual mess, the world itself must cooperate, but it often does not. The article demonstrates the importance of looking beyond the claims of technical efficacy in the study of security and surveillance to discover how technologies of inspection and control actually work, as a means to cut through the heavy rhetorical packaging in which they are sold to their publics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a cross-sectional study regarding the association between neighbourhood social cohesion and hypertension (HTN) management strategies in older people. The study involved data taken from the 2008 Health Indicators Project (HIP) in New York City. Results show that individual who gather higher social cohesion has obtained more comprehensive HTN management.

This article explores the aesthetic labor of embodying race. The author’s research on fashion models in New York City uncovered a demand for aesthetic labor that differs along racial lines, namely, black models must fit themselves to a narrower set of standards, and experience their race as both an asset and a liability. This difference is evident in the context of the market for black models, where the “white gaze,” and the “corporate gaze” intersect. Yet both employers’ desire for workers with a particular “look,” and workers’ willingness to call on personal resources to style that “look” for the job foster a structural bias toward racist practices that are masked by appeals to “aesthetics.” Managing one’s racial appearance reveals a unique quality of aesthetic labor that emerges only when race is taken into account, arguing for its inclusion among the characteristics workers manipulate when their work is studied as aesthetic labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to document urban youth experiences of adults in positions of public authority, including police, educators, social workers and guards, a broad based street survey of 911 New York City–based urban youth was conducted in which youth, stratified by race, ethnicity, gender and borough, were asked about their experiences with, attitudes toward, and trust of adult surveillance in communities and in schools. In–depth telephone interviews were conducted with 36 youth who have experienced serious, adverse interactions with police, guards, or educators. Findings suggest that urban youth, overall, express a strong sense of betrayal by adults and report feeling mistrusted by adults, with young men of color most likely to report these perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a clinical sample of 66 Dominican and Puerto Rican subjects who reported ataques de nervios and also psychiatric disorder, and disentangles the phenomenological experiences of ataque de nervios, panic attacks, and panic disorder. In-depth cultural interviews assessed the symptomatic phenomenology of ataque episodes from the local perspective as well as in terms of key panic features, such as recurrence, rapid peaking of symptoms, and lack of provocation. Independent diagnostic assessments of panic attacks and disorder were also used to establish the phenomenological overlap between ataque and panic. Our findings indicate that 36 percent of ataques de nervios fulfill criteria for panic attacks and between 17 percent and 33 percent for panic disorder, depending on the overlap method used. The main features distinguishing ataques that fulfill panic criteria from ataques that do not include whether the episodes were provoked by an upsetting event in the person's life and the rapidity of crescendo of the actual attack. A key finding is that ataques often share individual phenomenological features with panic episodes, but that these features usually do not "run together" during the ataque experience. This confirms previous findings that ataque is a more inclusive construct than panic disorder. The importance of these findings for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of persons with ataques is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alvin W. Gouldner (1920–1980) was a prolific sociologist of the post-World War II era who spent the early part of his career (the 1950s) in the field of industrial sociology. A case study of Gouldner's early life and career is useful insofar as it intertwines with the development of industrial sociology as a distinct subfield within sociology. Through this analysis we are also better able to understand how and in what ways a burgeoning organizational studies program developed at Columbia University during the 1940s. This analysis of the historical and cultural contexts within which Gouldner came to prominence as an industrial sociologist at Columbia, and the intellectual program that resulted, can also help shed light on more recent trends in organizational studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to reevaluate the role of the Department of Sociology at Columbia University in the years 1929–1950. The impact of Robert M. MacIver, who played a significant role in the exchange between European and American thinkers, is examined, as well as his marginalization. It is argued that in the 1930s it was characteristic that the sociologists in the centers in Chicago and Columbia exchanged their disciplinary functions. It was MacIver's Columbia that took on the role of advocate of humanistic sociology and Mead's and Cooley's heritage. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the Student National Sociological Conference held at the Commodore Hotel in New York City on December 27 and 28, 1935. The students appearing on the program represented the several colleges and universities, including the University of Cincinnati, College of the City of New York, University of Michigan, Miami University, Duke University, Vassar College and University of Missouri. The papers and research projects presented were scholarly pieces of work and proved both interesting and valuable. The conference offered a splendid opportunity for students to meet and exchange ideas on sociological problems.

The article presents information related to the field of sociology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales of the National University of Mexico is publishing a series of little books under the general title, "Cuadernos de Sociologia." These compact little volumes give to North American sociologists an intimate glimpse of the thinking, teaching and research of their colleagues in Mexico. Carnegie Corp. of New York has provided $260,000 grant payable over a two-year period, to the Social Science Research Council for area training fellowships and travel grants. Carnegie continuing its support of the national area fellowship program set up by the Council in 1947. $50,000 has been granted to New York University toward support of an experiment in educational method in the Graduate Division of Public Service. Pi Lambda Theta, National Association for Women in Education, announces two awards of $400 each, to be granted on or before August 15, 1950, for significant research studies on "Professional Problems of Women." The 1950 annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society will be held on April 22 and 23 at Boston University.

The most prominent research investigations of leadership relations currently making scientific progress appear to be sociometric studies. But despite their contributions, sociometric studies seem to be seriously hampered, in terms of integrating diverse patterns of leadership, by an inadequate theoretical orientation. The adequacy of this orientation stems primarily from the inability of "socio-criteria" to comprise a system of related leadership categories but also from the proponents' questionable claims that: leadership is based on harmonious group support; the correct research method to determine leadership is to proceed by means of "respondent authorship" through the "reality test"; and leadership positions should be determined only by sociogram inspection which not only becomes progressively more difficult as the size and scope of the community increases, but also denies the validity of qualitative treatments. To develop an alternative research treatment which would eliminate the limitations of the sociometric approach and provide a possible basis for a more generalized theory of leadership relations, a New York rural community, comprising about 4,000 residents, was studied in 1946-1947.

The article presents information related to sociology. It states that the second International Congress is to be held in Paris, France, in 1950. Although the exact date has not been set, the Congress will follow the sessions of the International Psychiatric Congress. Professor H. Donnedieu de Vabres is Chairman of the Committee on Organization. The Congress will be particularly concerned with international consideration of research, with the problem of a distinctive methodology for criminology and with the proposal of establishment of an International Center of Criminology. Sociologist H. Donnedieu de Vabres is Chairman of the Committee on Organization. It also states that financial resources and leadership of Carnegie Corp. of New York, one of the largest foundations in the U.S., are being increasingly devoted to critical problems of human relations, world affairs and the revitalization of democratic values. Charles Dollard, president of the corporation, states in the Corporation's thirty-seventh annual report, that reflecting the corporation's growing concern with these problems, grants amounting to $3,421,000 were made in fields of social science and world affairs during the fiscal year, which ended on September 30, 1948.

The author suggests the use of anxiety as an indicator in psychological and sociological studies. In a study at Canisius College in New York, one of the variables considered was the score obtained by a group of Freshmen on Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale. It developed in the earlier stages of the investigation that the score achieved by this Catholic group was significantly higher than that achieved by the original standardization group. For the psychologist, this difference in score meant that a greater number of his students evidenced behavior which might cause concern. He had reason to check the applicability of the scale to his particular group. Then, if this score was actually meaningful, there was cause for alerting counselors to possible difficulties. To the sociologist the same difference in scores, I would imagine, would raise other questions. One might be interested in the social origins of the two groups, perhaps in the social structure of the schools concerned, or perhaps in the changes in general anxiety level over the eight or ten years since the test was first standardized. The fact that anxiety seems to be related to the discrepancy between actual behavior and an ideal of behavior, set up perhaps, by a social convention; and seems to be, in addition, a product of what the individual perceives as both the actuality and the ideal, is not at variance with the Freudian view. For if the ideals of individuals are in anyway societally determined, then it could be argued that they are to some degree manifestations of the super-ego, itself the outgrowth of the demands and prohibitions of parents, teachers, superiors, etc.--or in short--society.