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There are many kinds of management information systems (MISs) whether in industries or in enterprises. In China, most of MISs were put into application at different time and with different demands. With the broader application of MISs, it's becoming greater important to integrate them and realize information sharing. Hierarchy analysis method gives out a general structure for the complicated integration of MISs. There are two steps for this method. (1)measure the information communication relations among MISs,(2) divide MISs into multi grade structure. For China railway industry, there are 13 kinds of big MISs, take them as an example to illustrate how to apply this method. Based on hierarchy analysis, MISs with strong connections have priority while integrating MISs. The higher the grade of MIS, the greater overall layout design priority should be given, for more information from other MISs finally reach it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concept lattice is an effective tool for data analysis and knowledge discovery. Since one of the key problems of knowledge discovery is knowledge reduction, it is very necessary to look for a simple and effective approach to knowledge reduction. In this paper, we develop a novel approach to attribute reduction by defining a partial relation and partial classes to generate concepts and introducing the notion of meet-irreducible element in concept lattice. Some properties of meet-irreducible element are presented. Furthermore, we analyze characteristics of attributes and obtain sufficient and necessary conditions of the characteristics of attributes. In addition, we illustrate that adopting partial classes to generate concepts and the approach to attribute reduction are simpler and more convenient compared with current approaches. Keywords: Concept lattice, attribute reduction, partial relation, meet-irreducible element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]