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The article discusses the importance of bylaws preparation in the formation of nonprofit corporations. As explained, bylaws serve as the internal affairs manual of the corporation, setting the rules and procedures for the holding of meetings, election of directors and officers, and other corporate formalities. The first step is to make a decision on whether the nonprofit corporation is to be a membership or nonmembership corporation. It states that a board of directors run a nonmembership corporation.

The article presents an overview on Criminal Law and Procedure. The U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights provide basic protections for people charged with crimes, including the right to refuse to incriminate oneself, the right to confront an accuser, and the right to a trial by jury. Laws governing criminal procedures can be passed by federal and state legislatures, but they cannot reduce protections offered by the constitution of their states.

The article discusses the issues relating to laws that affect parents and their children. Adoption allows an adult to legally become a parent of someone who is not the adult's biological child, creating a parent-child relationship recognized for purposes including child support obligations, inheritance rights, and custody. Stepparent adoptions occur when a biological child of one parent is formally adopted by the parent's new spouse.

The article discusses the basic legal concerns relating to patent including qualification for a patent, enforcement of patent rights, and profits from patent. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issues a patent that provides a monopoly on the right to manufacture, use, and sell an invention, for a limited period of time. The PTO issues utility patents for inventions, design patents for novel, nonobvious, and nonfunctional designs, and plant patents for both novel and nonobvious.

The article discusses the legal rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants, focusing on leases and rental agreements, use and return of security deposits, and entry of landlord in rental units. With varied landlord-tenant laws, it is advised that state and local laws be checked for specifics. With the landlord-tenant relationship described in the lease or rental agreement, tenants must read and fully understand the terms.

The article presents several cases regarding legal fixation of misnaming. It informs the procedure for fixation which includes filling out forms, submitting to local court, publishing notice in a local newspaper and attending a court hearing. It also discusses the limitations of the legal fixation of the name if it offended people or incited violence which includes converting a name into numbers and using names stating high status in a religion.

Chapter 11 of the book "How to Change Your Career & Do the Work You Really Love: A Step-by-Step Plan for Making It Happen" is presented. It discusses the legal rights and the government programs available to help job hunters to stay financially stay afloat while between jobs. When changing careers, one of the main concerns is financial security. One of the programs launched by the U.S. government to assist job hunters is the Federal State Unemployment Insurance Program.

The article focuses on the legal rights of tenants as stated in the Real Property and Executive Law against their landlords in New York City. It says that landlords must allow tenants to exercise their rights for privacy in their apartments and involvement in organizations. Furthermore, landlords are prohibited from discriminating tenants in occupation and sexual orientations as well as harassment, in which victims are urged to complain to the Division of Housing and Community Renewal (DHCR).

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the basic terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Denmark. In this country, leases in shopping centers are subject to the Danish Business Rent Act which was enacted on January 1, 2000. It also discusses the terms regarding the rights to the leased premises and the assignment or subletting of the lease.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the basic terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Belgium. In Belgium, shopping center leases, in principle, will be considered as commercial leases, which will be subject to the 1951 Act on commercial leases. It details the terms of leasing shopping centers and the rights to the leased premises.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Spain. It discusses the terms of the shopping center leases, rent and rights to the leased premises. It also explains the provisions regarding the ability to transfer the lease or sublet, alterations and repairs of the leased premises and lease trading.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Russia. It covers most typical lease terms used in Moscow and Saint Petersburg shopping centers. The terms of shopping center leases, rents and rights to leased premises are discussed. The chapter also tackles the ability to transfer the lease or sublet.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Luxembourg. It discusses the terms of shopping center leases, renting premises and rights to the leased premises. It also discusses the ability to transfer the lease of sublet and provisions regarding alterations and repairs of leased premises.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Netherlands. It discusses terms of renting premises in shopping centers and rights to leased premises, the ability to transfer the lease or sublet and the provisions of alterations and repairs of leased premises. Lease trading and insurance is also discussed.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Ireland. It discusses the terms of renting premises in shopping centers and the rights to the leased premises. It details the ability to transfer the lease or sublet, the terms regarding alterations and repairs of leased premises and lease trading and insurance.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Hungary. It discusses the terms of renting premises in shopping centers and the rights to these premises. It also details the ability to transfer the lease or sublet, terms regarding alterations and repairs of the leased premises and lease trading and insurance.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in Greece. The standard type of contract used for commercial premises in Greece is that of a commercial lease agreement. Terms of renting premises in shopping centers and the rights to these premises are discussed, as well as the ability to transfer the lease or sublet.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in France. Lease contracts signed with retailers or industrial companies are regulated by the French code de commerce. It discusses the terms of renting premises in shopping centers, the rights to the leased premises and the ability to transfer the lease or sublet.

A chapter from the book "Shopping Centre Lease: A Pan-European Overview," a publication of the International Council of Shopping Centers, is presented. It offers an overview of the basic terms for shopping center leases and lease clauses in the Czech Republic. It discusses the terms of renting premises in shopping centers and the rights to the premises. It details the ability to transfer the lease or sublet, terms regarding alterations and repairs to the leased premises and lease trading and insurance.

Chapter 2 of the book "Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State" is presented. It examines the provision of human rights in Ghana before and after the creation of its 1992 constitution. It likewise discusses the legal meaning of objectives concerning political, economic, and social rights in the country.

Part 1, Chapter 16 of the book "THE LESSER BOURGEOISIE," by Honore de Balzac is presented. It relates that the plan of the character named Cerizet to investigate certain feature of the house has caused him to reveal the background of the house to Monsieur du Portail. Furthermore, it highlights the request of du Portail to Cerizet to assist him on how to handle his inherited property because of his ignorance in fighting for his legal rights.

Chapter XXXII of the book "Wives and Daughters" is presented. It explores the legacy of Roger Hamley to the properties of his mother where his grandfather had left. It states that the situation bothers Roger Hamley for it is the tradition that Osborne Hamley, being the heir of the estate, got married and soon to have a child. It reveals that the heir's male born will have the legacy of the property.

Chapter 3 of the book "Racial Culture: A Critique," by Richard Thompson Ford is presented. It argues that political solidarity based on a common relationship to oppression and domination is the appropriate focus of identity politics and legal rights assertion. It discusses the group identity politics from questions of cultural pluralism to allow the possibility of new political alliances and re-evaluated commitments.

In this article, the author presents a discussion on whether lesbian and gay couple should be allowed to marry or not. He states that legal right to marriage should be extends to same-sex couples and also will also get approval for domestic partnership and arrangements available to gay and non-gay couples. It is further mentioned that marriage is a training school for cultural resistance to unjust power and authority.

Chapter 7 of the book "Destroying World Order: U.S. Imperialism in the Middle East Before and After September 11, 2004," is presented. It explores former U.S. President George W. Bush's administration alleged manipulation of the tragic events of September 11 to plot, plan and conspire to wage a war of aggression against Iraq. It calls on Iraqi people to exercise their international legal right to self-determination and for them to decide their own political and economic future as they see fit.

The article discusses the legal process which provides a framework in Great Britain for protecting the rights of those who lack the capacity to make their own decisions. The author points out that caregivers are motivated by a desire to protect, to support, and to make safe decisions in the best interest of the incapacitated person. The human rights act should affect the way to conceptualize the exercise of decisions that affect the rights of the citizen.

The article offers the author's insights regarding the relations between interpretative jurisprudence and constitutive jurisprudence. The author discusses the mutual relation of the notions of legal right and legal obligation. He also explores the works of philosopher John Locke regarding natural possession, wherein a common property is changed into private property.

Political obligation Of all the elements in the traditional political-constitutional-philosophical style of argument the theme of political obligation was most firmly fixed in scripture and theology. Hardly surprisingly, therefore, it was the issue most discussed in this sphere between 1789 and 1804, though that discussion was mostly focussed in the earlier part of that period. The nature of that obligation continued to be interpreted in a variety of ways. The Church of England The Dean of Canterbury, George Horne, delivered from the pulpit of his cathedral church, on 25 October 1789, a classic restatement of the establishment position. Citing the traditional texts from SS Peter and Paul, he asserted that the Bible made clear that ‘the law of God enjoins obedience to every government settled according to the constitution of the country in which it subsists'. Horne proceeded to argue a case much closer to the balanced episcopal view than he had earlier in his career; though not yet in the Court Whig tradition, at least he was less obviously an unreconstituted patriarchalist. Men did have rights and need not submit unconditionally to government, but those rights were clearly expressed in the laws and constitution of the country. Horne thus distanced himself from his friend William Jones of Nayland, who had delivered a passionately pro-royalist sermon from the same pulpit a month earlier. He had denounced the French roundly and asserted the divine preference was for royal government. So the paths of the highchurch patriarchalists diverged. Horne's adoption of the more balanced and reasoned orthodox view led him eighteen months later to the Bishopric of Norwich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secular politics and the constitution in the state For most educated Englishmen political theory was not some etiolated branch of philosophy, but a living ideology which informed their attitudes to political institutions and contemporary debates. Most of the statements of Christians, clerical and lay, were made in response to the stimulus of events, and the various arguments outlined in Chapter 1 need to be set in their contemporary political contexts. These events rarely changed those men's fundamental beliefs, but they did determine which aspects of a wide and complex ideology should be emphasised and vigorously argued. Disputes within and between denominations were also focussed and clarified as controversialists on all sides answered each other's arguments. This chapter does not attempt to provide a comprehensive review of all religious reactions to the political events of the period, but rather to set the body of theory examined in Chapters 1 to 6 in the general context of contemporary political events by examining some of the crucial points of contact between theory and practice. The major ideological debate of these years centred around the revolution in America, but there were also domestic matters which involved basic issues of principle – the role of the king in the constitution, the Wilkes affair, parliamentary reform, and slavery. The main analysis attempted here relates to the politico-religious reactions to the dispute and war with the American colonies, but first, to set this controversy in context, some brief snapshots of a few of the contributions to domestic debates are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent were the political ideas outlined in the previous chapter influenced by the religious beliefs of the denomination, or the party within the Anglican church, to which they belonged? Denominations may be distinctive in a number of ways, including a specific set of theological dogmas, an attitude to scripture and its interpretation, a form of ecclesiastical organisation, social composition and the legal and political rights its members enjoyed. To place the arguments in their full religious context the influence of each of these must be considered. Theology Few based their political theory directly on their theology and even fewer on a brand of theology peculiar to a denomination. The Methodist Arminians claimed to find the political implications of Calvinism unacceptable as well as its soteriology. John Fletcher insisted that what he regarded as the antinomian nature of Calvinism led directly to political subversion: the transition from ecclesiastical to civil Antinomianism, is easy and obvious, for, as he that reverences the law of God, will naturally reverence the just commands of the King; so he that thinks himself free from the laws of the Lord, will hardly think himself bound by the statutes of his sovereign. But despite the Methodist alarm, most Calvinists did not deserve the antinomian tag. The best-known Calvinist in the Church of England was Augustus Toplady, the incumbent of Broadhembury in Devonshire, and on the rare occasions when he expressed political views they were of the most conventional and moderate kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides endnotes for the play "Wasps" by Aristophanes, offering explanations and background information on various names, terms, and references used in the play. It includes information on Greek names, cultural practices, historical figures, and literary allusions. The endnotes aim to enhance the reader's understanding of the play and its context. The text also discusses the use of humor and sexual innuendos in the play, as well as references to Athenian democracy and cultural practices. Additionally, it provides background information on historical events and the importance of tax revenue and tribute in Athens during that time period. [Extracted from the article]

The implementation of the toleration mandate in 1785–6 marked a true watershed in the history of Hamburg. The struggle for the liberties it granted had dominated the city since before 1600. The gradual realisation of the mandate's constitutional implications was to preoccupy the city's elite for much of the following century. Of course, both before and after 1785, other issues also stand out, and certainly other European developments had a crucial bearing on Hamburg's evolution. But from the point of view of the local dignitary, whether in the secular or in the ecclesiastical domain, the present was interpreted and articulated in primarily religious terms. The city's relationship with its non-Lutheran minorities thus provided a touchstone on which attitudes were tested and broader issues defined. For this reason the debate over religious toleration can only be fully understood in the context of the broad social and cultural development of early modern Hamburg. This chapter will thus amplify many of the problems raised in the first five chapters, and, by looking at the self-image of the city, explore some of the political, social and cultural dimensions of the debate. One major question arises from much of the analysis above: why did it take so long to concede so little? Throughout, it might seem that the battle lines were relatively clearly drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his survey of the world of the early Enlightenment, Peter Gay wrote: ‘Hamburg, one of many Free Cities in the German Empire, avoided the decay of most of the others by welcoming foreigners of all nationalities and giving them a place in civic and commercial affairs. The… Constitution of 1712, perhaps the least oligarchical urban charter of the age, reflected this liberal spirit and promoted it.’ Gay gives no source for his judgement, but it reflects nonetheless the views of a long line of Hamburg historians beginning around 1800 and culminating in the better-known work of Percy Schramm. After the toleration mandate of 1785, and in the context of the euphoric reforming zeal of the urban elite after the 1790s, the city's historians created a myth of a free mercantile republic whose present wealth and power derived from a long tradition of freedom and toleration. ‘In political and civil terms there is only one estate in Hamburg, the burgher estate’, wrote Johann Daniel Curio in 1802, ‘We are all citizens, no more and no less.’ A decade later Jonas Ludwig von Hess elaborated the myth when he declared: The people here sometimes abused the non-Lutheran immigrants and made them fear for their lives. Yet one cannot claim that Lutheran Hamburg ever openly persecuted those whom, according to its religious principles, it would have been obliged to regard as heretics. It never deprived them of their honour, their livelihood or their lives. The appearance of intolerance which was formerly attached to the city rarely sprang from a fanatical devotion to the supposed cause of God. If such an intolerance did in fact ever rage in Hamburg, this spirit more truly possessed the minds of the clergy than those of the real citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter XLVI of the book "The Battle of the Strong: A Romance of Two Kingdoms," by Gilbert Parker is presented. It highlights the revelation of Yves Savary dit Detricand about the royal status of Guilbert d'Avranche, son of Guida Landresse. It explores true friendship that has counted several years and shows joy of realizing dreams. Restoration of rights that are due to a person is also given.

The article offers a guide to lease termination. If within the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (LTA), lessees are protected in a number of areas not least that they have the right, subject to exceptions, to a new lease at termination. To end a lease, the landlord must serve a minimum of six months notice stating whether they are prepared to grant a new lease and, if so, how much rent will be expected.

An encyclopedia entry for "human rights and poverty" is presented. Human rights are general rights held by every individual as a human being and are moral tenets which apply to all. The initiative of the Human Rights Approach to Poverty Reduction has been promoted by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). It notes the implications of the approach for the role of government.

The article discusses the theory of sanctions that support obedience to legal and moral rules as well as respect for legal and moral rights which is also inherent to formal axiology. It illustrates several concept combinations that analyze sanctions, rights, and other values. Among the examples of concept combinations include threat of imprisonment, social disapproval to deter stinginess, and dishonesty.