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Numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer have been used to investigate the genesis of the Tongchang porphyry copper deposit, China. Early stages of hydrothermal activity are predicted to have been dominated magmatic-derived fluids, with fluid flow centred on granodiorite contact zones. During the middle period of hydrothermal activity, there was potential for mixing of magmatic water and groundwater. Late stage hydrothermal activity is predicted to have been dominated by groundwater convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]