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This publication resulted from the perceived need for policy makers concerned with the quality of the environment to have information beyond that limited to rhetoric and crisis oriented material. A forum in which the ramifications of long-term viewpoints could be discussed and a mechanism for continuing dialogue between policy makers and ecologists, land use planners, economists, systems analysts, and human behaviorists of all persuasions were needed. Therefore the Environmental Studies Division, Washington Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development invited a number of experts to present their views on alternative futures, the environment, and the quality of life. Each speaker was asked to prepare comments in one of three research themes: The Nature of the Environmental Crisis, Zero Population Growth and the Environment, and Implications of Alternative Growth Policies on Environmental Quality. This book, which resulted from the papers and discussions at the forum, is divided into two parts. Part 1, Challenges of Alternative Futures, reviews the environmental and population issues, presents a recent systems method of analyzing the problems of growth and summarizes the international implications of growth policy. Part 2, Coping with Alternative Futures, presents human behavioral factors and their influence on growth policy. Classical and modern concepts of economics and implications for growth policy conclude the work. (Editors/PEB)

This resource paper on spatial allocation analysis is part of a series designed to supplement undergraduate geography courses. Spatial allocation analysis is the study of the distribution of economic flows and transactions over geographical space. This account represents a general introduction to the process and its application in geographical inquiry. It proceeds by examining a series of models of spatial allocation systems, where the term "model" signifies an idealized representation. Under examination is a transportation problem model that includes (1) a set of geographically distinct points or regions which produce some commodity, (2) a set of geographically distinct points or regions which consume the same commodity, and (3) a given unit cost for transportation of the commodity from any producer to any consumer. In examining the flow of commodities, constraints are observed so that no supplier's total productive capacity is exceeded and all consumers' demands are met. Attention is focused first on the purely computational properties of the simple transportation model, then on the theoretical underpinnings of the model, and lastly on a variety of important, formal generalizations from the model. (Author/DE)

The economics of book publishing are described in this study completed for the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. Segments of the book industry are compared by annual sales and titles published, as is profitability by categories of publishing. Operating statements of major categories are examined and capital requirements and returns on investment are compared by categories. Editorial and royalty costs; manufacturing costs and the economics of scale in hardbound and paperback publishing; sales and promotion costs; costs of mass sales and on-demand fulfillment; and general and administrative costs are discussed. Categories of income from secondary rights and risk factors in pricing in relation to unit costs and estimated sales are described. Special economic problems engendered by returns of unsold books and advances to authors are evaluated, along with advantages and costs of overseas distributors and pitfalls facing book publishers in periods of rapid technological change. (Author/PF)

A study was made to develop a rationale for determining the economic justification for a national program of library and information services as described in the second draft of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Services Program Document. The economic rationale is based on improved cost effectiveness and improved utilization of capital resources. In finding formulas for assignment of financial responsibility to various levels of government and segments of society, several principles must be considered. Public, academic, special, and school libraries should continue to be funded by their constituencies with state and federal help where needed, while new public libraries should be funded by a mix of local, state, and federal funds. System, state, regional, and national resources should be supported by their constituencies, but should be given state and federal aid for services provided outside their constituencies. The federal government should fund the capital costs of the network, while the capital costs of resources should be born by the private sector or the constituency served. Research, development, and staff training should be funded by the responsible institutions, but the federal government should fund programs to meet the needs generated by the national network. (Author/LS)

Helping undergraduate college geography students understand the processes and forces which, in the name of modernization, continue to intensify a world spatial disequilibrium in the relations of people and resources is the purpose of this resource paper. It presents current ideas in social science research on modernization and development with particular reference to underdeveloped countries, especially the characteristics of underdevelopment and the geography of modernization. Part I deals with characteristics of underdevelopment and some frequently propounded views of the nature of underdevelopment and development. Part II examines causes and consequences of underdevelopment, especially external and internal causes and urban and national development in the postindependence era. Part III describes research about modernization in the underdeveloped world carried out by geographers. The paper ends with a review of findings and suggestions for kinds of research and research institutions that will aid, not hinder, Third World development. Many illustrative figures and tables and a comprehensive bibliography are included. (Author/ND)

The first paper aims to give a certain relativity to the significance of education and to indicate the limitations of any educational effort. The thinking underlying the current approach to the economic development of native communities and reserves is discussed as well as the implications and consequences of such thinking. It is argued that the success of any educational effort depends on the overall employment situation at the level of the reserve or at any level for that matter. Utilizing the concept of a "natural resource system", which combines the analysis of ecological, economic, and social variables into a coherent framework, the second article delineates the process that changed wild rice from a subsistence staple crop to what will be a heavily capitalized agricultural industry. It is shown that the Indians, who were the original exploiters of this natural resource, have lost more and more of their control over the economic activity, and that this diminishing control is not due to any cultural inabilities on the part of the Indians. Rather it is shown that the Euro-Americans have assumed more and more control over wild rice because of the vast financial institutions which have encouraged this development, from the Hudson's Bay Company in earlier days to major food industries today. It is argued that the "developments" in the wild rice industry are in fact detrimental to the interests of the Indian population, and that the changes in this industry in effect contribute to the development of underdevelopment on Indian reserves. (AUTHOR/NQ)

This resource paper on economic geography is part of a series designed to supplement undergraduate geography courses. It interprets regional economic development in terms of geographic spatial patterns of production, income, and physical or economic distance. Chapter two outlines some selected characteristics of spatial disparities of economic development at the regional and interurban levels in the United States and in developing countries. Chapter three briefly discusses two major theories of spatial development. The export-base theory explains the development of a region through external demand for its natural resources. The sector theory explains development through the specialization of agricultural activities and the formation of an intraregional transport system which permits the exchange of products. Chapter four reviews several models of differential mobility to explain in conceptual terms the emergence of the urban-regional structure in the United States. Chapter five analyzes selected flow of variables such as labor, capital, innovation, and decision-making power between developing and developed nations. Chapter six suggests five alternative national strategies of urban development. (Author/DE)

Papers presented by social scientists at a 1974 Joint Council seminar designed to assist authors and publishers in improving existing materials or developing new texts in social studies are reproduced in this volume. The seven papers focus on how to integrate economics into elementary and secondary social studies and history courses. The first article by James D. Calderwood, entitled "Economic Ideas and Concepts," discusses the basic principles and importance of economic concepts. Melvin M. Tumin in "The Role of Economics in Social Analysis" examines the relationship between economics and sociology. John S. Gibson in "The Economics of Politics, and Vice Versa" describes ways in which economics can be included in political science courses. Paul L. Ward in "Grafting Good Economics onto Basic History Courses" provides specific examples of the importance of economic events in history. Clark C. Bloom shows how economics is essential in the study of geography in "Economics and Geography." Benjamin Chinitz outlines the relatively new field of urban economics in "Urban Development: Key Economic Concepts." In the last article Nathan Glazer examines the general status of social studies in schools in "The Social Sciences in Liberal Education." Each article contains a select list of relevant suggested reading. (Author/DE)

Mankind's problems, which tend to be global in nature and extent, need global solutions. This paper lists and elaborates on a number of these global problems. No solutions are given. The first part of the paper presents background information on the following issues with which the world's governments will be dealing in the next quarter century: (1) the population problem, (2) the food problem, (3) the world economic outlook, (4) the world educational crisis, (5) the problem of environmental pollution, and (6) some political issues. In the second half of the paper the author discusses the future prospects of the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, China, and Western Europe and comments on how each of these powers will deal with these global problems. The author's conclusion is that the world future will not be resolved by governments unless and until there is an informed and generally aroused world public opinion. He believes that the citizens of the United States must take the lead in thinking through world problems and in promoting responsible discussion of actions. (Author/RM)

This book reproduces sixteen papers on recent developments in economics curriculum in Britain. The papers, presented and examined at a two-day conference at the University of Manchester in January, 1973, offer a comprehensive look at the current state of economic education and research. Directed to economics teachers and curriculum specialists, the article titles include: (1) "Towards a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for Economics," (2) "Theory of Objectives Applied to the Teaching of Economics," (3) "Concealed Values in Economic Teaching," (4) "Research into Economic Efficiency in the Teaching of Economics," (5) "Learning Theory and the Audio-Visual Element in Economics," (6) "The Place of Economics in the Secondary School Curriculum," (7) "Integration and Sequence in Economics for 8-13 Year Olds," (8) "Economics in the Early Stage of the Secondary School," (9) "Economics for the Less Able Student," (10) "Terminal Economics," (11) "The Educational Value of Economics," (12) "The Effect of Recent Developments in Sixth Forms on the Relationship Between Economics and other Subjects," (13) "An Approach to the Teaching of Economics," (14) "Lessons from the 'A' Level Business Studies Project," (15) "Teaching the Essentials of Microeconomics to Managers in the Civil Service," and (16) "Economics in Courses for Teachers in Colleges of Education." The book also contains a general appraisal and summary of future research needs. (DE)

The articles contained in this bulletin on foreign service training were assembled nearly three years ago. They were contributed by specialists, and deal with subjects which should be included in a fully developed major on foreign-service training for Government, business, social welfare, etc. These articles include, in addition to brief bibliographies of textbooks serviceable for use in college and of other books that may be helpful to general readers the writers' opinions in regard to the subject matter, the limitation and manner and presentation of this subject matter, its coordination with similar related subjects and amount of time that should be given to it in college and the semester or semesters with college year when it can be best offered. This bulletin is to serve two purposes: it should assist colleges to plan an adequate course of instruction on training for foreign service and should enable university men now in the field of business to plan for a systematic reading course. The technique of foreign trade skill in the actual transaction involved in merchandising, shipping, and financing should be strengthened by an understanding of the principles of commerce, of transportation, and banking; of motives that determine human conduct in social relationships; of Governmental regulations and policies. The variety and character of instruction now being offered as preparation for foreign trade in larger universities warrant the publication of a bulletin of this character. It is the belief of the compiler that these articles will stimulate further the marked educational response to the demands of business for a trained and informed personnel in the conduct of foreign service of Government, business, etc. This paper is divided into the following parts: (1) Economics; (2) Government; (3) Modern Foreign Languages; and (4) Periodical Literature. Individual articles contain footnotes and references. [Best copy available has been provided.]

This article provides an introduction to various articles concerned with theory in sociology. Part I of this volume consists of two papers which were intended to make a contribution to the area of discussion and analysis. Chapter II and the paper on the Mental Hospital are follow-up papers from the starting points of Chapter I and emphasize one theme in particular. Chapter III deals with the application of the type of analysis to the problem of economic development of the kind that leads into the industrial type of economy.

This publication was prepared to: (1) update and expand elementary, secondary, and college teacher's knowledge of materials on noncomputer-based games and simulations relating to the teaching of economics and corresponding social studies topics; (2) assist economic educators in developing criteria for evaluating the educational usefulness of exercises; (3) provide guidelines for game creation with existing resources; and (4) provide suggestions as to how one can best use games and simulations in the classroom. The book represents a substantial revision and expansion of two earlier bibliographies (1968 and 1971) which were distributed by the Joint Council on Economic Education. Selected articles and resource references are included to supply valuable information to the classroom teacher and curriculum specialists. A new section on game construction is provided to make this reference a source of value not only for teacher workshops but also for collegiate instructional methods classes. Contents are arranged in four chapters on (1) construction, selection, and use of simulation games for teaching economics; (2) research on instructional games and simulations in the social sciences and economics; (3) an annotated listing of 130 available simulations and games for the teaching of economics, 80 of which were not included in the two earlier bibliographies; and (4) bibliographies, journals, and publishers of educational games and simulations. (Author/SJM)

The purpose of this book is to estimate the effect of all U.S. taxes on the distribution of income by size of income and by other taxpayer characteristics. The book is concerned solely with the distribution of tax burdens, without any reference to the distribution of the governmental benefits that are supported by taxes. Based on an analysis of 1966 income and tax data for a representative sample of 72,000 American families, it attempts to show how the actual distribution of disposable income differed from what the distribution would have been if all tax revenues had come from a proportional income tax with the same yield. The authors conclude that the U.S. tax system is essentially proportional for the vast majority of families and therefore has little effect on the overall distribution of income. Detailed descriptions of the sources, the methods, and the basic statistical data developed for the study are given in the appendixes. (Author/JG)

The article presents a speech by Theodore Parker, regarding the perishing classes in Boston, Massachusetts, preached at the Melodeon, August 8, 1846, in which he discussed the two classes of weak men which are the one that is weak by nature and the other one that is weak in position, the creation of a provision for public education, and born children that defy ill breeding.

An essay is presented on the incorrect management of government's taxation system which causes poverty.