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This volume gives readers insights on the use of technology in professional development programmes and content knowledge that can enrich teacher education. Every chapter of the book builds, through research, an analysis and discussion of CALL [Computer Assisted Language Learning] matters and professional development. The purpose of the EuroCALL Teacher Education Special Interest Group's (SIG) edited volume, supported by the Language Centre of the Cyprus University of Technology, is to respond to the needs of language educators, teacher trainers and training course designers through relevant research studies that provide technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge. The book concentrates on professional development in CALL, the use of technology in primary, secondary, and tertiary education, e-learning facilitators, the integration of personal learning environments, the use of MALL [Mobile Assisted Language Learning], the applications of virtual reality, materials design, the use of ICT [Information and Communications Technologies] in task-based language teaching, and the integration of social media networks in language education. "Professional Development in CALL: A Selection of Papers" is a collection of newly-commissioned chapters which unifies theoretical understanding and practical experience. The EuroCALL Teacher Education SIG hopes that the present contribution will be viewed as a valuable addition to the literature and a worthy scholarly achievement. [Support for this publication was provided by the EuroCALL Association and the Language Centre of the Cyprus University of Technology.]

In 1918, just one year before the founding of American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), Thorstein Veblin wrote, "In one shape or another, this problem of adjustment, reconciliation or compromise between the needs of higher learning and the demands of the business enterprise is forever present in the deliberations of the university directorate." In the early twenty-first century, forces in the political economy of higher education may be making that reconciliation even more difficult and straining academic ideals. Many see within the changes in the teaching force a transformed conception of the social role of the university. No longer conceived as a public good, the university is thought of as providing private individual goods to its students. In this view, a private, profit-making university may provide the most efficient service. The essays in this volume began as presentations in a panel session on "The Idea and Ideals of the University" at the 2004 ACLS Annual Meeting. Concern about the corporate culture defining the university invites scholars to reflect about the ideas and values that have traditionally constituted the university, evoking the questions discussed by panel participants: What is the role of the learned societies, of scholars, and of academic leaders in defining and interpreting the ethical components of a shared vision of the twenty-first-century academy? To what degree does the case for the university's autonomy carry a concomitant obligation for it to be self-policing? What will be the role of digital technology? Following an introduction (Rebecca Chopp), four essays are included: (1) Key Issues Currently Facing American Higher Education (Ronald G. Ehrenberg); (2) Humanities in the University: Retrospect and Prospect (Andrew Delbanco); (3) The Humanities: A Technical Profession (Alan Liu); and (4) What Do I Really Think About the Corporate University? (Catharine R. Stimpson). (Essays are noted and figured individually.)

This document contains the following full and short papers on humanities and learning technology from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Web-Based EFL Writing Environment: Integrating Information for Learners, Teachers, and Researchers" (David Wible, Chin-Hwa Kuo, Anne Liu, and Nai-Lung Tsao); (2) "Integrating Web-Based Materials into Course Design" (Lilly Lee Chen); (3) "Is Everyone on Board: Learning Styles and the Internet" (Michelle Hsiang, Ellen Storey Vasu, Marsha Alibrand, Nancy Atkins, and Jane Steelman); (4) "Research on Teaching Da-Yi Chinese Keyboarding by Using Adaptive Input Interface" (Ming-Chung Chen, Hwa-Pey Wang, and Lih-Ching Chen Wang); (5) "Strategies for Searching in the WWW" (Meng-Jung Tsai); (5) "The Internet-Based Educational Resources of the U.S. Federal Government" (Andy Wang and Krishelle Leong-Grotz); and (6) "Which Chinese Input Methods Is More Suitable for Sixth-Grade Pupils? Keyboarding or Non-Keyboarding" (Weichung Wang and Tainshu Ma). (MES)

This document contains 14 papers on the purposes and traditions, challenges and dilemmas, and new approaches and issues in liberal adult education. The following papers are included: "Introduction" (Duke); "Decus et Tutamen: Liberal Adult Education" (Thomas); "Tradition in British University Adult Education and the WEA [Workers' Educational Association]" (Fieldhouse); "The WEA and Liberal Adult Education" (Ross); "Liberal Adult Education as Catalyst for Change: Everett Dean Martin and the American Association for Adult Education" (Day); "Liberal Adult Education and the Liberation of Adults" (Shimada); "Vocationalism, Competence and Dewey's Liberalism" (Hyland); "Contractualism: The Modern Alternative to Liberal Adult Education in the Australian University" (Bagnall); "The Liberal Tradition: How Liberal? Adult Education, the Arts and Multiculturalism" (Jones); "Accreditation: The Dilemma of Liberal Adult Education" (Benn); "Women's Education in Japan" (Yamamoto); "Liberal Adult Education: A Contemporary Approach" (McIntosh); "Adult Education from Below: Notes from a Participatory Action Research Project" (Schratz); "Lifelong Education a Necessity" (Gestrelius); and "Postscript--The Wadham Conversation" (Duke). (MN)

This document contains 14 papers from the skills for the new millennium section of an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The following papers are included: "Research on Vocational Education and Training as a Field for Knowledge Development--Starting Points for the CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training) Research Arena" (Pekka Kamarainen); "Knowledge Development at the Interface of Research, Policy and Practice--Support for Knowledge Development within the CEDEFOP Research Arena (CEDRA)" (Graham Attwell, Alan Brown); "Use of Web-Based Collaboration and Knowledge Transformation Tools to Support the Development of a Learning Community to Enhance Career Guidance Practice" (Alan Brown, Graham Attwell, Jenny Bimrose); "Doing the Research Is Only Half the Job: The Impact of VET Research on Decision Making" (Chris Robinson, Sarah Hayman); "NCVER's (National Centre for Vocational Education Research's) Web Site and the VOCED Research Database" (Sarah Hayman); "The Renaissance of Vocational Education and Training: Miscellaneous Hints for Undernourished Elephants Yearning to Dance" (Robert Sadler); "Tele-Operation of a Manufacturing System for Vocational Education" (Francis H.F. Tsang, Jonathan K.F. Lee); "Worldwide Technology Trend of Electronics Products" (Lawrence Cheung); "The Implication of Advances in Wireless Data Communications on E-Commerce" (Lawrence Cheung); "New Roles of Vocational Education and Vocational Teachers for Technological Change: A Case Study of the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education" (Che Keung Yeung, Choi Fung Cheng); "The Occupational Skill Testing and Certification Systems in Hong Kong" (S.P. Fu); "Distance and Open Learning--Web-Based Training (WBT) Development Process Consideration" (Donna Wing Yiu Lau); and "Industry Partnership for Graduation Stage of Higher Vocational Education" (Dan-dan Shi, Xiao-hong Chen). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains 18 papers from the human resource development and manpower training section of an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The following papers are included: "Use of Social and Economic Modeling to Plan Vocational Education and Training" (David L. Passmore); "Retraining for the Unemployed--An Up-hill Battle That Never Ends" (S.S. Kwong); "Manpower Planning in Hong Kong" (Anthony Cheng); "Identifying and Responding to Skills Shortages" (David L. Passmore); "Analysis of Training Needs for Employees of International Five-Star Hotels in Taipei, Taiwan" (Shu-Hsaio Tsen); "An Evaluation on the Effectiveness of a 9-Month Intensive Full-Time Program for the Unemployed" (Che Keung Yeung, Yuet Kueng Cadbury Chan, Lai Ling Lilian Chow, Yuen Bing Leung, King Chung Joseph Chow); "An Examination of the Concept of Providing Leadership Development for All Students as an Integral Part of Classroom Instruction" (Jerome I. Leventhal); "Contingency Theory Is of Little Value in Helping Leaders or Potential Leaders to Perform Successfully" (Eric Cheng); "Continuing Professional Development towards Employee Empowerment in Manpower Training: A New Domain of Organisational Strategy" (Joseph S.L. Yip); "Assessment and Preparation of Career and Technical Education Teachers: Implications for Curriculum Development" (Victor K.A. Gbomita); "What's Happening in Your Teacher Education Program?" (C. Gloria Heberley); "Stress Management for Teachers in Vocational Education and Training Sector" (Gloria Ching Wah Chan); "Mining Labour Market Information for Use in Developing an IT (Information Technology) Manpower Predictive Model" (Gar-yun Garry Suen); "Training for Betterment: A Model for Training of Professionals in a Diverse Organisation" (Freidoon A. Khavarpour, Bruno Gelonesi); "E-Learning in Knowledge-Based Society" (P.F. Tsui, Ian K.M. Yue); "The Development of a Management Competency Model and a Development Centre" (Sara Wong); "Graph Theory, Job-Labour System and Manpower Planning" (Kwai Wing Leuung); and "Overview of Assessment and Quality Assurance on TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) and a Proposal for Turkey" (Sabahattin Balci, Riza Gurbuz). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains 15 papers from the information technology (IT) in vocational education and training (VET) section of an international conference on VET for lifelong learning in the information era. The following papers are included: "Adapting the System of Continuing Vocational Education for the 3rd Industrial Revolution--Experiences from the Swedish Pilot Project with AVE (Advanced Vocational Education)" (Mats Lindell); "A Flexible Investment: The Australian VET Sector's Framework for Applying New Technologies in Learning" (Sandra Lerch, Peter Le Cornu); "E-Portfolio: More Than an Electronic Resume" (N. Faye Angel); "A Joint Venture in Distance Education Program between Hong Kong and Australia" (Fun-ting Chan, John Messing); "An Evaluation of a Model Multiple Site Distance Learning Program for Non-traditional Students" (Dale E. Thompson, Betsy Orr, Kit Brooks, Cecelia Thompson); "How to Teach Students in the Information Era?" (K.C. Chu); "Integrating Adult Learning Principles in Web Based Open Learning" (Shyamal Majumder); "Integrating the Strengths of the Web-Based and Traditional Models of Teaching" (T.Y. Leung, Sarah Y.S. Tran); "Web-Site Teaching: Analysis of Its Future Development" (Ying Wai Peter Chiu); "Using the Web to Enhance Language Teaching and Learning and Distributed Cognitions in a Conventional Sub-degree Setting" (Wanda W.Y. Lau); "The Effectiveness of Using Technology to Teach English as a Second Language" (Rita Yuk Kwan Ng); "Web-Based Vocational English: Development, Practice and Problems" (Kim Hung Martina Chan, Chi Ming Lee);"Establishing a Virtual Building and Construction Site for Education and Training" (John F. Barrett, Brian Wilkins); "The Webvolution's Impact on Vocational Classrooms and Administration" (Elaine S. Stith); and "Audio and Video Development for Multimedia and Web-Based Applications" (Teresa Yohon). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains 35 papers from the program development section of an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The following are among the papers included: "Using Quality Indicators to Create World-Class Curricula: From Concept to Application" (Curtis Finch, Timo Luopajarvi, Paivi Sutinen); "What Is Missing from ISO 9000 International Quality Standards Training in the United States?" (Paul Krueger); "West Virginia Instructional Technology Program Design for Economic Development" (Michael M. Murphy); "A Perception of the Software Process Model" (Albert H.S. Scott); "Design of Internet-Related Courses for IT (Information Technology) Professionals" (Y.K. Choi); "A TQM (Total Quality Management) Study of Faculty and Trainees' Perceptions of Public Vocational Training Institutions in Taiwan" (Li-Mei Huang); "Curriculum Development in Vocational Education: Achieving Balance and Coherence" (Christopher Parkin); "Providing Competency-Based Education for Industry and Its Effect on Classroom Education" (Chin-Yen Lin, Tsung-Juang Wang); "Competency Based Training: An Evaluation of a Post-secondary Teacher Education Program" (Dale E. Thompson, Cecelia Thompson, Betsy Orr); "Perceptions of Participants in a Multi-site Distance Learning Bachelor of Science Degree Program" (Betsy Orr, Dale Thompson, Cecelia Thompson); "A Study of Relation between Assessment Dimension and Management Outcomes--A Sample of Sinyi Real-Estate Company" (Stanley Tsan-Ying Lin); "Exploring a New Pattern of Vocational Education and Training" (Haicheng Yang, Tingrui Wang); "Transforming Educational Practice for a Transformed Employment Environment" (Jeanne Dawson); "Pre- and Post-Assessment in Occupational Courses" (Teresa Yohon); "Transforming Young School Leavers and Mature Unemployed into Skilled IT Workers--The IT Assistant Training in Hong Kong" (Yat-chen Li); "Discussion and Design of High Vocational Education" (Wenyi Qin, Yanchun Guo); "Teaching Statistical Problem Solving in Vocational Education" (Ken W. Li); "Structure and Cultivation of the Knowledge and Abilities of Students of Higher Vocational Technical Education" (Jiyao Zhou, Kaiyu Zhen, Weihua Liu); "Telling Stories in the Use of Portfolio Assessment in Higher Education: Some Implementation Issues" (Annie Y.W. Nicholson, Sharon Bryant); and "The Effects of the Whole Educational Experience on Graduate Employability and Further Study" (Kwok Hung Lai, Michael Hohn Pomfret). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains 18 papers from the partnership for vocational education and training (VET) section of an international conference on VET for lifelong learning in the information era. The following are papers are included: "School, TAFE (Technical and Further Education), and University Links, in Pursuit of a Seamless Pathway" (Robert Player); "Work-Based Training: Experiences of Student Interns" (Marcelle Hardy, Carmen Parent, Johanne Forget); "A New Model for Workforce Development: University of Nevada Las Vegas Educator Externship Program" (Sterling Saddler, Gina M. Toth, Lisa M. Bybee); "Workplace Learning as an Investment in Human Capital" (Johanna Lasonen, Reijo Parikka); "Supporting Lifelong Learning; The New Integrated Scottish Qualifications System" (Maida Grant);"Key Policy Issues in the Promotion of Information Technology in Vocational Education: Some Lessons from the Five-Year Strategy in Hong Kong" (Kathleen S.K. Ng); " Vocational Education and Training for Operators of Modern Enterprises" (Qinxiang Gao, Meichi Huang, Heping Yu); "The Condition and Competency of Multi-Entrances for Personnel Training of Industrial Design Engineer in Taiwan" (Jui-che Tu); "Establishment of the Advanced Printing Technology Centre at Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Kwun Tong)" (Lawrence W. Chan); "Profile of SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) Support in Hong Kong and the Setting Up of the Business Start-up Centre" (Robin Wong); "Attach Strategic Importance to High Quality Vocational and Technical Education" (Shengyun Yang); "Cross Disciplinary Continuing Professional Development" (Sai Hong Ko); "Attitudes of University Faculty Members toward Students with Disabilities" (Marie F. Kraska); "Mobility, Flexibility and Accessibility of Postsecondary Education in Hong Kong" (Shui-Kin Chan); "Vocational Education in Engineering in the Information Age" (C.W. Woo, Alan S.T. Tang, S.T. Poposka); "The Engineering Graduate Training Scheme and New Technology Training Scheme in Hong Kong" (T.L. Ng, Gary M.Y. Wong); "Developing a Competitive Program to Cope with the 3C (Change, Competitive, Complex) Trend in Industry" (S.T. Tsai, Shu-Hsiao Tsen); and "How Effective Are Our Teaching Methods for Vocational Education" (Yik-lung Wong). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains nine papers from the social and ethical issues section of an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The following papers are included: "Attitudes of University Faculty Members toward Students with Disabilities" (Marie F. Kraska); "Attitude of Gaming Employees towards Problem Gambling: How It Affects Their Learning at an Awareness Training" (Lisa M. Bybee); "Quantitative Evaluation of the Educational Programmes on Students' Awareness of Social Responsibility" (Loky Tsui, Lee Wong); "Increasing Female Participation in Technology Education: A Hong Kong Perspective" (Ken Volk); "Integration of General Education into the Vocational Training Curriculum" (Kwok Hung Lai); "Flexible Learning: Developing Opportunities" (Lesley Wemyss, Carmel Thompson); "Role of Supported Services in the Provision of Vocational Training for Open Employment to People with Disabilities in Hong Kong" (Eliza Woon-ching Lo Chan); "Exploration of the Aboriginal Vocational Training Implementation Strategem from the Outlook of the 'Tribal Classroom'" (Chou Chin-hung); and "Professional Ethics--A Life-long Pursuit by an Engineer" (C.K. Leung, Jolly Wong). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This volume is composed of 13 comparable longitudinal studies that draw on survey data and case studies of young people in Canada, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. "Introduction: Transitions to Employment in a Cross-National Perspective" (Walter R. Heinz) provides a context and an overview. Part I has four chapters that discuss the relationships among social origin, gender, and transition patterns in a period of shifting job opportunities: "Social and Geographical Mobility 20 Years after High School" (Paul Anisef, Anton H. Turrittin, Zeng Lin); "Diverse Directions: Young Adults' Multiple Transitions" (Victor Thiessen, E. Dianne Looker); "New Routes to Employment: Integration and Exclusion" (John Bynner); and "From Education to Employment: Occupations and Careers in the Social Transformation of East Germany" (Ansgar Weymann). Five chapters in part II focus on the extent to which work experiences, skills, and credentials build bridges between school and the labor market: "Adolescent Part-Time Work and Postsecondary Transition Pathways in the United States" (Jeylan T. Mortimer, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson); "Multiple Life-Sphere Participation by Young Adults" (Lesley Andres); "The Subbaccalaureate Labor Market in the United States: Challenges for the School-to-Work Transition" (W. Norton Grubb); "Creating New Pathways to Adulthood by Adapting German Apprenticeship in the United States" (Stephen F. Hamilton, Mary Agnes Hamilton); and "Job-Entry Patterns in a Life-Course Perspective" (Walter R. Heinz). Part III has four chapters that concern more theoretically oriented analyses of the changes in transition organization and options in (post-)industrial service societies: "Institutional Networks and Informal Strategies for Improving Work Entry for Youths" (James E. Rosenbaum); "School-to-Work Transitions and Postmodern Values: What's Changing in Canada?" (Harvey Krahn, Graham S. Lowe); "Education and Employment in Great Britain: The Polarizing Impact of the Market" (Frank Coffield); and "From Systems to Networks: The Reconstruction of Youth Transitions in Europe" (Lynne Chisholm). The book contains 531 references and an index. (YLB)

The following papers are included: "Values in the Arts and Education" (Jones); "Conditions of Art Confrontations" (Wijdenes, Haanstra); "Arts, Aesthetics and Values in Adult Education" (Greene); "Arts for All" (Milton); "Importance of Culture as Mirrored in the Arts" (Debra); "Arthur Lismer, Canada's Artist/Adult Educator" (Barer-Stein); "Cultural Development or Cultural Stasis" (Jones); "'Aesthetization' of Adult Education" (van Gent); "Between Utility and Uniqueness" (Haanstra); "Adult Education & Contemporary Art" (Elias); "Emperor's Spectacles" (Everitt); "Audible Voices" (Fisk); "Arts and Adult Education in Fife" (McConnell); "Cultural Career of the Citizen" (van der Hoeven); "Adult Education and the Visual Arts in the Netherlands" (van Gent); "Adult Art Education as a Subversive Activity" (Yeomans); "What If Grandma Moses Attended Night School?" (Edelson); "Art, Education, and Ordinary Canadians" (Mullen); "Arts, Access and Adult Continuing Education" (Davies); "Behind the Screen" (Calvano); "Research Works of CEDE [European Centre of Education] in the Field" (Branchesi); "Visual Aids for Music Listeners" (Davison); "Never Too Late" (De Clercq); "Artists in Educational and Social Fields?" (Fuchs); "Arts Activities in Prisons" (Peaker, Vincent); "'Dialogare' (to Hold a Conversation) with the Arts" (Branchesi); "Arts & Social Action" (England); "Art of Popular Education" (Moller); "Omanut Laam (1)" (Alter); "Omanut Laam (2)" (Alter); "Educational Innovations in AETV [Adult Education Television] Programmes for National Development" (Rajamani); "Museum Adult Education and the Challenges of Western Society" (Dufresne-Tasse, Wetizi-Fairchild, Lepage); "Education artistique et l'apprentisage de l'adulte au musee" (Dufresne-Tasse); "English Abstract: Artistic Education and Adult Education/Schooling in the Museum" (Dufresne-Tasse); "Museum Programming in a Multi-cultural Society" (Solinger); "Multiculturalism, New Audiences and Programs at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C." (Russell); and "Introduction to the Ministry of the Flemish Community's 'School en Museum' Service" (Laureys). (MN)

The nature and status of collective bargaining by faculty in colleges and universities in both the United States and Canada are reviewed. The growth patterns for collective negotiation in both countries and the causal factors for faculty unions are contrasted. The use of collective bargaining in higher education raises issues, including the determination of bargaining principles; determination of who should be included in the bargaining unit definition; the effect of the principle of exclusivity of bargaining rights on the agreement; and the resolution of bargaining impasses, grievance procedures and arbitration. Contents of contracts that are specifically related to higher education are discussed including governance, personnel policies, and academic provisions for faculty responsibilities and functions. (JMF)

The document analyzes Mao Tse-Tung's "Three Main Rules of Discipline" and "Eight Points For Attention" and presents, by way of comparison, the text of the "Code of Conduct" issued by the President of the United States for members of the armed forces during the Vietnam War. Mao's regulations were revised by the General Headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army in 1947 as follows: obey orders in all your actions, do not take a single needle or piece of thread from masses, and turn in everything captured. The "Eight Points for Attention" were revised to include the following: (1) speak politely, (2) pay fairly for what you buy, (3) return everything you borrow, (4) pay for anything you damage, (5) do not hit or swear at people, (6) do not damage crops, (7) do not take liberties with women, and (8) do not abuse captives. The "Code of Conduct" for American soldiers, intended to inform them of behavior expected of them during war time, contains six statements: I am prepared to give my life in defense of my country; I will never surrender of my own free will; if captured, I will continue to resist; if I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners; when questioned, I will make no statements disloyal to my country; and I will never forget that I am an American fighting man. (Author/DB)

This report reviews the problems of protecting nature in a heavily industrialized democracy such as the United States. Factors contributing to the establishment of protected areas in the United States are traced from the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 to the present. Arguments in defense of wilderness areas consider nature as: (1) a reservoir of normal ecological processes, (2) a sustainer of biological diversity, (3) a formative influence on the national character, (4) a church, (5) a guardian of mental health, and (6) an educational asset in developing environmental responsibility. Diverse agencies, programs, and efforts exist at all levels. The National Park Service, the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the National Wilderness Preservation System function on the federal level. Coastal zone management and land use laws protect natural areas on the state level, city and county parks serve as protected areas on local levels, and private organizations such as the Sierra Club also contribute to wilderness preservation. Problems arise from the conflict between economic development and nature preservation, and the popularity of nature areas which leads to their destruction. Programs in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, East Africa, Europe, the Soviet Union, and Canada are also described. (KC)

This book provides an overview of research on infants and young children who have experienced non-maternal or non-parental care during their preschool years. It focuses on studies conducted in Australia, but also considers the vast body of research conducted elsewhere, especially in the United States. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the issues involved in research into the effects of non-maternal care and gives a context for the discussion that follows. Chapter 2 contains a brief overview of early research, which was largely concerned with whether non-maternal care affected the security of the mother-child attachment. Chapter 3 discusses the question of whether non-maternal (and sometimes non-parental) child care is harmful to infants. Chapter 4 examines research employing a broader approach which takes into account the effects of family environment when studying the effects of non-maternal care. Chapter 5 contains a description of Head Start and other early intervention programs designed to improve the educational opportunities and well-being of children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Chapter 6 explores the conclusion that child care is not a substitute for home care, but rather provides children with experiences in a different setting. Contains approximately 240 references. (MDM)

Information on the U.S. paper money from a chapter of the book "The Study of Money: American Coins and Bills," is presented. The U.S. paper money is also known as Federal Reserve Notes. It is printed in one, two, five, 10, 20, 50 and 100 denominations. The pictures on observe and reverse sides of each U.S. dollar bill denomination are described.

Discusses the recycling of paper in the U.S. Benefits of recycling paper; Origin of fiberglass; Uses for recycled paper materials; Information on Paper Services Limited.

Long term trends in non-Maori family formation, growth, and dissolution in New Zealand were investigated with data mainly derived from the statistical reports of government departments. Sources included census reports; vital, justice, medical, and migration statistics; life tables; and official yearbooks. To augment official statistical data, an interview survey was carried out in 1967. This survey was designed to collect information on the family formation patterns of various social subgroupings. Occupational status and fertility level were chosen as bases for differentiating subgroupings. After an introductory chapter describing the study, its setting, and the data and methods used, chapter 2 describes and analyzes trends in marriage patterns. Chapters 3 through 5 focus on aspects of family size, including a description of differential trends within population subgroupings and a comparison of differentials in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia. Chapter 6 provides information about birth timing, birth spacing, and household units. Divorce and mortality trends are described in chapter 7. The concluding chapter describes changes in family structure and discusses social and demographic influences on family formation patterns. Appended are survey questions, coding guidelines, and technical notes on statistical calculations. (RH)

This document contains four papers on organizational enhancement and human resource development (HRD). "Motivation to Improve Work through Learning in Human Resource Development" (Sharon S. Naquin, Elwood F. Holton III) argues that HRD's traditional conceptualization of motivation should be expanded to incorporate motivation to use learning to improve performance. "Improving Performance through HRD: Towards a Multi Level Model" (A.A.M. [Ida] Wognum) reports on a Dutch study that identified the following five factors as important to HRD effectiveness: strategic alignment; the problem serving as the starting point for HRD; the company HRD climate; the position of the HRD department; and the form of HRD interventions. "Exploring Organization Commitment in a Non-Profit Service Organization" (Constantine Kontoghiorghes, Nancy Bryant) discusses a study that identified the following four key predictors of employee commitment: company satisfaction; the extent to which one's job takes advantages of talents and abilities; the extent to which the organization emphasizes doing things right the first time; and a work environment conducive to learning. "Innovative Human Resource Practices and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Investigation" (Tanuja Agarwala) presents the results of an exploration of the relationship between three dimensions of innovative human resource practices with organizational commitment. All four papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains three papers on organizational values. "Understanding the Work Beliefs of Nonprofit Executives through Organizational Stories" (Ava S. Wilensky, Carol D. Hansen) reports on a study during which qualitative interviews featuring a story component established that nonprofit executives constitute a diffuse managerial subculture and see themselves operating in a complicated and ambiguous world as they balance business and personnel requirements with the spiritual motivation of their service mission. "Work-Related Values of Managers and Subordinates in Manufacturing Companies in Germany, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, and the United States" (K. Peter Kuchinke) reports on a survey of more than 4,000 respondents from 10 manufacturing companies in 2 Western countries and 4 countries of the former Soviet Union. The study examined the existence of within-country and between-country variation in cultural dimensions, differences between the values of managers and those of their subordinates, and the influence of demographic factors on culture. "Valuing the Employment Brand: Attracting Talent That Fits" (Diane M. Bergeron) argues that employment branding benefits both individuals and organizations, functions as a recruiting tool in a competitive labor market, and communicates the organization's values and work environment to potential applicants. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains three papers on global knowledge transfer issues and human resource development (HRD). "Indigenizing Knowledge Transfer" (Gary N. McLean) explores examples of HRD in which ethnocentric perspectives predominate and argues that, unless a HRD develops a global perspective, efforts to transfer knowledge within academia and corporate HRD settings are nearly certain to fail. "How to Develop Human Resources: Technical Rationality or Social Moral Responsibility? A Comparison of Western and Chinese Human Resource Theory and Practice" (Baiyin Yang, De Zhang) proposes a theoretical framework for cross-cultural study in organizational behavior and uses the framework to compare U.S. and Chinese human resource theory and practice. The study demonstrates that Chinese managerial philosophy is centered on social morality whereas U.S. managerial philosophy is characterized as technical rationality. "Enhancing Commitment and Overcoming the Knowing-Doing Gap: A Case Study at the Technikon Northern Gauteng (TNG) in South Africa" (Hilda Martens, Jan Verhagen) reports on a case study during which a social constructionist framework was used to examine the problem of overcoming the knowing-doing gap and increasing commitment in an action research at a South African tertiary educational institution. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains three papers on human resource development (HRD) in Latin America. "Looking at the Literature on Workplace Democracy in Latin America: Factors in Favor and Against It" (Max U. Montesino) discusses selected issues related to workplace democracy in Latin America and identifies salient issues for further research, including the following: the magnitude of work democracy experiments in the region; the scope of workplace democracy; the process of learning self-direction in the context of Latin America's managerial culture; and the implications of the lack of evolution of Latin American managerial culture. "Toward a New HRD Organizational Model" (Jules K. Beck) argues that increased economic growth in Asian and European markets will one day place the Americas at a competitive disadvantage unless an new international model emerges that can better harness labor to strengthen the hemispheric economic engine. "Differences in Priority for Competencies Trained between U.S. and Mexican Trainers" (Larry M. Dooley; Kenneth E. Paprock, In-Sun Shim, Elsa Gonzalez Y Gonzalez) examines the differences in competencies for training programs between Mexican and U.S. companies and discusses the implications of these differences for implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

Chapter 7 of the book "Corporate Records Handbook," is presented. It discusses various aspects associated with paper meetings in the U.S. It offers information on steps necessary to document a paper meeting of directors or shareholders. This chapter demonstrates that a paper meeting is held on paper to approve an amendment to increase the authorized voting shares of the corporation.

Chapter one of the book "Transforming Chinese American Literature: A Study of History, Sexuality and Ethnicity" is presented. It explores the history of Chinese immigration to America in which due to a devastating earthquake, grabbed the opportunity to forge themselves birth certificates stating that they were born in America and became paper citizens. It highlights the paper business of the Chinese immigrants which can be considered a strategy for success.

The article offers information on the procedures in filing court forms and documents. It presents steps on how to file a case, how to fill out court forms and how to deal with court clerks. It provides questions that one may ask to the court clerk via telephone in preparation for court filing. It also discusses the risks and benefits of filing court forms by mail and fax including delays that may occur if errors are found and corrected from the papers.

Information on the paper and ink used on U.S. bills from a chapter of the book "How Coins and Bills Are Made" is presented. The paper used for producing bills is not made of paper but of 75% cotton and 25% linen to make it resistant to wear and tear and give a unique feel. Black ink is used for printing on the front while green ink is used on the reverse side, which prompted the use of the term "greenbacks."

Chapter 24 of the book "2007 ASHRAE Handbook: Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Applications," Inch-Pound Edition, by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is presented. It explores some of the standard requirements in installing air conditioning systems on facilities that manufacture finished wood product in the U.S. The importance of the ventilation as part of the process in manufacturing product is also emphasized.

The article examines how rapper Tupac Shakur became the most influential rapper in the U.S. The voice of Shakur sounds through the cultural landscape and lingers over the spirits with formidable intensity. Shakur embraces rap's history and worked within its limits while frequently forcing against them, remolding the conventions of rap while dimming the lines between his life and art.

This chapter presents an analysis of critical welfare reform issues affecting the Black community in the U.S. It presents an overview of welfare reform from the black perspective and the person-in-environment framework. It also examines three issues of particular importance to black communities such as lifetime limits, increase in child-only cases, and the status of households who left the roll with unknown status. Black perspective evolves from black experiences that reflect a commitment to the history of a people and its role in meeting emerging challenges.

Information on the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) from a chapter of the book "How Coins and Bills Are Made" is presented. While the U.S. Mint produces coins, the BEP is tasked with the production of paper money. Also part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the BEP prints notes in several denominations at its Washington, D.C. and Forth Worth, Texas.

Information on the circulation of paper money in the U.S. from a chapter of the book "How Coins and Bills Are Made" is presented. Prior to circulation, bricks of notes are taken to each of the 12 Federal Reserve banks across the U.S. The money is then distributed by the Federal Reserve banks to local banks for circulation.

This "Third Edition" updates the decades of the 1980s and 1990s and moves into the events and issues of the 21st century. Designed as a teaching supplement for any U.S. history course of study, it can be used in its entirety or selectively to fill in gaps left by traditional textbooks and curricula. The authors seek to bring U.S. history to life for students by providing them with skills to analyze the past and to make history a part of their lives. "Breaking Away from the Textbook: A Creative Approach to Teaching American History" includes: (1) Sections for projects and research work; (2) Homework assignments; and (3) Classroom activities. The chapters, organized chronologically, are devoted to: (1) Current events; (2) Debates; (3) Term papers; and (4) Creating a Special Classroom. The book is designed for library teachers, professors, administrators, and staff developers. After a foreword and introductions to the second and third editions, this book is divided into the following chapters: (1) Exploration of the New World; (2) The Colonists; (3) The American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence; (4) The Constitution and the Bill of Rights; (5) Establishing the New Nation; (6) Expansion and the Frontier; (7) The Civil War; (8) Reconstruction; (9) Life across the United States: 1865-1900; (10) The Industrial Revolution; (11) Immigration; (12) The United States Becomes a World Power; (13) The Twenties; (14) The Great Depression; (15) World War II; (16) The Post-War Years: 1945-1959; (17) The Sixties; (18) The Seventies; (19) The Eighties and Nineties-Ending the 20th Century; (20) Facing the 21st Century; (21) Current Events; (22) Term Papers; (23) A Special Classroom Library--Beyond Reference; and (24) Debates.