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The development of a variety of methods by sequencing on economic planning and optimization can be realized by emphasizing collaborative, multi-purpose aspects, as well as increasing the variety of solutions that are environmentally friendly, make cost savings, and focus on using low carbon in this approach, use Generation Expansion Planning (GEP), which is the center for reducing the amount of carbon through the calculation process for the development of conventional power plants. In this study modeled the efficiency of Generation Expansion Planning (GEP). In this paper uses the planning method for socio cultural. This research focuses on making energy in a more flexible way. GEP can be a source of renewable energy solutions. In this literature focus on various methods for planning generation expansion through the GEP approach, in terms of finding the total investment and operating costs. This approach provides various guidelines for conducting new research projects. This model has various technicalities in increasing the efficiency of power plants for planning power generation expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data on the apartment buildings technical condition are a huge digital array for making important management decisions both within the boundaries of individual territories of municipal formation, and for planning budget expenditures within the municipality, the subject of the federation and the country as a whole. In this paper the aspects of forming data on apartment buildings in various information systems are considered. Also, the basics of ensuring the reliability of the presented data are studied. The paper notes that for many years, during the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, the requirements of technical regulations and regulatory documents on the maintenance and operation of apartment buildings are not fully observed by operating organizations. The deadlines for replacing the systems and equipment that have worked out are not met. It is noted that the federal legislators and the Government of the Russian Federation have not defined a general procedure for monitoring the technical condition of apartment buildings and have not formed a common approach to assessing their technical condition, the owners' obligation to finance these works has not been defined, their frequency has not been determined. It is shown that the data obtained during the condition monitoring of apartment buildings combined in federal and regional information systems would be an objective marker in the formation of state and municipal programs in the field of reducing the unfit for living housing fund monitoring financing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises do not operate in a vacuum, but their functioning is influenced by numerous internal and external factors. In contrast to internal factors that are under their control, external factors are those that enterprises cannot control and they only can adjust their operations according to them, if they want to do business successfully. In this context, it can be concluded that there is necessity for analysis of the environment in which enterprises perform their activities, so the policy makers in any country can identify its impact on the performance of enterprises (micro level), but also, broadly, on the performance of the national economy as a whole (macro level). On the basis of such analysis, appropriate strategic reform program should be formulated and efficiently implemented in order to create the incentive environment that will support the growth of existing enterprises and encourage starting of new businesses. This is particularly important for CEE and SEE transition economies, having in mind that most of them are facing with numerous disruptions and imbalances inherited from the central planning period as well as the growing challenges posed by the global market. Recent global economic crisis caused the deepest recession they have experienced since the start of transition to market-oriented economies. The economies that accumulated relatively more substantial internal and external imbalances before the crisis suffered more severe contractions in output and most of them face a more sluggish economic recovery. Economic progress, transformation of their economic system and their greater involvement in global economy is unimaginable without the implementation of intensive and efficient business environment reforms. In that sense, the aim of this paper is to analyze the business environment characteristics in these countries and to perform the comparative analysis of their business environment using the PROMETHEE method in combination with entropy method. The results have shown that CEE economies have more incentive business environment and they were more resilient to the crisis than SEE non-EU countries. In front of these economies there is a long way of business environment reform, where first-ranked economies can be benchmark partners of good practice. According to that, some recommendations and guidelines for improvement of business environment in the future period has been defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of cultural landscape is a continuous long lasting process combining both natural conditions and human society activities. Whilst formation of natural environment was a result of processes in remote geological eras, stabilisation of cultural, social and production relationships that has shaped the face of cultural landscape happened in last few centuries. The paper is focused on a long-term development of the selected Slovak cultural landscape types (plains, basins, uplands, highlands, and mountains) in approximately 250 years. This period shaped the main land use features as well as on the recent transformation trends by using historical maps and aerial photographs. The land use development analysis showed that several distinct periods can be distinguished. Each of these periods was characteristic for certain types of land use changes depending both on the landscape character or the socioeconomic situation. Slovak cultural landscape changes underwent three stages of different social and economic development in its history. These were the transformation of a feudal society into a market society in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. After 1948, the capitalist system gave away to a central planning system that was replaced again by a market system after 1990. The recent trends as land use intensification (intense agriculture, sub-urbanisation, industrial construction) or extensification (agricultural land overgrowing) are considered to be common for the whole Slovak territory. Special transformation trends reflect more local conditions, human needs and preferences (construction of water reservoirs, wind calamities or tourism resorts) and though they are spatially isolated and small they influence the majority of Slovak inhabitants. A detailed analysis of several model areas of different locations and development of landscape is added to this general look at landscape changes in the whole Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a study in 1995 showed that about 70 percent of economic sanctions that have lasted more than 3 years have failed in the achievement of predetermined objectives in changing the behavior or political system in the target country. Then in 1997, a study was conducted that evaluated the effectiveness of economic sanctions about 34%. On the other hand, in terms of the objectives of sanctions, the sanctions are usually imposed for two main purposes: Punitive sanctions to change the behavior of governments (tactical sanctions), and comprehensive sanctions to change the political system or ruling government in the target country (strategic sanctions). This paper tries to supplement the 1995study by Van Bergeijk and Van Marrewijk to analyze the correlation between "the sanctions success " and "the sanctions duration ", and examine the hypothesis that these two variables have always had a negative correlation over the history of economic sanctions since World War II to the present time, and only two of the 13 cases of strategic economic sanctions have been successful (about 15%). Finally, with combination of these two hypotheses, it is concluded that longterm strategic sanctions are very likely doomed to failure. This approach can be used for strategic economic planning of Russia that is target of western strategic sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the negative impact of the consequences of the free labor market in a free market. Destructive consequences directly for the majority of the population form an economic situation in which a person cannot be confident not only in his stability, but also in the stability of the state. Ideological resistance of the minority to planned indicators and information on "no" individuality of the individual in the scale of the state economy have led the economy to a state of permanent stagnation. The choice of each person forms the labor market and the economy as a whole. Targets in this concept are becoming more preferable for the majority of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to do political economy analysis, one should not only consider purely economic and political factors. Certain other relevant non-economic institutional factors such as history, religion, culture, national ideology, political identity and even climate are of at least equal importance. They contribute to a society's definition of its interests, influence its behavior, and in turn, shape the unique economic pattern of the individual county with the help of those purely economic factors within the country. Those economic factors, such as labor force, natural resources, monetary capital, technological knowledge, etc., alone cannot decide what kind of goal they would pursue in developing their national economy, nor which economic path the country would take. Due to different experiences each country had in its past, they tend to have their own ideals, values, beliefs which would influence the political path they chose for themselves. Chinese economy is a socialist economy in essence, at least according to the Chinese Government and the Communist Party of China. Chinese economy is also, at least partially, a market economy which transformed from planned economy. The feature and characteristics of Chinese economy, i.e., socialist market economy, are deeply influenced by the political factors such as national political science (philosophy ideology), official religion (or the lack of) and historical experience. In order to understand the Chinese economy and its future paths, it is important to study those factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidently, over the past three decades, China's economy has been growing at a phenomenal pace fueled primarily by foreign investment. Based on an economics perspective, it refers to liberalizing the economy, introducing markets to replace the Soviet-style central planning system, importing foreign capital and technology, and relying heavily on exports. However, people-based global ties provide a primary angle as a sociological approach to analyze local transformation implicitly and explicitly in the background of Chinese globalizing. From a relational perspective, the new China Model refers to its extended global ties and vast transnational practice in its huge size of population, featured returned overseas Chinese students made a contribution to his country, absorbed talents from abroad, and ethnic Chinese and oversea Chinese descent played significant roles, etc. it is important to study micro globalization as it is embedded in massive people-based global ties. Understanding intensifying ties among people cross-border and its impact on local society goes a long way toward defining up some important dimensions of globalization. The author uses his recently published book "Chinese Globalization" to analyze how different types of people-based global ties, such as: "have been working in foreign firm", "have been abroad", "have relatives oversea", and "often surf foreign web sites" may make a difference and constitute certain outcomes at local in specific and impact worldwide in general. The outcome seems concluding that global ties are capable of facilitating local transformation across different spatial, economic, and cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]