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Climate change has become an important issue since 196 countries in the world agreed to sign the Paris Agreement at COP21 in 2015. This is an important issue because Climate change has a wider impact in the long term such as rising air temperatures, increasing volume of sea water, extreme and unpredictable weather changes, shifting populations and wildlife habitats and affecting human health. One of the causes of climate change is air pollution produced by burning conventional vehicles or we can call Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). For this reason, various countries in the world are innovating by converting fossil-based vehicles into electric vehicles with the main raw material being batteries. As a result, several countries in the world such as Japan, Brazil, Germany, France and Sweden have succeeded in reducing their emission levels in the 2015-2018 period by starting to develop electric vehicles. This paper was conducted through literature study and in-depth analysis using qualitative research methods. This paper aims to analyze whether the transformation from an internal combustion engine-based vehicle to an electric vehicle is able to reduce the level of emissions in a country in order to overcome the problem of climate change. In addition, this paper also analyzes other supporting factors to find the right solution to overcome the problem of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of trash management poses a significant challenge in the region, particularly in urban areas where the quantity of garbage continues to rise. However, the existing waste management strategies are unable to effectively address this escalating trend. Within the realm of household waste, household rubbish encompasses both organic and inorganic waste. The former category includes remnants of vegetables and food, while the latter encompasses items such as food packaging, plastic bags, paper, and bottles. Additionally, household waste extends to encompass water resulting from various washing operations, among other similar sources. The household waste discussed in this study originates from routine activities inside residential settings, with the exception of certain organic waste and refuse materials. The sanitary authorities collected the household rubbish from their separate regions. Once gathered, the home waste is transported to a temporary disposal location, commonly referred to as a Temporary Processing location (TPS). Following its transportation from the temporary storage facility (TPS), the garbage is further conveyed to the ultimate disposal location known as the final disposal point (TPA). The ultimate destination for waste management is the final discharge location, where waste is disposed of and then reused through recycling and other waste management procedures. One approach involves the conversion of waste materials into methane gas. Problem Statement. The process of transforming domestic waste into methane gas Methane gas is an invisible, scentless, and extremely combustible gas composed of a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Methane gas possesses properties that are 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of its capacity to trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere. If left unmanaged and underutilised, methane gases have the potential to exacerbate the existing levels of greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. Methane constitutes a significant component of biogas. Biogas is comprised of various gases, primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three In addition to hydrogen (H2), the presence of sulphur nitrogen, water content, and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been reported. Both organic and inorganic waste materials have the potential to be transformed into methane gas, commonly referred to as biogas. Methane gas (CH4) is a gaseous compound that is produced by anaerobic bacteria, particularly the methanogenic bacterium. Significant quantities of methane gas were detected in the remnants of vegetation, straw, animal waste, grasslands, sedimentary formations, and even straw. Method. Methane gas is spontaneously generated at the final disposal site through the process of bacterial evaporation, even in the absence of deliberate processing or the inclusion of specific compounds. The burning of methane gas produces thermal energy, making it a viable option for alternative fuel sources or power generation in a facility.The conversion of waste into methane gas encompasses four overarching process ideas, which include gas collection, gas pressure maintenance, gas distribution security maintenance, and safety management. Biogas is derived from a specialised facility known as a biodegester, which is designed to harness the production of this renewable energy source. Decomposing organic material under anaerobic circumstances, characterised by the absence of oxygen. The optimal circumstances for the creation of biogas are primarily determined by the quality of organic material and the surrounding environmental factors. The condition is characterised by several criteria, including the organic material type, acidity level, C/N balance, temperature, storage rate, presence of hazardous substances, melting point, beginning material, and retention period. The pace of fermentation by microorganisms is significantly impacted by environmental circumstances. It is crucial to maintain controlled environmental conditions, namely within a pH range of 6.5-7.5 and an ambient temperature of 32-37 degrees Celsius (Wahyuni, 2011). In addition to the utilisation of biodegester technology, the methane gas generated by gas collection is also employed. During the process of open dumping in the TPA (Trash Processing Area), the gas is extracted by means of a suction pump that draws it via a sewage system installed within the waste materials. The gas that was extracted has been gathered at the gas treatment facility for subsequent processing. In relation to the methane gas processing conducted by the community development programme of PT Pertamina Hulu Energi in Mahakam Lestari village, it is worth noting the implementation of the WASTECO programme. The issue of waste management poses a significant challenge in various regions, particularly in urban areas where the quantity of waste continues to rise. However, the existing waste management methods are not sufficiently optimised to effectively address this escalating trend. Within the realm of domestic waste, household rubbish encompasses both organic and inorganic materials. Organic waste includes remnants of vegetables and food, while inorganic waste include items like food packaging, plastic bags, paper, and bottles. Additionally, household waste encompasses other forms such as wastewater generated from washing operations, among others. The household waste discussed in this study originates from routine activities inside residential settings, with the exception of certain organic waste and refuse materials. The municipal sanitation officers collected the domestic waste from their designated areas. Once gathered, the home waste is transported to a temporary disposal location, commonly referred to as a Temporary Processing location (TPS). Following its transportation from the temporary storage facility (TPS), the garbage is further conveyed to the ultimate disposal location known as the final disposal point (TPA). The ultimate destination for waste management is the final discharge location, where waste is disposed of and then reused through recycling and other waste management procedures. One approach involves the conversion of waste materials into methane gas. Result. The process of transforming domestic waste into methane gas Methane gas is an invisible, scentless, and extremely combustible gas composed of a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Methane gas exhibits a far higher heat-trapping capacity in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide, with a potency around 25 times greater. If left unmanaged and underutilised, methane gases have the potential to exacerbate the existing levels of greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. Methane is a constituent of biogas. Biogas is composed of various gases, primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three In addition to hydrogen (H2), the presence of sulphur, nitrogen, water content, and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been documented. Both organic and inorganic waste materials have the potential to be transformed into methane gas, commonly referred to as biogas. Methane gas (CH4) is a gaseous compound that is produced by anaerobic bacteria, particularly the methanogenic bacterium. Significant quantities of methane gas were detected in various organic wastes, including plant matter, straw, animal excrement, meadowlands, and sedimentary formations. Methane gas is spontaneously generated at the final disposal site through the process of bacterial evaporation, even in the absence of intentional processing or the inclusion of specific compounds. The combustion of methane gas yields thermal energy, rendering it suitable for utilisation as an alternative fuel source or in power generation facilities. Discussion. The conversion of waste into methane gas encompasses four overarching process ideas, which include gas collection, gas pressure maintenance, gas distribution security maintenance, and safety management. Biogas is derived from a specialised facility known as a biodegester, which is designed to harness the production of this renewable energy source. Decomposing organic material under anaerobic circumstances, characterised by the absence of oxygen. The optimal circumstances for biogas generation are primarily influenced by the quality of organic material and the surrounding environmental factors. The condition is characterised by two factors, namely the organic material type, acidity level, C/N balance, temperature, storage rate, presence of hazardous substances, melting point, starting, and retention period. The pace of fermentation by microorganisms is significantly impacted by environmental circumstances. It is crucial to maintain controlled environmental conditions within a pH range of 6.5-7.5 and an ambient temperature of 32-37 degrees Celsius Furthermore, the utilisation of biodegester technology facilitates the extraction and subsequent utilisation of methane gas. During the process of open dumping at the TPA (Trash Processing Area), the gaseous emissions are extracted by means of a suction pump, which utilises the sewage system included inside the waste materials. The gas that was extracted has been accumulated in the gas treatment system for subsequent processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK needs to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of its transport sector to meet its net-zero target. This paper considers the carbon dioxide cycle for two UK motorway bridges built in the 1960s. The emissions estimates are validated using both carbon dioxide emission intensity and by comparison with published data of similar assets, while user emissions are estimated from estimates of the number of vehicles using the assets. Conclusions on past and future carbon dioxide emissions are drawn from these examples. The work confirms that driving down user-generated emissions rather than capital or operational and maintenance emissions is the key to achieving net-zero targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous viewpoints exist regarding suitable refrigerants for specific applications. Frequently, a solitary refrigerant hazard is selected, leading to the disqualification of the refrigerant. Nevertheless, utilising the refrigerant safely remains a viable option. Each refrigerant possesses its own set of strengths and weaknesses, requiring a thorough exploration of these aspects. In this paper, we will explain what it takes to overcome refrigerant weaknesses. Hydrocarbons are some of the most used refrigerants in the industry and have been in constant use since the beginning of refrigeration because they were used by the petrochemical industry. Here they knew how to handle these fluids in a safe manner. Also, ammonia was adopted by the industry relatively early. A little later also CO2 was introduced to the markets, however, CO2 went out of use and the last traced installation was onboard a fishing vessel in 1955. Since then new plants were not installed before in the second half of the 1990s where CO2 was promoted by amongst others Prof. Gustav Lorentzen from the Norwegian Technical University in Trondheim. This paper describes how the working fluids can be utilised in a safe ways. The future is naturally occurring substances. Further, CO2 and NH3 are part of the human body - every human body release CO2 in every breath and NH3 is in our cells where it is a vital part of our organisms. We release about 17 gram of NH3 per day on average. The systems discussed here are larger systems excluding residential and commercial systems placed in areas with no limitations of people e.g. supermarkets or restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East has made steps toward sustainable development, but there is a pressing need for a cohesive strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The guidance proposed in this paper draws inspiration from global best practice, particularly the UK's PAS 2080:2023 on carbon dioxide management in the built environment, the new option X29 on climate change in NEC4 contracts and the latest advances in building information technology. The guidance provides a comprehensive framework for reducing emissions from the Middle East's construction industry, integrating carbon dioxide management processes at all stages of a project's life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently with existing environmental prohibitions and growing interest in the creation of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating with carbon dioxide in two-stage and cascade schemes, the proposed paper supplements the scientific literature on the rationale for the use of each of them. The paper analyzes and proves the feasibility of improving the energy performance of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating on R744 using cascade design with R134a, R1234yf and R717 refrigerants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing concerns about the adverse effects attributable to climate change, two imperatives of the sustainability paradigm are to reduce pollution and CO2 footprint, especially in the energy-intensive mining, mineral processing and beneficiation sectors of industry. Thus, a major challenge in minerals processing is to optimize the energy consumption of unit operations. In principle, this requires the utilization of all data and information that fully characterize the dynamics of all material and physical elements which constitute the organization that operates an ore crushing and screening process. By analyzing available data and information, this paper highlights how the variability in ore quality influences the energy of crushing and screening operations in a case study comminution facility. The empirical findings reinforce the need to apply robust models based on implementation of 4IR technologies to provide better information for decision making; in this case, towards continuous optimization of energy consumption to lower pollution and the CO2 footprint of comminution unit operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, Reinforced Concrete structures exposed to much vulnerable climate leads to corrosion of the steel reinforcement, which results the huge loss of durability, serviceability. Carbonation or chlorides are the reasons of corrosion in reinforcement of steel. Carbonation is the reaction of carbon dioxide in the air with calcium in the concrete. Hence, Fibre Reinforced Polymer rebars which is resistant to corrosion can be replaced with steel reinforcement. So, from the past decade, many researchers are studying the usage of FRP rebars as they are anti-corrosive, high tensile strength, non-magnetic, lightweight, high temperature resistant, low maintenance, and durable. The FRP rebar has the disadvantage of possessing the low ductility and it is not able to bend in required shape. Hence, the hybrid reinforcement is introduced in the concrete structures to enhance the ductility and corrosion requirements. This paper will give brief review on specific application of FRP bar in terms of cost effectiveness, ductility, load carrying capacity and failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world currently relies heavily on non-renewable energy, which is unable to sustain the needs of 7 billion people in the next 50 years. This paper discusses the use of an alternative fuel, Dimethyl ether (DME), which is a sustainable option. The proposed project can be used as a case study for the future development sustainable energy sector in Malaysia. The economic study aspect as well as the technological aspect of this future development is discussed and is the main focus of this project. A Hysys model is built to replicate the proposed system. The project caters to the front tier of sustainable wind energy and the empty fruit bunch (EFB), which is one of the main products in powering the DME plant. Malaysia is rich in both products, thus, they will help to boost the local economy even further. The proposed plant indicated via the intensive economic study, proves that it will be able to generate a steady income of almost 5% yearly within the next 20 years. An overview of the methods used in the economic study of the general principle process of production as well as the overall economic study indicating a steady and booming economic growth, is discussed further in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of sustainable construction materials is continuously gaining increasing importance in civil engineering. Geopolymers are attractive alternatives to cementitious materials in terms of environmental impact and specific material properties, such as durability, an initial increase in mechanical properties, or chemical and thermal resistance. Such favorable properties can be advantageously utilized within various applications involving the design of materials for heavily stressed industrial floors. The research presented in the paper was focused on the design of a geopolymer composite based on metashale MEFISTO L05 and waste metashale RON D460HR binders. The 1:4 raw/waste mix of binders activated by potassium hydroxide/silicate was supplemented by 0.11 wt.% of graphite fibers to optimize electrical properties and bestow on it some new material functions, such as self-heating. The further utilization of fine waste aggregate (crushed defective concrete products, waste concrete from auto-mixers) resulted in an ~85% utilization of input waste materials. An acceptable mechanical performance of the mortar for particular civil engineering applications was observed (28d: Rf ~ 2.5 MPa, Rc ~ 15 MPa), as well as favorable thermal and DC/AC electrical properties, predicting the self-heating potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement production has the largest carbon-footprint since it leads to the release of carbon dioxide and enormous energy consumption. Therefore, scientific research is being conducted worldwide on the possibility of using other materials that can be used as a cement substitute. A potential alternative material is glass powder. This paper present research results on the use of glass powder as a partial cement replacement with a substitution level of 0–20%. The pozzolanic activity and the influence of glass powder on cement hydration were analyzed. The porosity, the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone and the compressive strength of mortar were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a fuel source that is relatively inexpensive to produce and convert to usable energy. However, the extraction and use of coal affects the environment. The primary emissions from coal combustion are sulfur dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2). Over the recent years much attention has been paid to designing of technologies for the production and combustion of coal-water fuel (CWF). This paper presents the results of improving the environmental characteristics of the CWF based on the experiments with Kansk-Achinsk brown coal and distilled water during hydrodynamic cavitation activation of the dispersion phase, microwave processing of the dispersed phase, and the addition of T-900 globular nanocarbon. All the technologies used in the experiment allow to further reduce the amount of anthropogenic gas emissions during the CWF combustion in reference to coal. However, under the conditions of this experiment, the use of cavitation-activated water exerts the maximum influence on the ecological properties of CWF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important significant factor in keeping the earth hot is the greenhouse effect. It is because it holds on to some of the heat of the planet that would in other methods leave from environment to space. If the greenhouse effect was once no longer present then the standard Earth's temperature would be much colder and a lot less warm and existence would be impossible on earth. Holding infrared radiation and stopping it from releasing in outer house carbon dioxide (CO2) and different gases act as a cover for them. The extent of the greenhouse effect is what makes the Earth an eye-catching region for life. Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas, with 298 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Over the past, a hundred and fifty years, rising atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations have added to stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Nitrous oxide concentrations in the environment have been gradually rising over the last century, with nitrogen (N) fertilizers and manures added to agricultural soils becoming the primary anthropogenic source. Here a global inventory is presented that incorporates both anthropogenic and natural sources of emissions and processes that can control nitrous oxide emissions. This paper aims to re-examine nitrous oxide as a greenhouse gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a group of environmentally friendly binders considered alternatives to conventional cementitious binders. They utilise industrial wastes such as slag and fly ash to reduce cement production and related CO2 emissions. Despite the strong interest of researchers, the application of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) in constructions is still very limited. Given the difference in the process of producing the AAC and ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC), some of the testing methods need to be adjusted to a new type of binder. The increased sensitivity of AAM to high temperatures leads to discussions on the results achieved in the gas permeability tests that require the samples to be dried first. In this paper, the influence of drying temperature applied to the samples on the gas permeability will be presented. The binders' precursors are blends of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in slag proportions of 5%, 20%, and 35%, expressed by the mass of FA. Materials are denoted AAC5, AAC20, and AAC35, respectively. Measurements of the gas permeability of concretes were conducted by the RILEM–CEMBUREAU method, with lab adaptation for gas flow measurements. The comparison of results obtained shows the increase in gas permeability values with the temperature. However, the corresponding effect of temperature on permeability is driven by, on the one hand, the binder composition, and on the other hand, the aggregate's nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement production has the largest carbon-footprint since it leads to the release of carbon dioxide and enormous energy consumption. Therefore, scientific research is being conducted worldwide on the possibility of using other materials that can be used as a cement substitute. A potential alternative material is glass powder. This paper present research results on the use of glass powder as a partial cement replacement with a substitution level of 0–20%. The pozzolanic activity and the influence of glass powder on cement hydration were analyzed. The porosity, the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone and the compressive strength of mortar were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, the construction sector currently generates more than a third of CO2 emissions. Moreover, residential buildings consume about 40% of the energy that we are able to produce. Construction product manufacturers implement innovative solutions that give us a chance to achieve more widespread construction of zero-emission and zero-energy buildings. However, they face legal barriers related to the lack of standardization procedures enabling the rapid placing of innovative construction products on the market to be achieved. The MEZeroE project ("Measuring Envelope products and systems contributing to next generation of healthy nearly Zero Energy Buildings"), funded by European Union Horizon 2020, aims to create a platform combining science and business to facilitate the development of nearly zero-energy buildings. The aim of this paper is to present the European procedure for placing innovative construction products on the market under the MEZeroE project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant reduction in CO2 emissions arising from the cementitious composites industry is one of the highest priorities for the construction sector's movement towards climate neutrality and sustainable development. One of the approaches to cope with this issue is to partially substitute cement with supplementary cementitious materials. Recently, various oil refinery wastes (ORW) have attracted researchers' attention in terms of being investigated for such an application. As such, the present paper shows the preliminary results of investigations conducted on cement pastes with the addition of a spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst derived from a Polish oil refinery company. It is worth mentioning that the incorporation of ORW in cementitious composites might enable the production of more environmentally friendly construction materials without sacrificing quality, whilst, simultaneously providing an opportunity for recycling petrochemical wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the energy field hydrogen will be more obvious to use by certain technologies than by direct combustion. The paper presents a conceptual analysis on the use of hydrogen by hydrogen by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with final product methane, by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide, with the final product of methanol and by injection in certain proportions into the natural gas network. A new application of carbon dioxide hydrogenation is the decarbonisation of flue gases. To this end, conceptual analyses have been carried out for the capture of CO2 from flue gases, including through cascading energy production, required by a significant decrease in pollution. The experimental development for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with an experimental pilot plant shall also be submitted. At the same time, the pressure and temperature conditions for the methaneization plants are also presented. References are also made to catalysts of the latest generation, for a high efficiency of the respective hydrogenation processes. With regard to the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide from flue gases, the effect of water vapor and oxygen on the overall efficiency of the process shall also be clarified. By converting carbon dioxide into combustible substances, an important step towards transforming it into an energy vector is taken. This reduces expenditure by storing it and important steps are taken towards a circular energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reposts on a comprehensive study of Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR), a detailed literature and projects review. In one hand, according to past studies, when injected CO2 and residual oil are miscible (Miscible Displacement), the physical forces holding the two phases apart (Interfacial Tension, IFT) disappears; as CO2 dissolves in the oil, it swells the oil, reducing its viscosity and density. This allows the oil CO2 to displace the oil from the rock pores, pushing it towards a production well. On the other hand, when injected CO2 and residual oil are not miscible (Immiscible Displacement), this process is used as a secondary recovery method. As many experts look to carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) as one of the best alternatives for dealing with carbon emissions, research studies and laboratory investigations have indicated that, beyond its potential to augment oil production, CO2-EOR is getting intensive scrutiny by the industry, government, and environmental organizations for its potential for permanently storing CO2. A good example is a study by Montana Tech University, which found that CO2 flooding of Montana's Elm Coulee and Cedar Creek oil fields could result in the recovery of 666 million barrels of incremental oil and the storage of 640 billion cubic meters of CO2, which is equivalent to 7 years of supplier's CO2 emissions (a coal-fired power plant). Some other projects in the U.S., Canada and Norway have been evaluated. An economic and ecological analysis of the CO2-EOR process have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A US$1 billion expansion of Tema container port in Ghana was completed in 2020, providing a four-fold increase in capacity. This paper describes the planning, procurement, design and construction of the works, which included four new berths, a 3.6 km rock breakwater, 7 million m3 of dredging, 10 million m3 of reclamation and 127 ha of support buildings and handling plant. The design significantly reduced the carbon dioxide footprint of the development and minimised the impact on the local population and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HTGR is an advanced gas reactor that utilized high temperature and high pressure. This paper investigated five different working gas in four Brayton cycle configurations in HTGR 10MWth. Thermodynamic analysis using gas-cold standard assumption were applied to measure the efficiencies. This paper also considered temperature interaction in heat exchangers and capability turbine to drive compressor. Particular gas would be suitable for particular pressure ratio and diagram. 1T2C diagram with pressure ratio 9 and carbon dioxide as the working gas were able to reach optimum thermal efficiency, were about 52 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide is a strategic gas in many industrial processes. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere leading to global environmental problems. It is a product of combustion and a greenhouse gas; capturing it for reuse is a major problem facing our society today. One way to recover carbon dioxide is to use an adsorption process. Zeolites are a potential material for the selective adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide. Zeolites are of great interest because of their ability to change their properties, both textural and chemical, which ultimately affect the adsorption properties of zeolites. This paper presents the results of a study of isotherms and basic thermodynamic characteristics of carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolites like ZSM-5. The adsorption isotherm is also described by the equations of the theory of volume filling of micropores (VMOT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the test results of measurement into thermal comfort in the smart building "Energis" of Kielce University of Technology. The goal of the study was to assess the comfort level in the selected building and indicate problems related to the indoor environment. Three separate lecture rooms were analysed with regard to how students felt in the indoor conditions using questionnaires that they filled in. At the same time physical parameters of air such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level and etc. were measured. The results are the basis for discussion on the human perception of indoor air in the considered smart building. It has been observed that even smart buildings do not offer a high level of comfort and the thermal conditions were not fine for all the people (quite many felt too warm or cold). The overall recommendation is that building managers should conduct such questionnaire tests at certain time intervals of at least a few months to obtain data that they can use to set indoor air parameters (temperature, humidity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fanger model determines thermal comfort generally, which originates from the 60s. Its accuracy can be considered disputable, and it is often challenging. However, it is the basis for today's international standards - namely ISO 7730 and ASHRAE-55 (US standard). The present paper aims to develop a modified correlation based on the experimental measurements done using questionnaires and a microclimate meter Testo 400. The original model changes so that the concentration of carbon dioxide is considered (the original model does not consider it at all). The experimental results agree with the modified correlation in the wide range of CO2 levels. The modification that included CO2 brought the results closer to the trend line (10 points out of 15 subjects). It means that the modified results are closer to the real ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed system is to atomize the detection of fire or smoke at an early stage and can help in saving lives at home or at work place. The system is in such a way that it is versatile enough to all types of environments. IOT based Fire Accident Detection System uses the Sensors, namely, Temperature, Smoke and the Digital Humidity sensor. The micro-controller is programmed to turn on the alert, when any one of the temperature, smoke and humidity reach a threshold value in the air. We are trying to implement Machine learning enabled IoT technology to detect the Fire Accidents. In this system we go for detection and Monitoring of fires through several sensors and send to IoT cloud. Machine learning provides ability to learn and improve from experiences automatically thus provide accurate results. So it can avoid false alarming for the Indian daily events like smoke from incense sticks. It does not decide only on one factor, there are various factors like humidity, temperature, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitric Oxide(NO), Ammonia(NH3). Depending upon the sensor values in the cloud if it is greater than the preset values it will turn on the alert. Continuous monitoring and uploading values to Thing speak cloud can be achieved. It notifies us through SMS whenever there is a sudden spike in the gases, temperature or humidity around us or whenever there are high levels of such chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days air contamination is expanding quickly because of Human exercises. These exercises have modified the synthetic synthesis of the world's environment through the development of ozone harming substances. There are such a significant number of ventures emanating greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence the people. The most hurtful gases among them are methane gas, Carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Those gases that spill from industrial sources also need to be screened. However, there is no control unit structure. A circuit also to detect as well as to regulate the main ozone-depleting compounds in the presented design, for example, CO2, SO2 is structured. So, the general framework includes two procedures to be specific, detecting the outlet gas, checking the procedure. This framework is created to screen the greenhouse gas spillage, for example, CO2, NO2, mugginess, and temperature from industries by its relating sensors interfaced with a remote sensor network. The created module is planned and actualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has become an increasing concern due to the impact of greenhouse gasses on global warming and also climate change, therefore many studies are forms to develop efficient technology to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. Many solid materials have been investigated for CO2 capture including carbon based such as coal bottom ash. Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) is a by-product of pulverized coal-fired power generation. Among various post combustion CO2 capture technology, amine impregnated with coal bottom ash has potential for CO2 adsorption. The impregnation process increased the surface area on coal bottom ash particles significantly but on the other hand enhanced the adsorption capacity of coal bottom ash in the CO2 capture. The purpose of this paper is to review the preparation and the performance evaluation of amine impregnated coal bottom ash for CO2 adsorption. From the literature survey, the findings show that coal bottom ash impregnated with amine especially Tetraethylpentamine (TEPA) is the best way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and utilize the waste as useful adsorbent. This review is highly useful for the application in a bigger industrial scale since most of carbon dioxide emission are the results from anthropogenic sources. Therefore, as CO2 is reduced, it will contribute to a better air quality in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong correlation between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has made the increasing level of CO2 emissions becomes a perpetual problem worldwide. Therefore, the efficacy of current energy and environment related policies needs to be evaluated. In this regard, finding a reliable model to accurately forecast CO2 emissions is of importance, particularly for a developing country like Indonesia. By involving an unbalanced panel data of 77 countries covering the period of 1966 to 2019, this paper proposes a model which relies on the machine learning method to forecast CO2 emissions in Indonesia and to predict the feasibility for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. This study finds the beneficial impacts of new and renewable energy on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the peak of CO2 emissions in Indonesia was not predicted. Hence, decarbonization of Indonesia's economy is not likely to be achieved in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are considered to predict changes in the concentration of one of the main greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide. The study is based on data from the surface CO2 concentration obtained in the course of monitoring the dynamics of changes in the main greenhouse gases on the Arctic island Belyy, Russia. The forecast was obtained using the following types of ANN: Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network with an External Input (NARX), Elman Neural Network (ENN), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). For the study, the time interval of 168 hours was chosen in the summer period (July-August 2015), which is characterized by a pronounced daily cycle of changes in CO2 concentration. The ANN model type NARX most accurately predicted changes in CO2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world energy demand is growing steadily as is the emission of greenhouse gases. The efforts to enhance energy consumption can escalate greenhouse pollution yet the technologies used to implement zero-emission process have been inefficient. It has long been considered that the solution for both might be one and the same. The scope of this paper is to discuss an integrated power cycle that employs two power sources, namely solar power and s-CO2 oxycombustion cycle. This integrated power conversion system provides zero CO2 emissions, using renewable energy in the form of concentrated solar power at one end and oxy-combustion of natural gas with carbon capture technology at the other end. The power cycle is different from conventional power cycles in the respect that it uses both renewable and non-renewable energy sources to lessen the latter's consumption. Consequently, this enables the integrated system to avoid CO2 emissions into the environment while responding to energy depletions at the same time. The analysis will include the efficiency of the integrated system and the resulting reduction in fuel consumption based on their thermodynamic analysis. The results will be analyzed to determine whether the proposed power cycle integrating solar power is compatible from the thermodynamic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work desires to impart awareness about the carbonation effect in concrete. Carbonation favors the deterioration of steel due to the action between carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide in cement paste. The work aids in finding the highly carbonated concrete by reviewing the correlation between the distinct types of concrete and enhancing the life of the concrete. The types of concrete under study are Fly ash and Silica fume concrete. Besides, the factors influencing the carbonation are noticed. The furnished details are a part of many research works waiting to prevent the existing old and new structures from failure due to corrosion by carbonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks into a cutting-edge method for converting polyester waste of the garments industry into useful fuel and gas resources, offering a sustainable solution for effective waste management and resource recovery. The research investigates the application of novel thermal and chemical processes to effectively decompose polyester waste generated from different sections of the garments industry and extract energy-rich compounds that can be transformed into usable fuel and gas. Through comprehensive experimentation and analysis, this research demonstrates the viability and environmental benefits of this conversion method, presenting a promising avenue for reducing textile waste and producing alternative energy sources. Converted Gas from Waste Polyester demonstrates a moderate energy content, often ranging from 30 to 40 MJ/m³.Converted Fuel from Waste Polyester (Bio-oil) demonstrates an energy content ranging from 35 to 45 MJ/kg based on the specific composition obtained through pyrolysis. If Bangladesh were to implement efficient conversion processes for its waste polyester garments, it might contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated range of 10,000 to 20,000 tons of CO2 equivalent annually, considering the volume of polyester waste generated in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study for a public library which aim to become nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) is presented. Due to building's location in the city center of a medium sized municipality from Romania, important site limits have to be considered, as well as other pre-existent conditions. These conditions significantly limit the technological options that can be implemented to ensure nZEB compliance. Also, the destination itself of the building (library with free access to the shelves), imposes a specific energy profile (considering the intrinsic energy demand for its normal operation) and is limiting the inclusion into a very specific nZEB benchmark. Between obligations and possibilities, a cutting-edge package of technical solutions is detailed, which allows the building in operation to produce final energy almost as much as it consumes. However, a paradoxical situation is identified, in the sense that the building does not fit into the nZEB benchmarks, nor into the outlined ZEB benchmarks if the total primary energy is considered (both from conventional and renewable sources), although the implementation of the technical solutions actually lead the building to inclusion towards a CO2 zero-emission building (with a calculated value for the CO2 emissions of 5,26 kgCO2/m2.year and significantly reduced final energy consumption). Thus, a structural problem in the nZEB and ZEB concepts (as defined in the EU framework) is identified, especially in the context of making these concepts mandatory in the EU member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Carbon dioxide is an important element for microalgae growth through photosynthesis. However, this vital process can be restricted by slow mass transfer of carbon dioxide in the cultivation medium. On the other hand, liquid-type carbon can be introduced as an alternative carbon source to enhance the carbon dioxide medium mass transfer. In the present work, two types of liquid-type carbon sources (NTL and API) were used to evaluate the growth performance of Chlorella vulgaris under different conditions. It was determined that the optimum concentration for both NTL and API liquid type carbon was 1 mL/200 mL, and the attained biomass concentration was around 1.48 – 1.49 g/L (increment of about 8 % compared to the control) at pH 5. Under these conditions, the highest lipid content of the microalgae was 38.10 wt%, which was generally higher than the control experiment (28.40 wt%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miscible CO2 injection is one of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods by expanding the volume of oil, reducing viscosity and density, reducing interfacial tension, and extracting oil into the CO2 phase which can reduce the mobility ratio of the oil. The miscible CO2 injection method chosen is the Water Alternating Gas (WAG) method. The WAG method is the latest technology to increase sweeping efficiency during injection, minimize the amount of CO2 that must be used, reduce the mobility ratio of oil and slow down the breakthrough that generally occurs in the continuous CO2 injection method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cycle time and the optimal WAG ratio on the CO2 miscible WAG injection method to obtain the highest recovery factor value in field X. Cycle time and WAG ratio are important parameters in WAG CO2 injection because cycle time is the transition time between water injection and CO2 gas injection and WAG Ratio is the ratio of the amount of water injection rate and CO2 to be injected into the reservoir. If too much water is injected, the microscopic efficiency will decrease, while if too much CO2 gas is injected, it will cause a low sweep efficiency. Research methodology with three-dimensional simulation software CMG compositional. The results obtained from the CO2 miscible WAG injection method are the most optimal slug size using 2 PV with an inverted five spot well pattern, in a cycle time of 90 days (3 months), and the optimal WAG ratio using a 1:3 ratio (injection water rate 20,036). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cement companies manufacture a substantial amount of carbon dioxide, aninfluential greenhouse-gas that contributes to global warming. Cement manufacturing generates greenhouse gases both intrinsically and extrinsically: direct CO2 emissions occur during heating from limestone, while indirect CO2 emissions occur during the burning of fossil fuels used to heat the kiln. The cement business contributes around 8% of worldwide co2 Emissions, making this a key industry in terms of determine the precise reduction efforts. This research examines the feasibility of utilizing glass powder as a partial substitute for cement in compositions (10 %, 20 percent%, 30 percent%, 40 % and 50 %). The compressive split tensile strength among these compositions were determined after 7, 14, and twenty-eight days of complete curing, and findings of the same were associated to those of normal concrete. We discovered that replacing 20% of the glass powder with cement resulted in a 23 percent increase in strength, whereas replacing 30% and 40% of the component resulted in the same strength as M25. The composition usage of glass powder in the concrete reduces the cement consumption which inturn reduces the global warming effect and is also environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on examining the contribution of passenger cars to CO2, NOx, CO, PM10, and NMVOC emissions, as well as the changes in future emissions resulting from the usage of different types of vehicles. Initially, the importance of the road transport sector is discussed, followed by a presentation of data regarding the vehicle fleet. Subsequently, a methodology for forecasting the fleet, and calculating emissions, is introduced. Finally, the results are presented, focusing on the release of gaseous pollutants under different possible scenarios regarding the extent of electric vehicle penetration into the passenger vehicle fleet, for the year 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an approach for wirelessly monitoring the indoor temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration parameters affecting the microclimate of the Holy Cross hermitage, which extends into a small cave located in the Olympus area of Greece and maintains remarkable wall paintings dated back to 1339 A.D. The results indicate that the methodology applied was effective enough in maintaining a long-term monitoring process and, as a result, comprehending the ambient conditions of the hermitage with regard to its microclimate. In this context, it would be possible to identify any imminent hazards in time and therefore plan the required conservation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of atmospheric pollution in urban centers has become a growing concern in recent years. The increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are a major contributor to atmospheric pollution, and it is imperative to monitor these gases. This study presents the measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) and carbon monoxide (XCO) in Thessaloniki, Greece. The measurements were taken in Thessaloniki using the Bruker EM27/SUN instrument, which was developed by Bruker and KIT and has been part of the Collaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) since 2018. COCCON is a global network of stations around the globe and serves as an important supplement to the high-resolution Bruker IFS125 spectrometer used in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and it provides an increased density of column-averaged greenhouse gas observations. In this work, a four-year analysis of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of XCO2 and XCO is presented, focusing on diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as on the comparison between them. The hourly time series show the expected seasonal cycle of XCO2 with a spring maximum and late summer minimum due to photosynthesis activity, while XCO2 presents a daily maximum of 419.987 ± 2.286 ppm and a daily minimum of 405.001 ± 3.067 ppm. The seasonal co-variability between XCO2 and XCO reveals an interesting correlation--especially during winter (R² = 0.841 for 2022) and spring (R² = 0.437 for 2022) period, when anthropogenic emission sources occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a promising data-driven approach for traffic signal control, especially because DRL can learn to adapt to varying traffic demands. For that, DRL agents maximize a scalar reward by interacting with an environment. However, one needs to formulate a suitable reward, aligning agent behavior and user objectives, which is an open research problem. We investigate this problem in the context of traffic signal control with the objective of minimizing CO2 emissions at intersections. Because CO2 emissions can be affected by multiple factors outside the agent's control, it is unclear if an emission-based metric works well as a reward, or if a proxy reward is needed. To obtain a suitable reward, we evaluate various rewards and combinations of rewards. For each reward, we train a Deep Q-Network (DQN) on homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic scenarios. We use the SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) simulator and its default emission model to monitor the agent's performance on the specified rewards and CO2 emission. Our experiments show that a CO2 emission-based reward is inefficient for training a DQN, the agent's performance is sensitive to variations in the parameters of combined rewards, and some reward formulations do not work equally well in different scenarios. Based on these results, we identify desirable reward properties that have implications to reward design for reinforcement learning-based traffic signal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the self-healing of small breaks by utilizing Bacillus subtilis as a self-mending material. This autogenously mending system has a width of reach of 0.05-0.1mm and blends with water particles present in the air, which leaks through the breaks. These water particles hydrate the non-cracked or fractionally cracked areas of the extending the concrete and filling the crack. When the water in the air interacts with the unhydrated calcium present in the solid particles, calcium hydroxide is delivered with the assistance of microscopic organisms. This calcium hydroxide reacts with environmental carbon dioxide and structures to give limestone and water. This additional water particle makes all the difference to the concrete. The limestone at that point solidifies itself and seals the breaks on the solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the axisymmetric case, the process of methane substitution in the gas hydrate during the injection of warm (with a reservoir temperature higher than the initial one) carbon dioxide is considered. On the basis of computational experiments, it is established that, depending on the initial parameters of the system and the injected gas, the substitution process can occur in two modes: with the formation of only CO2 hydrate or with the formation of CO2 hydrate, as well as a mixture of methane and water. Diagrams separating these modes are constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rule, sources of air pollution are industrial enterprises and technological devices. Due to the deterioration of the environmental condition of atmosphere, experts actively develop effective ways of purification the waste gases of petroleum industry devices from the most common toxic components, one of which is carbon dioxide. The disadvantages of the 'reagent' methods used are the formation of sludge, the complexity of technological schemes and the significant consumption of expensive reagents. Currently, catalytic technologies are playing an increasing role in the processes of purification of gas emissions in the world. The oxidation methods based on the use of an environmentally friendly oxidizer molecular oxygen are the most promising. The main difficulty is activation of O2, since it is not very reactive under standard conditions. The chemical interaction of oxygen, whose electronic state is triplet, with most inorganic and organic molecules in the basic singlet state is extremely slow due to the spin ban (the Pauli principle) [1]. For this reason, catalytic oxidation reactions using oxygen as an oxidizing agent are usually carried out on heterogeneous phase boundaries at sufficiently high temperatures, when either dissociative adsorption occurs with the formation of reactive monoxygen radicals (O*, HO*), or the catalyst's structural oxygen, which is sufficiently mobile, participates in oxidation by a step-by-step mechanism [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial neural network is used for simulation of the coke quality indicators: CRI – coke reactivity index and CSR – coke strength after reaction with carbon dioxide. It is noted that the task of determining the quality characteristics of coke, CRI and CSR, can be attributed to insufficiently formalized task in which there are many influencing factors that cannot be taken into account explicitly. The solution of such tasks is possible using the artificial neural networks. Bilayer artificial neural network was used for CRI and CSR simulation. Logistic function was used as a compressive function. Backpropagation and the steepest descent methods were used for neural network training. Information on batch mixture materials for coke and by-product process of JSC EVRAZ NTMK for 10 months was used as input information. Initial data included proportions of mixing components and characteristics of each component. The effect of the number of neurons on the simulation results was studied. The possibility of predicting CRI and CSR for five (three months) during the neural network training for the previous five (seven) months was studied. The difference between the experimental and calculated data is in the range of 6–18 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a brief assessment of using microalgae (Arthrospira platensis PCC 8005) for lowering carbon emissions during biotrickling filtration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air is performed. In this regard, the removal efficiency of acetic acid vapors (used as model VOC in this study) and carbon dioxide production from this process are evaluated in the presence of: (1) classical microorganisms (e.g. from compost), (2) mixture of compost microorganisms and microalgae, (3) microalgae. A blank trial (microorganisms-free) was considered as reference. The obtained results indicate the contribution of both microorganism's type (alone or in mixture) to the VOC removal. Remarkably, their mixture exhibited the lowest carbon emission and thus the highest environmental performance due not only VOC biodegradation, but also simultaneously carbon dioxide uptake by microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive sector is currently developing towards the growth of GDP as well as the richness of most countries which are yet to be developed. Transportation by the means of private vehicles has become a requirement of the contemporary world as people are directing their attention towards it. However, the growing automobile sectors generated issues related to the fresh air which is uncertain for both the present and future generations. The gases emitted from the tailpipe of automobiles like Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide must be maintained in order to mitigate the consequences. The present Federal test procedure depicts that vehicles emit nearly three fourth of pollutants like Carbon monoxide and unburnt Hydrocarbons at the warm up period. In this regard many countries have started implementing strict control regulations to minimize the pollution which is currently in upheaval trend. Based on various experimental studies it is found that metallic oxides such as copper oxide, silver oxide and few other oxides has a promising catalytic characteristic to replace the precious noble metals like platinum and palladium which are currently utilized in the conventional catalytic converter. In this research we have intended to develop a low-cost three-way catalytic converter using an alternative metallic oxide as an oxidizing agent in place of conventional catalyst. From our work, it's noted that manganese oxide catalyst when combined with the titanium oxide, the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide gets better along with the conversion of hydrocarbon. Hence, this experimental work has been carried out with the catalytic converter to enhance its performance and reduce the pollutants from tailpipes of the vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infastructure construction is one the important sectors in Indonesia's economic development. However, this sector also contributes in the high rates of energy consumption and produces large amounts of pollutant emissions. The use of heavy equipment in consruction activities consumes a large amount of fuel, which is resulting in several pollutant gases emitted, including carbon dioxide (CO2). The emission of pollutant gases is directly generated by fuel consumption, and this fuel consumption depends on equipment productivity. Accordingly, the productivity levels can be used as the base for accurately assessing emissions resulting from equipment activity. This study aims to propose a methodology for estimating the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the environmental and energy impacts of construction activities. The proposed estimated method is develop by combining the productivity level models generated from the CAT Performance Handbook data and the calculation algorithm from EPA's NONROAD. To develope a productivity model, earthwork activities involving the backhoe loader were selected. Based on the results obtained, the approach using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is proven to be a good alternative to estimate the productivity level of the backhoe loader. Based on the value of R=95,70%, the MLR equation can be explained by a group of existing independent variables. The model can be used a basis to estimate fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Based on this model, productivity rate of backhoe loader was calculated based on several soil conditions, namely loose material, blasted rock and others, and general purpose and multipurpose types of bucket. The results show several trends in fuel use and emissions from backhoe loaders. The productivity value of the backhoe loader decreases as the engine size increases, cycle time is longer and the bucket size is large. However, it is inversely proportional to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions increase at bigger engine size, longer cycle time, and bigger bucket size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, environmental issues are of great importance on a global scale. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is typically released during the manufacturing and use of traditional metals, metal-based alloys or synthetic materials. For this reason, the use of bio-composite materials is increasing day by day in order to reduce the consumption of traditional metals, metal-based alloys or synthetic materials as bio-composite materials have less influence on the environment and they are biodegradable and eco-friendly. In this regard, environment-friendly materials like jute are of particular relevance. Jute is one of the most significant natural fibers that is found in large quantities in Bangladesh and it has been used for a variety of purposes. Similarly, like other natural fibers, jute fibers also have high moisture absorption qualities, which results in poor adhesion properties with the matrix and degraded material strength. Over the years, various methods have been used to improve moisture absorption ability and fiber to matrix adhesion properties. Among various methods, chemical treatment is the most widely used method. Chemical treatments can be considered for modifying the properties of jute fibers. It can increase the interface adhesion between the jute fiber and the matrix. It can also decrease the water absorption of fibers. Yet most chemical treatments have achieved various levels of success in improving jute fiber's strength, fiber fitness and fiber-matrix adhesion. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to understand how chemical treatment affects the mechanical properties of jute fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]