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This chapter focuses on several countries that have sought to inform resource allocation decisions with a view of the role of the state, and to introduce a medium-term expenditure framework that integrates donors within the budget framework. The medium-term expenditure and sectorwide approaches are two instruments in development cooperation that focus on donor-government partnership in the budget process. In the past, instruments of cooperation, such as the policy framework paper, tended to be standardized documents, reflecting mainly the concerns of the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. Presently, the approach focuses on an overall development vision, with strong emphasis on poverty reduction.

This chapter focuses on experience with comprehensive assessments and planning exercises in the public and private sectors, and their implications for the implementation of the Comprehensive Development Framework and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. Facilitating client learning is vital for client ownership and sustainable policy change. World Bank has devoted significant resources to its tools and frameworks, and has imposed them on clients and partners. With emphasis on its role as a knowledge bank, the World Bank will need to adopt a learning mode for its role in knowledge services for development.

This chapter considers the main elements of the Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF), discussing in each case what research reveals about the utility and limitations of democratic decentralization. Since the mid-1980s, several governments, mainly in developing countries, have experimented with some form of decentralization. Democratic decentralization can be a useful part of the enabling environment, facilitating the goals of CDF and Property Reduction Strategy Papers. For effective democratic decentralization, elected bodies at lower levels must have substantial powers and resources, and strong accountability mechanisms must be created to hold bureaucrats accountable to elected representatives and elected representatives accountable to citizens.

This chapter explores multisectoral and integrated approaches to development planning for a renewed emphasis on long-term and comprehensive development strategies. The Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF), and its implementation through Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers emphasizes a long-term, holistic, and strategic approach that is also participatory, flexible, and carefully sequenced. This chapter also highlights several common problems, which resonate with the CDF: ambitious goals, overemphasis on data collection at the expense of implementation, imposition of administrative structures, political naivete about the scope for genuine consensus, poor quality of communication between donors and recipients, and weak linkage between planning and implementation.

The article discusses on historical sociology. Sociologist Emile Durkheim himself was interested in history though also concerned to legitimate his own sociological enterprise by distinguishing its approach from that of history on one side, and philosophy, on the other. On the one hand, his lectures on the history of French education. The introduction to Fernand Paul Braudel's Mediterranean, in which he suggests that time moves at different speeds, is one of the classic discussions of what sociologists call social time. Elaborating the common-sense contrast between the long and the short term, he distinguishes the high-profile time of events from the time of institutions and from the still slower and almost imperceptible time of environmental change. In the case of capitalism, one of his life-long preoccupations, Braudel was studying a subject which had interested sociologists since the origins of their discipline, which they had studied in a comparative manner, and which they had linked to the rise of modernity and the West.

Chapter one of the book "WEATHERING THE STORM: Taiwan, Its Neighbors, and the Asian Financial Crisis" is presented. It explores the impact of Asian financial crisis on their current economic conditions. It discusses the restructuring, readjustments and recoveries of countries such as Korea, Indonesia and Thailand. It also highlights the implications of liberalization of financial markets for developing economies.

Chapter seven of the book "WEATHERING THE STORM: Taiwan, Its Neighbors, and the Asian Financial Crisis" is presented. It explores the significant role of Taiwan in the global production network. It highlights the Asia-Pacific Regional Operations Center plan as the midterm economic development blueprint of the country.