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The term ˵ostomy″ is derived from the Latin word ˵ostium,″ which means mouth or opening. In the setting of abdominal surgery, the ostomy procedure refers to bringing a segment of small intestine or colon from the abdominal cavity out through the abdominal wall fascia and suturing it in place to the skin. By creating an opening in the bowel and suturing the bowel wall in place, the contents of the gastrointestinal tract can be safely drained into an ostomy appliance which is adhered to the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low anterior resection (LAR) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) are the two primary operations for surgical resection of rectal cancer. The decision to perform one operation over the other is based primarily on the tumor location in relation to the sphincter complex. Low anterior resection involves resection of the tumor with a primary anastomosis to the remaining anorectum, thus maintaining intestinal continuity. It is usually reserved for tumors located between 4 and 16 cm from the anal verge. Abdominoperineal resection involves removing the tumor along with the anal canal and sphincter complex, creating a permanent end colostomy. To qualify for an LAR, both the tumor and the distal margin must allow preservation of the sphincter complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sigmoid colectomy is indicated for resection of malignant lesions in the sigmoid colon. As with any partial colectomy performed for malignant disease, sigmoid cancer resections should include the sigmoid mesentery to ensure en bloc removal of the tumor and its draining lymph nodes. Sigmoidectomy is also commonly indicated for benign disease, most commonly related to sigmoid diverticulitis. Diverticulitis accounts for one-third of all colectomies and resection is indicated after recurrent episodes or for complicated cases resulting in perforation, abscess, fistula, or stricture [1]. Other benign indications for sigmoidectomy include sigmoid volvulus and trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon cancer or large adenomas are the major indications for right hemicolectomy, as it is the most appropriate oncologic resection. Though adenocarcinoma account for the great majority of colon cancers, other tumors such as carcinoids, lymphomas, and leiomyosarcomas may rarely occur. Right hemicolectomy is also the procedure of choice for appendiceal neoplasms (adenocarcinoma, appendiceal lymphoma) involving the cecum or mesentery [1] and appendiceal carcinoid tumors larger than 1.5 cm or smaller than 1 cm with extension into the mesoappendix [2]. Benign conditions may also be treated by right hemicolectomy. These include Crohn΄s disease (although ileocecectomy is often sufficient), ischemia, trauma, right-sided diverticulitis, and volvulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]