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The article discusses the steps involved in implementing a workplace wellness program. It emphasizes the importance of assessing employees' interests before developing a wellness program for them. It recommends ways by which employees will be motivated to join the wellness program. It explains the need to evaluate the health needs of employees and to conduct health screenings.

Chapter 6 of the book "Medical Management of Adults With Neurologic Disabilities" is presented. The chapter considers the assessment and treatment of diabetes mellitus and lipid disorder in adults with neurologic disabilities. An overview of the mechanism of carbohydrate and lipid disorders is offered. An annual physical exam is recommended for every patient, but the amount of comorbidities and the need to monitor the physiological effects of drugs will determine the frequency of assessment.

Chapter 5 of the book "Medical Management of Adults With Neurologic Disabilities" is presented. This chapter considers the diagnosis and treatment of dental problems in adults with neurologic disabilities. Enumerated are collateral questions that should be asked when assessing a patient for dental management including questions pertaining to history of current illness and allergies. Adequate oral hygiene and preventative dental care are suggested for adults with neurologic disabilities.

Chapter 10 of the book "Burket's Oral Medicine" is presented. It discusses new developments that have led to a better understanding of chronic pain as well as the diagnosis and treatment of orofacial pain (OFP) disorders. It states that OFP occurs due to disease of the orofacial structures, generalized musculoskeletal or rheumatic disease, and central nervous system disease. It explores the examination and assessment of a patient with chronic OFP.

Chapter 6 of the book "Burket's Oral Medicine" is presented. It presents an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis and management of localized nonmalignant growths and tumors of the oral cavity. It discusses the variety of lesions of miscellaneous etiologies which some of them lead to extensive tissue destruction and deformity, if left untreated. It highlights the essential of microscopic examination with the use of biopsy for the identification and management of lesions.

Soldiers returning from combat military operations are at risk for developing a range of psychological problems. One way to facilitate the identification of these atrisk soldiers is to have them complete a psychological screening survey. Such a survey can be used to link soldiers reporting psychological problems with appropriate mental health services. The challenge of developing such a screen is to ensure that it is valid, short, and easy to administer. The US Army Medical Research Unit-Europe has been at the forefront of developing a valid psychological screen for use with soldiers at post-deployment. Research conducted prior to 2004 showed that screening needed to include five domains: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol problems, anger, and relationship problems. Blind validation studies conducted in 2004 led to the selection of scale items and cut-offs for each domain resulting in an effective short screen with good sensitivity and specificity values. Finally, the question of when to conduct psychological screening at post-deployment has also been addressed through a comparison of prevalence estimates at immediate reintegration and three months post-deployment. Future research will examine scale refinement and the use of sleep problem questions in subsequent screening efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military Operations expose personnel to stresses not normally experienced in garrison or in civilian life. The consequence of such exposure is the development of Operational Stress Injuries. The Canadian Forces has developed and continues to improve upon a phased response to assist its members in better being able to respond to these stresses beginning at recruitment and extending throughout the military career. This process is summarized. As a final point, early intervention, a subject of considerable discussion in the literature is addressed through a proposed model aimed at promoting resiliency and early treatment where needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 73 of the book "Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease" is presented. It discusses the genetic screening of patients with hypertension. It also explains the uses of molecular genetic testing for hypertensive patients. It also explores the challenges of genotyping for hypertension. The candidate genes in physiologic systems contributing to blood pressure control are described.

Chapter 29 of the book "Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease" is presented. It explores the incidental discovery of an adrenal mass or an adrenal incidentaloma. It discusses the evaluation for malignancy and its determination of malignancy by the size of the adrenal mass and the radiologic features. It also talks about how to proceed with evaluation if screening tests are positive and the appropriate follow-up for these patients.

Chapter 4 of the book "Fast Facts: Bladder Cancer," Second edition, by Derek Raghavan and Michael Bailey is presented. It discusses the examinations and investigations undertaken to determine bladder cancer. These approaches include imaging process, cystoscopy, and transurethral resection of the tumor. Furthermore, mucosal biopsies are suggested to diagnose associated field changes.

Chapter 8 of the book "A Secret of Madness: The Story of a Marriage" is presented. It discusses that the author's husband had agreed to register with the local doctor for a surgery of her persistent sore throat. It also features the doctor's surgery which was in the small white-painted timber annexe of a large detached Georgian house at the end of the village street in England.

Tissue microarrays have been used effectively to study representative tissue from large groups of patients, with minimal technical and reagent costs. The construction of these arrays may appear complex, but with the use of a semiautomated tissue arrayer and a degree of manual dexterity, symmetrical, high-density arrays can be produced. Here, we highlight where problems in the construction, cutting, and evaluation of tissue microarrays can occur and how these can be prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the manifestation of water use in deliberating the health risks resulting from hazard infection in water-based recreation. It also focuses on the analysis of waterborne pathogens in attributing communicable diseases in the water-based recreation. It describes the waterborne diseases found in water-based recreation including hot tubs, spas, and swimming pool. This pathogen includes campylobacter jejuni, mycobacterium avium, adenovirus, and hepatitis A and E virus.

This article offers an overview about child and adolescent mental health. Several reasons are cited for developing effective interventions for children and adolescents. One of which is that screening programs and interventions for mental disorders can be targeted to the stage at which they are most likely to appear. Steps needed to develop a child and adolescent mental health policy are described, including gathering information and data for policy development.

The entry provides information on tests for autoimmunity. One of the criteria to establish autoimmune etiology of diseases requires the presence of circulating antibodies or cell-mediated autoimmunity. The popliteal lymph node assay is a local lymph node assay that may be useful to screen for initial immunostimulating capacity of chemicals.

A chapter of the book "Clones, Cats, and Chemicals: Thinking Scientifically About Controversial Issues" is presented. It serves as a guide for teachers on discussing the issue of genetic screening. Concerns have been raised regarding the goal of genetic screening, and whether it should be voluntary or mandatory. Genetics screening may be conducted for different purposes, such as providing individuals with information and genetic counseling needed to make decisions related to having a child.

Chapter 4 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. It focuses on preoperative patient assessment which aims to provide adequate information to surgical and anesthetic team members to allow them to formulate the most appropriate surgical and anesthetic plans. It cites the components of the preoperative assessment including a review of the previous medical records. Among the common risk factors for coronary artery disease are advanced age, diabetes and hypertension.

Mammography is a vital screening test for breast cancer because early diagnosis is the most effective means of decreasing the death rate from this disease. However, interpreting the mammographic images and rendering the correct diagnosis is challenging. The diagnostic accuracy of mammography varies with the expertise of the radiologist interpreting the images, resulting in significant variability in screening performance. Radiologists interpreting mammograms must manage uncertainties arising from a multitude of findings. We believe that much of the variability in mammography diagnostic performance arises from heuristic errors that radiologists make in managing these uncertainties. We developed a Bayesian network that models the probabilistic relationships between breast diseases, mammographic findings and patient risk factors. We have performed some preliminary evaluations in test cases from a mammography atlas and in a prospective series of patients who had biopsy confirmation of the diagnosis. The model appears useful for clarifying the decision about whether to biopsy abnormalities seen on mammography, and also can help the radiologist correlate histopathologic findings with the mammographic abnormalities observed. Our preliminary experience suggests that this model may help reduce variability and improve overall interpretive performance in mammography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discrete event simulation describes the screening and natural history of eye disease in patients with diabetes, using the POST simulation software. Discrete event simulation, unlike other modeling techniques, can show the interaction between screening and the two main diabetic eye disease processes. Results show that there is a tradeoff between screening frequency, screening sensitivity and patient compliance. The extent to which screening is cost effective is not clear cut. We have little data on the cost of blindness and different views on the appropriate quality-of-life values to assume. The model can be extended to evaluate prevention and treatment for all the complications of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the reasons why most research on drug use has not used drug testing more widely. Drug tests provide evident of recent use of specific drugs but do not reveal patterns of use over time, the amount of drugs used, or information about drug dependence and other consequences of drug use. There is also concern about the accuracy and reliability of drug tests, about the intrusiveness of sample collection, about racial bias, about the possibility that passive exposure could lead to positive drug test results, and finally, about the costs of drug tests.

Chapter 3 of the book "Surgical Care at the District Hospital" is presented. It investigates several approaches taken by medical practitioners to ensure faster problem analysis and decision making during an operation. It includes the history and physical examination of patients as wells pain management and temperature regulation for children.

Chapter 5 of the book "National Control Programmes: Policies and Managerial Guidelines" is presented. It explores the early detection programs, such as education to promote early diagnosis, as an approach to cancer control. It highlights some factors to be taken into account when adopting a screening technique, and cites the importance of screening for cervix cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer.

It is generally agreed that cytology screening for cancer of the cervix has been effective in reducing the incidence and mortality from the disease in many developed countries. It is the organised programmes that have shown the greatest effect, while using less resources than the unorganised programmes. There is general agreement that high quality cytology is a highly specific screening test, with estimates of the order of 98-99%. There is less agreement on the sensitivity of the test, cross-sectional studies have suggested sensitivity in the order of 50% in some circumstances. However, studies that have been able to assess sensitivity longitudinally have produced estimates that approximate to 75%. The essential elements for successful cytology screening include: • training of the relevant health care professionals, including smear takers, smear readers (cytotechnologists), cytopathologists, colposcopists and programme managers, • an agreed decision on the priority age group to be screened (initially 35-54), • adequately taken and fixed smears, • efficient and high quality laboratory services, that should preferably be centralized, • quality control of cytology reading, • a means to rapidly transport smears to the laboratory, • a mechanism to inform the women screened of the results of the test in an understandable form, • a mechanism to ensure that women with an abnormal test result attend for management and treatment, • an accepted definition of an abnormality to be treated, i.e. high grade lesions, • a mechanism to follow-up treated women, • a decision on the frequency of subsequent screens, • a mechanism to invite women with negative smears for subsequent smears. Elements that interfere with the development of successful cytology screening programmes include over-reliance upon maternal and child health services for screening, as women in their target group are generally too young, opportunistic rather than organised screening, and low coverage of the target group. Setting too low a threshold for referral for colposcopy, i.e. over-treating non-progressive disease, will lead to reduced cost-effectiveness. The major advantages of cytology screening are the considerable experience accrued worldwide in its use, and that it is so far the only established screening test for cervical cancer precursors that has been shown to reduce the incidence and mortality of the disease. However, cytology has limitations, it is incompatible with some women's beliefs, and it is impossible to abolish the disease with screening. It is important that women are not coerced into screening, nor given an overoptimistic view of its potential. New developments in cytology, such as liquid-based cytology and automated reading have advantages, but are currently out of reach of most programmes. Research into means to improve programme efficiency in middle-income countries is a high priority. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Central to the success of any screening programme is the functioning of that programme in its entirety. The requirements include the ability of a programme to ensure high levels of coverage of the target population, to offer high quality, caring services, to develop and monitor good referral systems that ensure good patient follow-up and to ensure that the patients receive appropriate, acceptable and caring treatment in the context of informed consent. Cervical screening should be planned within the context of national planning for cancer control. In many countries some form of screening exists, but will have to be reorganized to achieve success. There needs to be the political will to proceed, with support and funding from the Ministry of Health. Screening has to be based on an adequate health infrastructure. There must be a defined target population, and means to identify, invite, screen and follow-up that population. The women in this population will have to be educated about screening for cervical cancer, and the health professionals who serve them may need education and retraining. A defined referral system for women with an abnormality and a mechanism to ensure women with an abnormality attend for diagnosis and treatment must be put in place. Systems to manage the abnormalities and follow-up those treated will also be required, while the programme will require monitoring and evaluation. Leadership, management skills, attention to linkages at all levels of the programme, and budgeting skills are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article assesses cervical screening programs in developing countries. The author states that cervical screening must be planned within the context of national planning for cancer control. Cervical screening must also be based on an adequate health infrastructure. The author adds that cervical screening must have a defined target population in order to be efficient.

An epidemic of obesity and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is in progress across the world. The global burden of diabetes has been projected to rise, with an increase in the total number of people with type 2 diabetes from about 120 million in 1997 to about 215 million in 2010 (1). The obvious remedy for this development is to combat overweight and obesity, and to counteract the sedentary lifestyle of modern society. The basis for these actions must be a population strategy of prevention. However, an equally important mission, not least from an ethical standpoint, is to find and engage those individuals that are in most need of help (high-risk strategy). The screening procedure is used to identify these high-risk individuals. Screening in this chapter refers to prescriptive screening, whose aim is to use early detection and early treatment to control the outcome of the disease. In epidemiological surveys, the principal aim of the screening is to explore the prevalence and natural history of the variable in question and not to bring patients to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various issues related to medical screening. Given the failure of modern medicine to discover the causes of most forms of cancer, which might lead to a strategy of prevention, an obvious alternative was to devise some means of early detection, leading to prompt treatment and, hopefully, a better prognosis. Cancer of the cervix is a fairly rare form of cancer in Great Britain, accounting for less than half a per cent of cancer deaths and around 4 per cent of cancer cases in women. Breast cancer is not only much more common than cancer of the cervix, but the number of cases has gradually increased over the past twenty years. After rising slowly through the 1970's and 1980's, the death rate declined in the 1990's. There are currently around 30,000 cases a year, accounting for one-third of cancer in women; breast cancer kills around 11,000 women every year, causing around one fifth of female cancer deaths. Despite all the problems of the cervical cytology and mammography programmes, the demand for more screening tests for other cancers continues to rise.

This chapter explores the public health consequences of a substantial increase in HIV testing, assuming normalisation might lead to more testing being offered in the case of Great Britain. At the present time in England and Wales HIV infection is overwhelmingly confined to behaviourally vulnerable minorities--gay men, injecting drug users and migrants from high-prevalence countries--and practically all HIV infection can be predicted by the presence of major risk factors. Most of the HIV infected have probably had their infection diagnosed clinically and transmission of HIV infection due to sexual intercourse between men is probably continuing at an appreciable rate despite widespread HIV testing. There is generally easy access to voluntary confidential testing for those at greatest risk of HIV infection. Lack of awareness of their infection status in those who are HIV infected may be the outcome of either a considered decision not to be tested or relatively recent infection, or both. Those at greatest risk who choose not to be tested are unlikely to change their minds until evidence in favour of early HIV diagnosis becomes more compelling. Normalisation of HIV testing has become a rallying cry at the same time as it is clear that HIV infection in Europe is likely to remain largely within marginalised groups in society. Normalisation of testing rests partially on the belief that HIV infection can be diagnosed before onward transmission takes place and that the rest of the population would be protected if all the infected could be diagnosed. Pursuing a policy of early testing may divert effort from strengthening primary prevention. People at higher risk of HIV infection generally choose to be tested when they feel ready or when they fall ill. The key issue is not why were they tested late, but rather why were they at risk in the first place.

Chapter 14 of the book "Social Work in Health Settings: Practice in Context" is presented. It addresses the oncology program at Helene Fuld Medical Center (HFMC), an acute-care teaching facility and a member of the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Network. HFMC provides a variety of free cancer screenings and educational programs during the course of each year to facilitate cancer prevention within its community. The possible consequences for failing to discharge a patient from an acute-care setting in a timely manner are cited. It explores whether Medicaid would pay for the administration of total parenteral nutrition in conjunction with either hospice or home care.

This article discusses the historical development and policy issues relating to genetic screening. This practice had been significant for screening genetic disease in the population and for identifying individuals and families who could benefit from genetic counseling services. Several forms of genetic screening include newborn screening, carrier detection programs and prenatal diagnostic procedures. Clinical social service may be used to assist individuals to cope with the implications of genetic screening programs.

Presents an article about medical examinations and an operation done on a patient who is suspected to be pregnant but later lost the baby through an abortion. Results of the pregnancy tests; Observations during the medical operation of the patient; Suspicion about the health of the patient; Realization of the mistake committed that led to abortion.

Chapter 20 of the book "Resurrection," by Count Leo Tolstoy is presented. It talks about the event when the president gave an order to the jury to examine the objects offered as material evidence. It examines the report which was provided by the doctor, describing all the details of the external examination of the enormous, fat, and decomposing body of the victim who had been making merry in the town.

A list of participants in the World Health Organization on Cervical Cancer Screening in Geneva, Switzerland from March 27 to 30, 2001, including Lynette Denny, Sharon Fonn and Jorge Keith, is presented.

The article examines the significance of early detection in the management of dementia. Studies by B. Cooper and H. Bickel indicate some of the advantages of early detection, including the gap between those receiving specialist psychiatric care and the total volume of morbidity in a general population, reversibility of some conditions detected as dementia, and the use early detection as a preliminary not to curative treatment but to reduce disability and delay institutional care.

Chapter XXXIII of the book "Happy Days," by Alan Alexander Milne is presented. The main character of the story narrates his experiences with the medical examination he has to undergo for insurance purposes. He also describes the anxieties he felt as the physician looks him over his chest, back and pulses.

An encyclopedia entry for "Prenatal Screening" is presented. This screening is important in detecting major and minor fetal congenital malformations. It enables the preparation of adequate care for the neonate, especially for neural tube defects and cardiac defects. It is also recommended to determine whether any anomalies in the developing fetus are evident for the purposes of intervention.

The article examines the cross-national inter-rater reliability of dementia diagnosis. In field trials of DSM-III-R, psychiatrists achieved concordance rates for diagnosing dementia of 0.91, where 1.0 represents complete agreement. Recent findings suggest that dementia can be diagnosed with acceptable reliability in community surveys. Agreement is likely to be higher when teams train intensively and use instruments that require simple "yes-no" choices.

An encyclopedia entry for "health screening documentation" is presented. It refers to the documentation of health screening activities by occupational health practitioners will require the establishment of documentation, such as health questionnaires and health records. These documents may be given by the occupational health practitioner in some cases.

The article discusses about HIV testing. According to the author, the UNAIDS promotes extended access to both client- and provider-initiated voluntary, confidential HIV testing, done with informed consent and accompanied by counseling for both HIV-positive and negative individuals. Pertaining to provider-initiated testing, in all settings, individuals hold the right to refuse testing, the author noted.

The article discusses the use of the term "middle-income countries," in the book "Cervical Cancer Screening in Developing Countries." The author states that the term embraces a variety of developing countries having limited access to cytology-based screening programs. The author adds that middle-income countries have low population coverage of screening and predominance of clinical services for women presenting with symptoms.

A definition of the term "transrectal ultrasound" is presented. It refers to the examination of the prostate gland through an ultrasound transducer which is built into a cylindrical probe. This device will be inserted into the rectum.

A definition of the term "Papanicolaous test" is presented. It refers to the microscropic examination of exfoliated cells obtained by swabs from the uterine cervix. It can be used to detect papillomavirus infection and/or malignant changes. The use of cytology in cervical cancer screening is discussed.

A definition of the term "comet assay" is presented. It is also called the single cell gel assay and is considered as one of the fastest-applied techniques in the cancer world, as well as in other areas. It is a technique that is used to monitor DNA damage and repair at the level of single cells. It can be used to analyze genotoxic effects where there are low cell numbers.

Reports on new guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force which include recommendations against screening mammogram for women younger than 50 and older than 70 and against prostate cancer tests for men over 50. Disagreement of the National Alliance for Breast Cancer Organizations, American Cancer Society and other groups with the task force recommendations.