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Chapter 25 of the book "Epilepsy and Intensive Care Monitoring: Principles and Practice," is presented. It focuses on the language and memory testing with reference to the Wada test. It informs that the Wada procedure was developed in 1950 for the administration of a short span barbiturate into the internal carotid artery through a transfemeral drug delivery device called catheter and later it worked as a memory component to acess the risk related for the development of memory disorders.

An encyclopedia entry for "memory" is presented. One of the most common complaints of people with epilepsy is disturbances of memory. Memory dysfunction is usually described as episodic, semantic, declarative and procedural in the field of neuropsychology. These areas control memory function such as data acquisition, retention and retrieval of recent memories.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry on memory and cognitive function. Memory is defined as the retention of information over time. Loss of memory is one of the common fears of growing old. A myth of growing old is that an inverse relationship occurs between gray hair and memory, and that the decline in memory interferes with everyday functioning. The older adult is pictured as senile, foolish and confused in the ageist myth. It is believed that the can't remember syndrome may peak in middle age when stresses and hassles of life are often at their greatest. However, the syndrome is claimed to be a common ailment of old age.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common dementing disease in the industrialized countries affecting approximately one in live persons over the age of 80 years. It is characterized by memory loss, personality changes and signs of cortical malfunction such as apraxia, aphasia and agnosia. Substantial pathological changes have been found in cortical and subrortical areas, including neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-containing neuritic plaques. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to such changes. which probably accounts for the gross disturbance in memory function that occurs early in the onset of the disease.

The article focuses on the clinical aspects of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease. According to the author, personality and behavioral disorder are part of the condition of dementia. In addition, the beginning of Alzheimer's disease is shown in memory impairment or loss. Language impairment is also considered as a later manifestation of Alzheimer's disease.

The article discusses the nosology of dementia. In the early nineteen-fifties, Martin Roth defined dementia as severe decline in memory accompanied by disorientation for time and place. The modern criteria for the pathologic condition emphasize that dementia is a global decline of intellectual functions that affect more areas than just memory. There are different types of dementia which may be caused by more than 70 diseases, the most common being the Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias.

The accuracy of the diagnosis of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other forms of dementia has improved over the past ten years and, using standardization diagnostic techniques, most enters achieve a high rate of correct diagnosis. Despite these advances, dementia and particularly Alzheimer's disease is still publicly regarded as progressive, incurable, and resulting in the erosion of an individual's intellect and personality. As a result of this whether, and in what manner, patients with dementing illnesses should be told their diagnosis is discussed. Two main approaches to medical ethics have been used to address the issue of whether doctors should inform a patient of a grim diagnosis: one takes a strong rights-oriented position; the other takes a best outcome position. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hypnosis has long been associated with the treatment of the dissociative disorders (dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified). This chapter reviews the uses of hypnosis in trauma treatment and with these particular disorders, the rationale for such efforts, and the controversies associated with some of those applications. It reviews the types of techniques that may prove useful with patients suffering dissociative identity disorder. It recommends the circumspect use of hypnotic interventions in the context of planned treatments carried out under the aegis of informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This chapter discusses archaeological models of cultural memory. Intercultural cinema moves backward and forward in time, inventing histories and memories in order to posit an alternative to the overwhelming erasures, silences, and lies of official histories, there are many examples of film/videomakers who have begun by confronting the lack of histories of their own communities that result from public and personal amnesia. Intercultural cinema is in a position to sort through the rubble created by cultural dislocation and read significance in what official history overlooks.

Presents two cases of men with posttraumatic amnesias. Background on their lives; Analysis of their cases; Purpose of psychoanalytic work with individuals.

As mentioned in Chapter 7, idiocy and dementia - the two syndromic forms of intellectual failure - were differentiated before Esquirol, although this alienist made their separation official. The history of acquired cognitive impairment, called here dementia for short, will also throw light on the history of the concept of cognition. The current concept of dementia was constructed during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This process can be described as one of pruning down the heterogeneous clinical content of dementia. The process started before 1800 and culminated in the early 1900s in what I have called the ‘cognitive paradigm’, i.e. the view that dementia just consisted of an irreversible disorder of intellectual functions. Historical analysis shows that this view resulted more from ideology than clinical observation. For decades, the cognitive paradigm has prevented the adequate mapping of the non-cognitive symptoms of dementia and hindered research. Dementia before the eighteenth century Before 1700, terms such as amentia, imbecility, morosis, fatuitas, anoea, foolishness, stupidity, simplicity, cams, idiocy, dotage, and senility (but surprisingly not dementia) were used to name, in varying degree, states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence. The word dementia, which is almost as old as the oldest of those listed above (for example, it is already found in Lucretius) simply meant ‘being out of one's mind.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical analysis of the memory disorders must borrow from areas as wide apart as the history of neuropsychiatry, philosophy and psychology. Indeed, the decision of whether clinical phenomena such as dèjd vu, fugues, confabulations or ‘delusions of memory’ are mnestic disturbances cannot be determined by empirical research alone and requires preparatory conceptual analysis. Historical research may also inform us whether models of memory analogous to current ones have already been proposed in the past, and to what extent they have also been inspired on the mnestic vicissitudes of few famous patients. This chapter will only scan what remains an uncharted territory. Pre-nineteenth century issues From earlier times, man's ability to retain, retrieve, or lose information whether about himself or the world has been motive of wonder, fear and much speculation. Since the Classical period two memory ‘stages’ or ‘capacities’ have been identified: conservation and retrieval. The analysis of conservation was governed by ‘spatial’ metaphors (pertaining to storage spaces and containers) and these were easily retranslated into the current ‘somatic’ or ‘organic’ accounts. Retrieval mechanisms, on the other hand, were analysed in the temporal dimension or as Aristotle put it, they are ‘always accompanied by time’; the guiding metaphors in this case were ‘searching’ and ‘finding’ and the ensuing models alluded to functions such as cataloguing, dating, and recognizing information. Since the time of Aristotle, interest on memory has oscillated between these two perspectives. References to ‘memory’ can be found in early documents including the Old Testament, the Talmud, and Plato's work, but there is agreement that Aristotle set the framework in relation to which the philosophy of memory has been discussed ever since. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter III of the first part of the book "Dawn of All," by Robert Hugh Benson is presented. The Monsignor Masterman, a man who had lost his memory, was examined by the doctor and told by the cardinal to tell the physician how it happened. Series of questions were asked to Monsignor Masterman for the doctor to evaluate the status of his memory.

Chapter I of the first part of the book "Dawn of All," by Robert Hugh Benson is presented. It explores the story of a one man who could not remember anything about his life. It describes how the main character, who suffers from a mental dysfunction, tries to picture the past just to remember his personality.

The article describes what alcoholic dementia is. It was previously considered as different from amnesia of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, that also occurs in alcoholics but is brought by thiamine malnutrition rather than alcohol neurotoxicity. It is not actually synonymous with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Results of related studies concluded that alcohol itself can cause neuronal damage and thiamine malnutrition potentiates the neurotoxic effect of alcohol in the human brain.

The prologue of the book "Dawn of All," by Robert Hugh Benson is presented. It introduces the role of the main character of the story who is experiencing a memory loss and who could not even remember who he was. It describes the significance of science in religion. It also mentions about the 13th century popes in the black notebook.

The article provides information about Minor Cognitive Impairment. In older people memory impairment is usually found to be followed by deficits in other areas of cognitive performance, an alternative concept, ageing-associated cognitive decline. There have been evidenced that elderly person with minor cognitive disorder may be at high risk of developing senile dementia which has led to the development of the concept of mild cognitive impairment.

The article focuses on the three sets of criteria for the determination of Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association require an examination to provide evidence of dementia specified as progressive deficits in memory and other areas of cognition. The 10th International Classification of Diseases classifies Alzheimer's disease as dementia defined as progressive disability.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "epileptic encephalopahy" is presented. The term refers to the symptomatic generalized epilepsies in which the seizures are associated and contribute to other severe neurologic impairment. The symptoms of the disorder are indicated, including memory dysfunction and alteration in concentration, attention and speed of mental processing.

The article focuses on the clinicopathological study of patients with memory problems called the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing in the U.S. The findings of the study include comparison of standard diagnostic procedures with histopathological diagnosis, development of a more precise diagnostic procedure for Alzheimer's disease, and realization that Alzheimer's disease is different from ageing.