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Papers presented by social scientists at a 1974 Joint Council seminar designed to assist authors and publishers in improving existing materials or developing new texts in social studies are reproduced in this volume. The seven papers focus on how to integrate economics into elementary and secondary social studies and history courses. The first article by James D. Calderwood, entitled "Economic Ideas and Concepts," discusses the basic principles and importance of economic concepts. Melvin M. Tumin in "The Role of Economics in Social Analysis" examines the relationship between economics and sociology. John S. Gibson in "The Economics of Politics, and Vice Versa" describes ways in which economics can be included in political science courses. Paul L. Ward in "Grafting Good Economics onto Basic History Courses" provides specific examples of the importance of economic events in history. Clark C. Bloom shows how economics is essential in the study of geography in "Economics and Geography." Benjamin Chinitz outlines the relatively new field of urban economics in "Urban Development: Key Economic Concepts." In the last article Nathan Glazer examines the general status of social studies in schools in "The Social Sciences in Liberal Education." Each article contains a select list of relevant suggested reading. (Author/DE)

The following rural sociological research needs were identified: (1) acceptance of general sociological theory and methodology for use in "Rural" research; (2) recognition of bench marks and probable base lines in rural sociological research; (3) collection of widely scattered reports for examination and perhaps respecification; (4) establishment of a systematic data base relevant to modernization of conceptualizations of obsolescent connotations of rurality; (5) development of a program of research into the realities of contemporary life in nonmetropolitan population aggregations. Belief that basic and applied research are not mutually exclusive was emphasized to indicate the need applied research has for utilizing basic research in rural sociological study. Research areas identified were: (1) residuals (urban population and demographic studies); (2) marginality (process of social change producing alienation from the mainstream); (3) quality of life (conditions of life plus means of improvement); (4) manifest and latent functions (appraisal of intent, content, and results of public policy and purposive programs at all levels); (5) innovation and diffusion. Information linkage, requiring clearinghouse function (activities, program, and research made available to research designers), was seen as the desired goal. (JC)

The paper analyzes how the attempt to assimilate ethnic groups into American society has contributed to social, economic, and political inequality. The hypothesis is that the official model of classical sociology has blinded us to a vast range of social phenomena which must be understood if we are to cope with the problems of contemporary America. While not often explicit, the American ideal that ethnic groups should be incorporated into the melting pot has created a society in which many observable forms of inequality are perpetrated. This stratification analysis extends the concept of poverty beyond the narrow limits of income to include political and personal relations. Among issues addressed are immigrant history, social acceptance, power and elitist vs. minority perspectives on education, religion, opportunity, and self-concept. A theory of ethnicity is advanced which explains ethnic identification as an integration of belongingness, self-esteem, the need for community relationships, symbolic interaction, and human understanding. The conclusion is that the ultimate aim of social policy in a democracy is to eliminate various forms of institutionalized inequalities rather than ethnicity, which is a basic right. References are included in the document. (Author/DB)

Sixteen authors of various backgrounds have contributed original papers to the book which evaluates the role of the professions in society today and assesses their likely roles in the future. Comparatively general issues applicable to many professions are discussed in part one--occupational principle vs. administrative principle, generating professional modes of self-regulation, professional freedom, professionalism and the individual, growing industrialization of the professions, unionism, and professional innovation in post-industrial society. Part two is devoted to a discussion of the present and future professional role of some specific professions: engineering, public accounting, medicine, priests and the church, teaching, social work, law, and professors and the university. Some aspects of these professions that are examined include: power structure, internal erosion, conservatism, accountability, professional-client relations, and professional status. The concluding section is directed toward the sociologist, "the professional who studies other professions". Two chapters deal with bias, reliability, and validity of sociological analysis. (EA)

Although this last paper is of a somewhat different character from the first three in Part IV; it may be said to belong with them and, in a sense, to tie together all the papers in the book. It is an attempt to formulate one major theme in the theory of societal evolution, resting on the concept of generalized adaptation, which is so central to the theory of organic evolution that it should be considered, I think, part of all evolutionary theory. The main concern is with a few complexes of social structure the emergence of which has fundamental significance for a society's advance beyond its stage of evolution at the time of their emergence. Specialized modes of cultural legitimation of societal order and social stratification are taken to be especially important for the primary steps beyond the primitive level, and four complexes, in fuller development, are especially important as underlying the modern type of society, namely, a differentiated, predominantly universalistic legal system, money and markets, "bureaucratic" organization, and the pattern of democratic association with special reference to its development at the level of government in large-scale societies. The paper grew out of a seminar in the Theory of Social Evolution in which I collaborated with Robert N. Bellab and S. N. Eisenstadt (Visiting Professor at M.I.T. in the spring term of 1962-63, a fraction of whose time was borrowed by Harvard for the seminar). The three of us each submitted papers growing out of the seminar to the American Sociological Review. They were published together in the issue of June, 1964; the other papers were, Bellah's "Religious Evolution" and Eisenstadt's "Social Change, Differentiation, and Evolution." In my own work the most important closely related writings are the two small volumes in the Foundations of Modern Sociology Series, edited by Alex Inkeles and published by Prentice-Hall. These are entitled: Societies, Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (1966)... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay turns from a particular process in our own society to the problem of the nature of the processes of integration which appear to be going on in the world as a whole, and which offer possibilities of a more solid basis of international order than we have enjoyed heretofore in this century. It takes the position that underneath the ideological conflicts that have been so prominent, there has been emerging an important element of very broad consensus at the level of values, centering in the complex we often refer to as "modernization." Furthermore, on this base there is the possibility of going beyond consensus at the level of values to the development of more specific integrative mechanisms. In particular, given the elements of integration that have actually existed, it is argued that the polarization which has occurred bears some interesting resemblances to a two-party system, however important it is to be quite aware of the differences. The paper was written for the symposium Preventing World War III, Quincy Wright, William M. Evan, and Morton Deutsch, eds. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962). In certain respects it is a companion and sequel to my earlier paper "Order and Community in the International Social System" in James N. Rosenau, ed., International Politics and Foreign Policy (New York: Free Press, 1961). Though the tensions clustering around the war in Viet Nam are so prominent at present writing, it still seems justified to say that the process of consolidation of world order through the pluralization of interest structures and the extension and strengthening of systems of procedural norms, has made considerable headway since the article was written early in 1962. Perhaps the most conspicuous field has been the relaxation of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, as evidenced in the Test Ban Treaty, the Cultural Exchange Program, and various other developments. It is notable that by and large this detente has survived the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was meant to be a companion piece to the paper on the concept of power. If the assumption on which the latter was grounded, that power could be treated as the same order of generalized medium as money, was correct, it would clearly be anomalous if it turned out that these two media stood alone in the functioning of social systems. Clearly money is involved in critically important relations to power, in the general area of the mobilizability of resources for political purposes. The suggested parallel involving influence concerns the mobilization of support in the political sense, though there are many further ramifications of the problem. The occasion for attempting to pull this line of thought together was provided by an invitation to present a paper at the meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research in May, 1962. The paper was published, with commentaries by Raymond A. Bauer and James S. Coleman, in the Public Opinion Quarterly, Spring, 1963. I do not feel that the analysis of influence presented in this paper is as far advanced or satisfactory as the analysis of power presented in the preceding chapter. Fuller success in working the problems through seems to me to depend on clarification of a whole range of problems concerning the integrative processes of social systems, which have been mentioned a number of times and which figure not only in a number of the chapters of this volume but also in current work. Finally, the logic of the general conceptual scheme in which I have placed money, power, and influence calls for a fourth generalized medium, which I have been calling "generalized commitments." A range of problems concerning this medium has figured prominently in recent theoretical work, but I have not yet attempted a general statement about it to present one is an obvious obligation for the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt to deal with political power as a generalized interchange medium had been a central theme of my theoretical work for some time when an invitation to deliver a paper at the November, 1962 meeting of the American Philosophical Society presented a favorable opportunity for its further development. The oral presentation was much abbreviated, but the full paper was published in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, June, 1963. It has recently been reprinted in the second edition of Bendix and Lipset, eds., Class, Status, and Power, (New York: The Free Press, 1966). The paper attempts to show how the approach to the problem of the nature of power introduced here, not only fits into an analytical treatment of the Polity as a societal subsystem theoretically parallel to the economy (as the economy was conceptualized in Parsons and Smelser, Economy and Society, New York: The Free Press, 1956), but also that this approach offers a promising way to deal with certain of the most baffling difficulties that have dogged the analysis of Power in the literature of political theory. Foremost among these difficulties were the problem of specificity of conceptualization as compared with the diffuseness of conceptions which virtually equate power with all forms of capacity to gain ends (the Hobbesian approach), the problem of the relations between the coercive and the consensual aspects of power systems, the problem of the balance between the hierarchical aspects of Power and the existence of egalitarian elements in the structure of political systems, and finally, what is sometimes called the "zero-sum" problem, that of whether any relational system necessarily contains only a fixed amount of power which is subject only to redistribution. The general theoretical context of this treatment of power has, in my own work, been most fully spelled out, so far, in "The Political Aspects of Social... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though published a little later, this paper was written before Chapters 10 and 11. It was first worked out for a conference on Internal War held at Princeton in the fall of 1961, and was published in 1964 in a volume of that title edited by Harry Eckstein. The relation between this paper and Chapter 10 is very close, because of the sense in which the use of force is the ultimate, "end-of-the-line," negative situational sanction. It was consideration of the implications of the place of force as a "last resort" which did much to pave the way for the conception of power as a generalized medium of interchange parallel to money, with force occupying the place parallel to monetary metal. Its most important function, then, in relatively stable political systems, comes to be as a "reserve" rather than an instrumentality which is expected to be used under normal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the papers included in .this volume, this has been the most difficult to place. The first question was whether to include it at all. It is, to be sure, highly general in theoretical reference but is also restricted and, in a sense, personal, in its specific conceptualization. Because one function of this volume is to bring together a number of writings that bear on the development of my own thinking in recent years, however, it would have seemed inappropriate to omit it. Especially because it is not elsewhere published in book form. The paper was written in response to Robert Dubin's welcome initiative to provoke discussion of a few theoretical contributions in sociology that had attracted considerable attention in previous years. In this case Dubin presented in advance a restatement of the more general frame of reference of action and its components that had figured in Toward a General Theory of Action and The Social System, headed up by the Pattern-Variable scheme. In responding, it seemed to me most appropriate to concentrate on the latter, with an attempt to evaluate its status as of 1960, nearly a decade after its first more sophisticated statement in the two publications just cited. I think it correct to say that this paper achieves a considerable forward step in the systematization of both the pattern-variable scheme and its grounding in the general frame of reference of systems of action. This step consisted essentially in the generalization of the integration of pattern variables into the four-function paradigm. It was possible to show that the original version of this paradigm presented in Chaps. 3 and 5 of Working Papers in the Theory of Action by Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales (Glencoe: Free Press, 1953), essentially consisted of integrative standards for an orientation system, and hence could be treated as belonging in the integrative subsystem of the more... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written for a symposium on the Sociology of Knowledge--the first in ,the history of the International Sociological Association--which was held at the 1959 Meeting of the ISA at Stresa, Italy, under the chairmanship of Kurt Wolff. It was published in the Transaction of that meeting, Vol. IV. The paper represents an attempt to come, at least partially, to terms with the problem of .the discussions about ideology which have figured so prominently in one sector of Western sociology, especially since the work of Mannheim. It attempts above all to emphasize the distinction between the level of ideology which links the conceptions of social science with the evaluation of recently past, contemporary, and prospective macroscopic social developments, and the analysis of the more basic cultural components in the social process that were at the center of Weber's sociology of religion. It should be read, at least in one perspective, in the light of its relation to the more general theoretical significance of the discussions of Chapters 2, 3, and 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the only paper in this volume that has not been published previously. Its main substance was delivered orally at the plenary session on Karl Marx as a sociologist at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in August, 1965, in Chicago. The written version was composed, mainly from the notes prepared for the oral presentation, in the period just before this volume went to press. The paper reaches back behind the period of the Weber-Durkheim convergence to discuss a critically significant chapter in the intellectual history of social science generally, and sociology in particular, which underlay that development. To me Marx built the first of the three most important bridges between the idealistic and the utilitarian traditions, into which European social thought had broadly come to be dichotomized by the turn from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. The Marxian attempt was limited and only partially successful in scientific terms. But in addition to its own considerable contribution, it showed the urgency of the problem and did much to set the stage for later solutions. It did not stand alone in this regard, but was related, through a common grounding in utilitarianism, to anthropology (especially English anthropology), a school of thought which was not unrelated to the later contributions of Freud, since both started from the problem of extending biological thinking into the "cultural" realm. This obviously is a case where it is particularly important to attempt to differentiate between the ideological considerations that account for the enormous impact of Marxism on the complex problems of social movements and social change in our time and Marx's contributions to the development of theory in social science. It is my view that the highly significant core of scientific contribution was one of several essential conditions of the ideological impact, but that,... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an introduction to various articles concerned with theory in sociology. Part I of this volume consists of two papers which were intended to make a contribution to the area of discussion and analysis. Chapter II and the paper on the Mental Hospital are follow-up papers from the starting points of Chapter I and emphasize one theme in particular. Chapter III deals with the application of the type of analysis to the problem of economic development of the kind that leads into the industrial type of economy.

Presents a preface to papers related to sociology and religion that appear in the 1963 issue of the journal "The Sociology of Religion."

In its first three chapters, Part IV turns to a somewhat more "applied" level of the consideration and use of sociological theory. Their concern is more with the understanding of particular societies or societal subsystems, than with the generalized treatment of theory or "methodology" (in the German sense) which has, with the exception of Chapter 8, been the predominant interest of the preceding Chapters. For reasons of space, only a sample of essays of this type could be included in the present collection. They have been chosen to represent the types of interest and fruitfulness of the theoretical work discussed above, for empirical purposes. Chapter 15, however, stands on a somewhat different level, which will be explained in its introductory note. The present paper represents a very general essay of the more empirical type. It was occasioned by an invitation to contribute to the volume of essays in honor of Pitirim A. Sorokin, edited by Edward A. Tiryakian, that appeared in 1963 under the title Sociological Theory, Values, and Sociocultural Change. Because, in the course of a long association at Harvard, my own views on this topic, being grounded in the work of Max Weber, had contrasted sharply with Professor Sorokin's conception of the development in the West of the "sensate society," it seemed appropriate to attempt to define the issue by stating my own view in the best organized and most systematic form possible. The general perspective is that the most recent phase in the development of the relation between religiously-grounded values and the structure of secular society in the Western world could be treated as the outcome of a positively evolutionary process, the theme of which, following the conception of Troeltsch, could be interpreted as the development of the conception of a "Christian Society" (now clearly a Judeo-Christian Society) and its relatively full institutionalization... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the collected papers of C. Wright Mills. In preparing the collected papers of C. Wright Mills for publication the author has been guided by one central principle: to keep himself from interfering in the two-way communication between author and reader. The outstanding difference from the original, is the replacement of sub-headings, with a uniform system of Roman numerals -- signifying different sections of a particular paper. In large measure, Mills himself used this as a designation, so that the number of places where even subheadings were deleted was comparatively small. The titles of each essay have been left intact. In a few places it was necessary to subtract or add a word, but the title of each paper can be checked against the title listings in the bibliography for an indication of any changes. Mills, in his long career, did a number of "topical" pieces which have no clear relevance for the present, and which he himself would have unquestionably excluded from any collection of his essays.

This book on the Chinese Americans focuses on such aspects of intergroup relations, community characteristics, social problems, acculturation, racial and social discrimination, and economic opportunities for the ethnic group as: the Chinese diaspora; forerunners of overseas Chinese community organization; Chinese community organization in the United States; the anti-Chinese movement in the U.S., 1785-1910; institutional racism as relating to social discrimination and the legitimation of the ghetto in the period 1910-1943; the beginnings of a Chinese American middle class; social problems and community cooperatives; and, alienation, rebellion, and the new consciousness. A section on discriminatory practices against the Chinese discusses the paucity of women in the community; prostitution, gambling, and drugs; illegal immigration; delayed birth of a second generation; and the consolidation of Chinatown power elites. The sources of Chinese American success, occupations and professions, employment discrimination, and suburban Chinese American communities are dealt with in another section. A final chapter in summary and conclusion focuses on the Chinese in America and sociological theory. (Author/JM)

Dealing specifically with the social science research role in rehabilitation facilities, this monograph addresses the development of research as it occurs within service organizations. It examines the research role from the perspective of both the person in the role and the host organization. The second chapter describes the development and differentation of the research role in service organizations, identifies significant others involved in the process, catalogs the roles that a researcher may assume in such organizations, and discusses the problem of satisfactorily integrating the several research roles. Chapter 3 focuses on the impact of the research role, on both the host organization and the field of rehabilitation. Chapter 4 describes several alternative orientations toward developing the research role. Chapter 5 examines the research role in service organizations from the perspective of the researcher. Chapter 6 anticipates some administrative problems that attend development of the research role, and it recommends strategies to minimize their impact. The final chapter contains concluding remarks and recommendations for increasing the value of the researcher to both the host organization and his profession. Appendices containing research project references conclude the document. (Author/ND)

This book addresses some basic issues and topics in the sociology of majority-minority relationships and attempts to evaluate and reformulate the conceptual and theoretical tools of the field. It is argued in Part I that majority-minority relationships must be understood as a case study in social stratification and as an opportunity for the study of total societies. A comparative perspective is employed in order to depict the distinctive features of the United States as a pluralistic society. In addition, various typological approaches to the study of minority groups are examined. Part II turns to the social processes of intergroup relations in the U.S. Chapter Three traces the historical emergence of the ideas of assimilation, amalgamation, and cultural pluralism, as well as the application and development of these theories in American sociology. Chapter Four places the study of majority-minority relationships in the context of social theory, and especially social conflict theory. Part III explores three related aspects of the consequences of intergroup conflicts. Chapter Five reviews some major trends of theory and research about prejudice and discrimination. Chpater Six constitutes a case study in the sociology of science. Finally, in a brief epilogue, the social meanings of minority group membership are examined from the perspective of role theory. (Author/JM)

Chapter XXIII of the book "Darwin and Modern Science," by Albert Charles Seward is presented. The chapter explores on the influence of Charles Darwin's theories to human understanding with regards to the nature and idea of society. It highlights on the consideration of his theory of natural selection of evolution of species as well as the societal phenomena such the existence and civilization.

Presents the complete text of "Crime & Its Causes" by Morrison, William Douglas, 1853-1943.