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Over the past decade, integrated STEM education research has emerged as an international concern, creating around it an imperative for technological and disciplinary innovation and a global resurgence of interest in teaching and learning to code at the K-16 levels. At the same time, issues of democratization, equity, power and access, including recent decolonizing efforts in public education, are also beginning to be acknowledged as legitimate issues in STEM education. Taking a reflexive approach to the intersection of these concerns, this book presents a collection of papers making new theoretical advances addressing two broad themes: Transdisciplinary Approaches in STEM Education and Bodies, Hegemony and Decolonization in STEM Education. Within each theme, praxis is of central concern including analyses of teaching and learning that re-imagines disciplinary boundaries and domains, the relationship between Art and STEM, and the design of learning technologies, spaces and environments. In addition to graduate research seminars at the Masters and PhD levels in Learning Sciences, Science Education, Educational Technology and STEM education, this book could also serve as a textbook for graduate and pre-service teacher education courses.

Growing out of a 1992 conference that attracted teachers and educators from around the world, this book presents 13 essays which share the insights of 16 leading university scholars and teacher-researchers regarding the re-emergence of teacher education as a central focus in the field of English education. The book explores what teachers of the English language arts must know to be effective, how such knowledge can best be assessed, and the impact of cultural differences in the classroom, as well as preservice and inservice training and the roles of the university and the teacher-researcher. The book discusses methods of supporting teacher development such as the study of cases, teacher groups, ethnographic research in the classroom and community, and teacher lore. After some preliminaries concerning teacher thinking, essays in the book are: (1) "Knowing, Believing, and the Teaching of English" (Pamela L. Grossman and Lee S. Shulman); (2) "Producing and Assessing Knowledge: Beginning to Understand Teachers' Knowledge through the Work of Four Theorists" (Anthony Petrosky); (3) "Teacher as Learner: Working in a Community of Teachers" (Judy Buchanan); (4) "Is There a Problem with Knowing Thyself? Toward a Poststructuralist View of Teacher Identity" (Deborah P. Britzman); (5) "Cultural Differences as Resources: Ways of Understanding in the Classroom" (Beverly J. Moss); (6) "Teacher Research: Seeing What We Are Doing" (Glenda L. Bissex); (7) "Teacher Lore: Learning about Teaching from Teachers" (William Ayers and William H. Schubert); (8) "Teacher Change: Overthrowing the Myth of One Teacher, One Classroom" (Sally Hampton); (9) "What's Effective Inservice?" (Richard Beach); (10) "Issues Emerging from the Teacher-Researcher Discussion Group" (Christine C. Pappas); (11) "The Role of Universities in the Professional Development of Practicing Teachers" (James Marshall); (12) "What Followed for Me" (Michael W. Smith); and (13) "In Search of Community within English Education" (Renee T. Clift). (RS)

From leading authorities in both adolescent literacy and content-area teaching, this book addresses the particular challenges of literacy learning in each of the major academic disciplines. Chapters focus on how to help students successfully engage with texts and ideas in English/literature, science, math, history, and arts classrooms. The book shows that while general strategies for reading informational texts are essential, they are not enough--students also need to learn processing strategies that are quite specific to each subject and its typical tasks or problems. Vignettes from exemplary classrooms illustrate research-based ways to build content-area knowledge while targeting essential reading and writing skills. Contents include: (1) Learning from Text: Adolescent Literacy from the Past Decade (Tamara L. Jetton and Richard Lee); (2) The Challenges of Reading Disciplinary Texts (Zhihui Fang); (3) How Disciplinary Experts Read (Cynthia Shanahan); (4) A Model for Teacher Planning with Text in the Academic Disciplines (Tamara L. Jetton and Richard Lee); (5) Learning with Text in English/Language Arts (Troy Hicks and Susan Steffel); (6) Learning with Text in Science (Cynthia Shanahan); (7) Reconceptualizing Literacy and Instruction for Mathematics Classrooms (Daniel Siebert and Roni Jo Draper); (8) Learning with Texts in History: Protocols for Reading and Practical Strategies (Bruce VanSledright); and (9) Learning with Text in the Arts (Kathleen Moxley, James Batcheller, Larry Burditt, Sue Gamble, Alan J. Gumm, Johanna Paas, and Judy Thurston).

The eight articles in this compilation provide various approaches and techniques for use by classroom teachers in the informal evaluation of student reading performance. The first article outlines the many purposes for which informal measures may be used and briefly describes the various forms such measures may take, while the second focuses on teacher observation and addresses the testing concepts of reliability and validity. The third article discusses the manner in which oral reading should be evaluated and how measures of oral reading should be interpreted, and the fourth offers suggestions for evaluating decoding as well as comprehension skills. The fifth article reviews the many forms that cloze techniques can take, illustrates the breadth of informal evaluation procedures, and offers instructions for the construction and interpretation of cloze tests. The sixth article provides suggestions as to how content area teachers can use informal procedures with their students, and the seventh illustrates the interrelationships of the language skills by noting that if teachers begin to analyze the writing students produce they will gain many insights into the general language skills their students possess. The final paper reviews research indicating the values and limitations of informal reading inventories. (FL)

This book contains 17 papers devoted to the following four aspects of the transition to adulthood: effects of alterations in the structure of opportunity; effects of prior experiences in the family; effects of prior experience in the workplace; and career development and marriage formation during a period of rising inequality. The following papers are included: "How Has the Changing Structure of Opportunities Affected Transitions to Adulthood?" (Martha S. Hill, W. Jean Yeung); "Twenty-Something: Down and Out in the Other America" (J. Lawrence Aber); "Alterations in the Opportunity Structure: A Criminological Perspective" (John H. Laub); "Sure, I'd Like to Get Married...Someday" (Lynn White); "How Do Prior Experiences in the Family Affect Transitions to Adulthood?" (Kelly Musick, Larry Bumpass); "Marital Conflict, Parent-Child Relationships, Gender, and Outcomes for Young Adults in Families" (Martha Cox); "Family Inputs and the Transition to Adulthood" (Ronald R. Rindfuss); "Values and Beliefs as Determinants of Outcomes in Children's Lives" (William G. Axinn, Jennifer S. Barber, Arland Thornton); "How Do Prior Experiences in the Workplace Set the Stage for Transitions to Adulthood?" (Jeylan T. Mortimer, Carolyn Harley, Pamela J. Aronson); "What Work Fosters Adolescent Development?" (Stephen F. Hamilton); "Rethinking the Young Adult Life Stage: Prolonged Dependency as an Adaptive Strategy" (William S. Aquilino); "Having the Time of Their Lives: All Work and No Play?" (D. Wayne Osgood); "Career Development and Marriage Formation in a Period of Rising Inequality: Who Is at Risk? What Are Their Prospects?" (Valerie K. Oppenheimer, Alisa Lewin); "When History Is Omitted" (John Modell); "Sequence and Timing among Young Adult Transitions: The Impact of Poverty on Developmental Course" (Julia A. Graber); "Changing Marital Patterns: Consequences of Economic Distress?" (Sheldon Danziger); and "Conclusion: The Economies of Young Adulthood--One Future or Two?" (Jennifer Tanner, Scott Yabiku). Most papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

Intended for elementary teachers, reading specialists, curriculum directors, and teacher trainers, this book provides readers with conceptual and theoretical insights and compelling accounts of classroom practice. The book argues that teaching and learning work best when they occur within a community of learners. The book provides interpretations of the latest theory, empirical research findings, and provocative educational practices. Chapter titles and authors include: (1) Reading and Writing Together: What Does It Really Mean? (Timothy Shanahan); (2) How Literary Theory Expands Our Expectations for Children's Reading and Writing (Charles Temple); (3) Structure and Perspective in Reading and Writing (April D. Nauman); (4) Reading and Writing as "Mind Meeting" (Jill Fitzgerald); (5) Young Writers and Readers Reach Out: Developing a Sense of Audience (Harvey A. Daniels); (6) Learning to Connect Reading and Writing: Critical Thinking through Transactions with One's Own Subjectivity (Robert J. Tierney); (7) Learning from Text Using Reading and Writing (Lea M. McGee and Donald J. Richgels); (8) Classroom Environments for Reading and Writing Together (Ruth Nathan and Charles Temple); (9) The Literature Connection: How One Teacher Puts Reading and Writing Together (Gail E. Tompkins); (10) A Classroom Story: Texts and Contexts for Literacy Connections (Betty Shockley and JoBeth Allen); and (11) Evaluating the Teaching and Learning of Literacy (Francine Z. Stayter and Peter Johnston). (MG)

Many topics of interest to life course sociology are linked in significant ways to biological processes. These topics include, for example, trajectories of physical and mental health, the stress process, patterns of aggression and deviance, sexual behavior, fertility, parenting, and manifold dimensions of aging and mortality. Many other topics are also likely to be linked to biological processes, albeit less conspicuously, including educational and occupational careers, patterns of close interpersonal relationships both within and beyond the family, and one's involvement and status in organizations. With few notable exceptions, relatively little interest has been expressed in these possibilities to date. Yet as George (this volume) notes, the future of the life course will hopefully be characterized by its intellectual exchanges with other subfields. Given their many plausible links to the life course, biological models of behavior are excellent candidates for interdisciplinary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 5 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It offers information on general measures, supportive treatment, specific pharmacological and surgical therapies for managing patients with ulcerative colitis. It outlines the general principles of management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It also discusses the factors to consider in determining the right treatment for active ulcerative colitis.

Chapter 7 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It explores some surgical treatments available for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It provides information on different surgical options for ulcerative colitis and its complications including ileostomy, ileonal pouch and pouchitis. Among the surgical options for Crohn's disease include small-bowel or ileal resection, stricturoplasty and surgery for perianal disease.

Chapter 6 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It offers information on medical management of Crohn's disease. It emphasizes that dietary and surgical treatment is more important in Crohn's disease and drug therapy is generally less effective than in ulcerative colitis. It suggests specific aspects of management in patients with obstructive small-bowel Crohn's disease, intra-abdominal abscess, and intestinal fistula.

Chapter 4 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It outlines the pharmacology, mechanism of action, indications, side effects, monitoring and contraindications of drugs being used as specific anti-inflammatory agents in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Some drugs that were listed include corticosteroids, antibiotics, and immunomodulatory drugs. It also offers information on potential therapeutic approaches aimed at colonic flora, leukocytes, and cytokines.

Chapter 3 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It discusses the differential diagnosis of common presentations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in younger and older patients. Several blood tests that can be conducted on IBD patients include hematology, biochemistry and serology. It also emphasizes that sigmoidoscopy can provide immediate confirmation of colitis and its activity.

Chapter 2 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It describes the clinical features of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It provides information on the main complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including undernutrition, short-bowel syndrome and cancer. It also outlines the extraintestinal associations and complications of IBD such as sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune pancreatitis and ankylosing spondylitis.

Chapter 1 of the book "Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease," third edition, is presented. It investigates the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It explores the incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Western countries. It outlines the genetic factors of IBD based from human and experimental studies. It also highlights some environmental factors that can cause IBD including smoking, diet and specific infection.

Chapter 16 of the book "The Ethical Educator: Integrating Ethics Within the Context of Teaching and Teacher Research" is presented. It summarizes themes in ethical behavior in educational practice discussed in previous chapters. The themes explored are responsibility to teach, making ethical decisions, honoring student voices and honoring the voices of peers.

The aim of this chapter is to show how discrete choice experiments (DCEs) can be applied to examine the preferences of women reinvited for breast screening and to use the results in developing breast screening participation enhancement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 2 of the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan is presented. The chapter looks at the role of the zu'ama or the leaders, particularly those who had sufficient standing to play a major role in Shi'a community in Lebanon and who managed to preserve such influence by means of hereditary succession. It discusses the political ideology of the zu'ama. It explores the manner in which competing centres of political allegiance within the community developed.

Chapter 3 of the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan is presented. The chapter discusses the Shi'a participation in the early manifestations of political parties in Lebanon prior to and during independence. It also focuses on the subsequent attraction of the Shi'a to Syrian and Arab nationalist parties and later the radical leftist parties. Also discussed is the political system of Hizbullah in contemporary Lebanon.

Chapter 1 of the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan is presented. The chapter provides a historical background of the emergence of a Shi'a identity as well as the establishment of the Shi'a in Lebanon. It describes the role of the Shi'a within the indigenous leadership. An overview of the early Shi'a political development is also provided.

References for, additional information and comments about the articles discussed in the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan are presented.

The concluding chapter of the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan is presented. The chapter explains that the political development of the Shi'a community was examined to broaden the popular understanding of the political representation of the Shi'a in Lebanon. It concludes that the battle for community support between two dominant yet distinctly different communal political parties will determine the immediate political future of the Shi'a.

Chapter 4 of the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shanahan is presented. The chapter deals with the role of the Shi'a clerics in the political development of the Shi'a community in Lebanon. It looks at the political role of the ulama which have subsequently shaped their political contributions. It examines the historical background to Shi'a Muslim scholarship and the place of Lebanon within it.

An introduction to the book "The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics," by Rodger Shananan is presented.

To improve performance, large-scale Internet systems require clients to access nearby servers. While centralized systems can leverage static topology maps for rough network distances, fully-decentralized systems have turned to active probing and network coordinate algorithms to scalably predict inter-host latencies. Internet applications seeking immediate adoption, however, must inter-operate with unmodified clients running existing protocols such as HTTP and DNS. This paper explores a variety of active probing algorithms for locality prediction. Upon receiving an external client request, peers within a decentralized system are able to quickly estimate nearby servers, using a minimum of probes from multiple vantages. We find that, while network coordinates may play an important role in scalably choosing effective vantage points, they are not directly useful for predicting a client's nearest servers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature search at the end of 2003 revealed more than 200 published studies that compared groups with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on neuropsychological measures. This rapid accumulation of new knowledge illustrates the potential utility of neuropsychological methods as a tool to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of ADHD. Yet these studies also underscore the complexity of the neuropsychology of ADHD, and clearly demonstrate how much remains to be learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CI is the most common cause of mesenteric ischemia, and encompasses a wide clinical spectrum from mild, reversible disease to life-threatening colonic gangrene. While most commonly seen in elderly patients, younger patients are also at risk, especially if an underlying risk factor such as vasculitis, hyper-coagulability, or certain medication use such as oral contraceptives, pseudoephedrine, cocaine, or ergot, is present. Colonoscopic evaluation is critical in the evaluation of patients with CI, although it must be kept in mind that CI may mimic or be mimicked by other entities, such as IBD or carcinoma. Conservative management usually leads to a full clinical recovery, although several subsets of patients may require segmental resection. Clinicians should always consider CI in the differential diagnosis of acute colitis, especially in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most women with IBD can expect an uneventful pregnancy. Evidence compiled over many years indicates the importance of controlling disease activity at the time of conception and during pregnancy to optimize the outcome for mother and baby. For this reason drug therapy is often required to treat flare-ups and maintain remission during this time. Where possible, women with IBD should plan a pregnancy to coincide with times when the disease is quiescent, and drug treatment minimal. In practice, however, many pregnancies are unexpected or occur in women with active disease that requires intensive medical therapy. Provided adequate information has been supplied in advance of conception, much of the apprehension that accompanies these events can be substantially reduced. Ongoing supervision by the clinician during pregnancy and the puerperium provides invaluable support, and enables maternal disease flare-ups to be identified and treated as expediently as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NSAID injury can mimic IBC, can exacerbate IBD, and NSAID use may also be more common in the diarrheal syndrome of collagenous colitis, though there is no clear role in pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the therapy of CD is primarily medical, surgery still plays an important role in its management. The high incidence of postoperative CD recurrence is, however, a major drawback. We provide a clear and practical algorithm which will help the clinician to decide when and what kind of prophylactic treatment is indicated. Strategies to prevent recurrence start with a careful selection of patients to send for surgery, based on the known risk factors of recurrence. Current evidence suggests only a moderate effect of the known active agents in the prevention of postoperative CD recurrence. Only patients at higher risk for recurrence should continue on, or be treated with, immunosuppressives (6-MP or azathioprine) after surgery. All others can be followed clinically, or alternatively should undergo an ileocolonoscopy 3-12 months after surgery. If severe endoscopic recurrence is seen, therapy is indicated to prevent the imminent clinical symptoms, or eventually a new resection. Much is anticipated from newer biological agents potentially interacting with earlier steps in the pathogenesis of recurrent CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery plays an important role in the management of CD, and likely will continue to do so until the etiology of CD is elucidated and more specific medical therapies are available. In most instances surgery leads to an improvement in quality of life and allows patients to regain normal physical well-being without experiencing the side-effects and dysutility of taking medication. Thus, the need for surgery should not be considered a failure of management. Instead, there is a role for both medical therapy and surgical therapy. Because of the variable patterns of disease seen in CD, as well as the individual concerns of patients, treatment may have to be individualized. Optimally, care should be given, using a team approach including gastroenterologists, surgeons and paramedical personnel such as nurses, enterostomal therapists, and psychiatrists. Care should also be provided as a continuum. In order, however, to achieve excellent results, patients require careful preoperative evaluation and management, and surgeons must be familiar with the various patterns of disease and the complications that they may encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pouchitis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the ileal reservoir in patients who have undergone IPAA. Approximately half of all UC patients who undergo this procedure will have at least one episode of pouchitis, with approximately 15% experiencing a chronic course. PSC and other EIM increase the likelihood of developing pouchitis while smoking is protective. Similar genetic and autoimmune mechanisms to UC appear to occur in an ileal reservoir that demonstrates increasingly colon-like adaptations with respect to bacterial content and mucosal characteristics. While most patients have a good response to antibiotic therapy, those with chronic disease become a therapeutic challenge with the specter of dysplasia looming in the foreground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial treatment of mild to moderately active UC may be sulfasalazine, oral or rectal mesalamine, balsalazide, corticosteroid enemas, or oral corticosteroids. Patients with persistent mild to moderate symptoms of active UC in spite of these therapies (treatment-refractory) may require AZA/6-MP, and in some cases intravenous corticosteroid or transder-mal nicotine. Patients with severely active UC should be treated with intravenous conventional corticosteroids, and intravenous cyclosporine may be considered in those who do not respond. Remission should be maintained with sulfasalazine, oral or rectal mesalamine, olsalazine, or balsalazide, and in some cases with AZA/6-MP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]