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This paper focuses on understanding the behavior of electrolyte's flow through an electrochemical mixed flow reactor by studying the residence time distribution. Tracer tests were utilized to examine the residence time distribution at several mixing speeds (300, 450, and 600 rpm), without and with an airflow by various compartment models. The results revealed that the models of the ideal reactor with a dead volume and the ideal reactor with bypass were failed to express the experimental data, while a three-parameter model that was consist of a dead volume, a bypass, and an exchange fraction succeeded to describe the electrolyte exit age distribution behavior. The value of bypass fraction increased for the electrochemical mixed flow reactors without airflow. Whereas, in the presence of airflow, the bypass fraction values decreased with an increase in the mixing speed. The fraction of active volume decreased with mixing speed increasing for the reactor with and without airflow. The values of the fluid exchange fraction were relatively high and reduced with the increase in mixing speed in the reactor without airflow, while this phenomenon differed in the reactor with an airflow. The values of the experimental average residence time were close to that obtained by the solved compartment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia has witnessed robust economic growth since the 1960s. Today, emerging markets in Asia have managed to maintain rapid growth even when the world's main economies suffer from debt and banking crises. However, declining total fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, continuous change of birth and death patterns, and increasing share of old age population in the age distribution in Asia exert significant pressure on its economies. This paper analyses the relationship between population ageing and economic growth using 2 different panels of countries; one Asian and another the from the oldest countries worldwide between 1970 and 2014. The analysis is based on the Auto Regression Distributed Lag models. The MG (Mean Group) and PMG (Pooled Mean Group) estimations are applied in this analysis. The Hausman Test is conducted to decide between the MG and PMG estimators. We find that ageing will negatively affect the economy in the long run. The growing number of youths will initially have a negative effect on the economy but would eventually lead to a positive growth in the future. The old age dependency ratio has yet to have affect the Asian economy but is expected eventually to impose a negative effect as seen in the oldest nations of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rate of entrepreneurship in the U.S. economy from 1899-1988. It finds that variation in rates of entrepreneurship result from variation in rates of technological change, business failures, immigration, GNP growth, taxation, religious values and the age distribution of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic and age segregation has often considered as a challenge for integration processes and sustainability of local communities. High spatial concentrations of ethnic minorities can lead to the establishment of parallel societies with low interaction between minority and majority populations. In Latvia, a relatively homogeneous Russian-speaking minority form a considerable part of the population, giving Latvia one of the highest proportions of ethnic minorities in Europe. Besides the more known form of ethnic segregation, there is an essential dimension in residential differentiation regarding a demographic trait such as individuals age. Moreover, this dimension has not attracted as much attention in population studies because it is viewed as less problematic than ethnic injustice or socioeconomic inequality. Nevertheless, all the dimensions of residential segregation exist simultaneously and overlap each other, so to interpret the ethnic segregation, it is vital to have a basic awareness and understanding of age dimension. Even though most ethnic minorities have lived in Latvia for decades, little is known about their residential patterns and concentrations, especially across the different age groups. Using individual-level census and population register data, this paper aims to understand how age intersects with ethnicity in residential segregation patterns. We present evidence on whether, and to what degree, residential age segregation has changed across the regions over time (2000-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, more than 12% of the population will experience thyroid dysfunction. Patient symptoms often reported with thyroid dysfunction include fatigue and weight change. However, little is understood about the relationship between these symptoms documented in the outpatient setting and ordering patterns for thyroid testing among various patient groups by age and sex. We developed a natural language processing and deep learning pipeline to identify patientreported outcomes of weight change and fatigue among patients with a thyroid stimulating hormone test. We built upon prior works by comparing 5 open-source, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to determine which models could accurately identify these symptoms from clinical texts. For both fatigue (f) and weight change (wc), Bio_ClinicalBERT achieved the highest F1-score (f: 0.900; wc: 0.906) compared BERT (f: 0.899; wc: 0.890), DistilBERT (f: 0.852; wc: 0.912), Biomedical RoBERTa (f: 0.864; wc: 0.904), and PubMedBERT (f: 0.882; wc: 0.892). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined stereotype traits of Chinese young adults generated by 60 young (M age = 24.78), 60 middle-aged (M age = 46.38), and 60 older Chinese adults (M age = 66.50). Trait lists were compared across age groups and to Western traits reported in earlier research (Matheson, Collins & Kuehne, 2000; Chasteen, Schwarz, & Park, 2002). Results indicated that Chinese participants had multiple stereotypes and mixed perceptions of the young. While considerable overlap was observed between stereotype traits generated by these Chinese participants and those from earlier studies with Western participants (e.g., energetic, ambitious, lazy, and reckless), unique Chinese traits (e.g., open-minded, filial, hedonistic, and individualistic) associated with young adults were also identified. Whereas the middle-aged and older participants listed an equal number of positive and negative traits, the young participants generated significantly more negative traits than positive ones about their own age group. Discussion focuses on the impact of modernization and cultural change on perceptions of young adults in the Chinese society. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korea, coresidence, the main social support mechanism for the well-being of the elderly, has been declining rapidly. In 2003, 16% of elderly people were single and lived alone, 23% were single and lived with children, 3% were single and lived with others, 35% lived as a couple only, 19% lived as a couple with children, and 4% lived as a couple with others. Using cross-sectional data from 2003 Social Statistic Survey conducted by National Statistical Office in Korea (N=8,430 aged 65 and over), we examined whether the different living arrangements of the elderly mattered for life satisfaction. Controlling for age, health status, job status, region, home ownership, and religiosity, we found gender differences in the relationship between living arrangements and life satisfaction. Women in married households without children and single women with children were significantly more satisfied than single women in households without children, single women living with others, married women with children, and married women living with others. In contrast, men in married households without children, men in married households with children, and single men with children were significantly more satisfied than men in single households without others, and men in married households with others. These findings suggest that living arrangements create different demands and resources for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifts in the nation=s unemployment rate, as traditionally calculated, are caused not only by changes in labor productivity, foreign competition, aggregate demand, and business cycle movements but also by changes in the age distribution of the labor force. Unemployment rates differ substantially by age. Younger national populations tend to have higher overall unemployment rates because of the concentration of the labor force in younger, higher unemployment age categories. Since 1960 the age structure of the U.S. labor force has changed dramatically due to the aging of the baby boom generation and the growth of the elderly labor force. Failure to take these age shifts into account results in a distorted comparison of unemployment rates at different historical periods. Similarly, comparisons of unemployment levels in different nations are misleading to the degree that the nations being compared have substantially different labor force age distributions. I am proposing an age-adjusted unemployment rate which eliminates the effect of changes in the age distribution. I would calculate such an age-adjusted unemployment rate for the U.S. for each year from 1960 through 2002 and compare changes in unemployment since 1960 as measured by this age-adjusted measure to changes as measured by the traditional unemployment measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined agenda-setting differences between those ages 18 to 34 and two older generations. Using 2 surveys with statewide random samples and content analyses for each, it found that the agenda of issues important to young adults was correlated with the media's issue of agenda at .80 and .90. For the heaviest internet users, who were more likely to be in the 2 youngest age groups, their issue agenda was correlated with the media's at .70. Although the youngest generation used traditional media such as newspapers and television significantly less than older generations, and used the internet significantly more, this differential media use did not eliminate the agenda-setting influence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most salient and well-documented criminological aspects of rape is the unusually young age distribution of its female victims. Women's risk of rape victimization peaks in the late teens and early twenties, then declines throughout the lifespan. This study explores feminist, evolutionary, routine activity, and control theory explanations for the age distribution of rape victims and evaluates the predictive value of factors that pertain to the applicability of these perspectives. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data is used to assess the victim age distribution in context with the relationships between offender age, victim-offender relationship, and whether offenders complete vs. attempt the assault. A feminist perspective, via a routine activity approach to victim selection, predicts that offenders will victimize in accordance with convenience and opportunity, disregarding age per se, while evolutionary and control theories predict that offenders may specifically target victims that are younger, so that stranger rapes would have more disaccord between offender and victim age. Empirical results were mixed. Mean victim ages were similar for stranger and known-offender rapes. However, while offender age was highly predictive of victim age, strength of relationship (stranger, acquaintance, well-known) was only weakly predictive, and lost significance when controlling for offender age. Additionally, known-offender rapes were more likely to be completed (vs. attempted), compared with stranger-rapes. The results indicate that at least part of the victim age distribution is a result of the youthfulness of offenders, but also appear to support previous studies which indicate that offenders actually target younger victims. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long period the age distribution of homicide offending in the United States appeared fairly stable. Then between 1985 and 1990 the rates of homicide offending doubled for 15-to-19 year olds and increased nearly 40% for 20-to-24 year olds, while the homicide offending rates decreased for those over 30. In addition to this "epidemic of youth homicide," there have been systematic changes in the age distribution of homicide in the United States associated with birth cohorts over the past forty years. We combine three perspectives to examine these changes: the invariance thesis, the crack cocaine thesis, and the cohort thesis and introduce a method that allows us to assess the simultaneous impact of periods and cohorts on the age distribution of homicide offending. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What effect do increases in the share of the population age 65 and older have on the rate at which older persons participate in the labor force? This question is examined using state-level data for the year 2004. Controls are introduced to take into account the overall condition of a state's economy, the educational level of a state's older population, and the migration of older persons into and out of the state. It is found that states with larger shares of their population that are old tend to have lower labor force participation by those older persons. This inverse relationship between share and labor force participation is consistent with the claim against employers of age discrimination. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No prior study has examined community participation at the age-group level. The goal of this study was to understand factors associated with an age group's level of community participation in a community context. The social capital and age stratification perspectives informed the hypotheses. Data were collected through a mail survey completed by residents from 114 communities in a Midwestern state. Individuals' responses were aggregated to the age-group level in each community - into the youngest (18 to 54 years old), the young-old (55 to 74 years old), and the older (75 and above) groups, resulting in 342 age groups. An analysis of covariance was conducted, using the SPSS general linear model (GLM) procedure. Results indicate that the amount of local ties maintained by an age group is strongly related with the extent of community participation carried out by the age group. Age-group length of residence was not significantly associated with age-group community participation. The data also show that age-group community participation varies significantly by age group, supporting the notion of age stratification. Community type was another factor significantly associated with an age group's community participation. The implications of the findings for research and practice are addressed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have demonstrated that the appropriation of elderly differs from younger people. As those studies focus on the analysis of different age groups, they exclusively considered age and related socio-demographic attributes as influencing factors. However, these rather vague categories cannot explain the different adoption and appropriation patterns of ICT by elderly people. The present study tries to close this gap in research. Beside socio-demographic factors, further theoretical constructs that may affect the ICT appropriation were identified. To test the explanatory power of these additional predictors, an explorative online survey among people over 50 years (N=153) was carried out. While socio-demographic and attitudinal ("domain specific technology acceptance") as well as psychological constructs (learning profile, perceived self efficacy, technophobia) served as independent variables, their influence on ICT adoption and media usage patterns was tested. Results indicate that the provisions of these further variables lead to a higher explanatory power of the model. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant position in criminology is that crime peaks in the late teens and early 20s, and declines thereafter. This is almost always based on arrest rates, and is subject to selection bias. Younger criminals might be more reckless and less adept at escaping arrest than older criminals. The most active criminals might be less likely to be apprehended and to continue their careers longer. This study addresses the issue directly by using state UCR crime category and Census age distribution data in panel analysis over 35 years. There is the expected peak relationsip for the late teens and early 20s, but for most crimes there is also an equally strong relationship for the early 30's. This suggests the individual level studies are exaggerating the crime decline with age, perhaps because the subjects are relatively minor criminals. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our main objective in this analysis is to utilize Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System (OIBRS) data to understand the nature of domestic violence in Ohio. We seek to both demonstrate the value of the OIBRS data for state jurisdictions and provide jurisdictions with a comprehensive picture of domestic violence across numerous communities in Ohio so that these agencies might be better able to develop control and/or prevention solutions to this particular crime. Our findings demonstrate the following: Most domestic violence incidents take place at home, are intraracial, and involve female victims; domestic violence rates decline as household income levels increase, but increase as poverty rates and percentage of racial minorities increase; partner domestic violence cases significantly outnumber family domestic violence cases; there are two general age patterns of domestic violence; and the frequency of domestic violence tapers off as the suspect ages, thus confirming the general age distribution of crime. We discuss these findings in terms of the utility of the data and offer suggestions for future improvements. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]