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Summary: This book contains selected papers from the 9th annual conference of the Hellenic Society of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise (2019). Exercise biochemistry and exercise physiology are two closely related sport sciences that examine how muscle activity alters the way our bodies (and those of other animals) function at the levels of molecules, cells, organs, and whole body. Included in the book is original research on biochemical and physiological adaptations of children, adolescents, and adults to exercise training; on the use of biochemical and physiological tests to assess sport performance; and on how exercise can fight disease.

Summary: Growing evidence supports the important role of nutrition in health and performance. Nutritional interventions, alone or in combination with physical exercise, have proven effective for reducing the incidence of different chronic diseases and their associated risk factors (e.g., obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). A healthy diet also seems to prevent many of the detrimental consequences of aging, notably sarcopenia and frailty. On the other hand, diet has been reported to influence physical performance, with nutrition, including nutritional supplements, being a cornerstone in the armamentarium of athletes. The role of nutrition seems, therefore, wide; however, although research is rapidly growing, controversy and debate still exists as to the optimal nutritional strategies for disease prevention and sports performance enhancement. The present Special Issue aimed to report recent findings on the role of nutrition in disease prevention and sports performance enhancement, as well as to summarize current evidence on these topics.