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Five fuels were tested in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine to see how they affected soot particle distribution and the engine's controlled and unregulated emission characteristics (M15, M25, and M35). The findings demonstrated that regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) could be efficiently controlled to a very low level when mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) in diesel was utilized in conjunction with ideal engine working situations. Paper filters were employed to remove diesel dust. Entire particulate matter main particles were < 100 nm in width, with the average diameter for the biodiesel mixes falling among 20 and 26 nm. PM particles had uncontrolled emissions including Pb, Mn, and Ba, while M100 had 56.72% fewer xylene emissions, 22.49% fewer toluene emissions, and 19.45% fewer benzene emissions compared to M0. As a result, MOB is a wonderful option for reducing pollution from diesel engines and other sources, both in the form of controlled and unregulated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), there is a significant innovation and wealth creation for business, organizations, societies and nations. Information Technology oriented society and Sustainable development are two distinct concepts which are not commonly associated. However, both could have a major impact on the other. Information and communication technology (ICT) has some positive impacts on environment and can bring improvements while at the same time it has some negative impacts also. This paper tries to provide guidance on how ICT devices and its applications are helpful for positive impacts on environment and for that new methodology and tools are needed to assess and understand the different effects. This paper aims to facilitate the environment sustainable ICT in industries and to promote industry-relevant information systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review extends the dominant view of Information Systems (IS) as socio-technical. We establish a novel view of IS as socio-ecological-technical systems to steer and unite IS research and scholarship to co-create digitally transformed sustainable futures. Without a commitment to reducing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2e), we will reach a tipping point leading to large-scale, dangerous, and irreversible impacts on climate, human liveability, and survivability. Digital technology can potentially mediate human activities to reduce CO2e, but its production, utilisation, and disposal are multiple sources of CO2e. In response to the conference theme "Co-creating Sustainable Digital Futures", this paper systematically reviews the IS research over the last twelve years from the socioecological-technical and Environmentally Sustainable Digital Transformation frameworks, with a focus on CO2e. Our holistic approach reveals emerging themes, current gaps and research opportunities, thus contributing to IS knowledge building and proposing future studies in this socio-ecological-technical domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a facility location problem within a closed-loop supply chain framework using discrete-event simulation. The growing pressure on the environmental impact from consumers, governments, and non-governmental organisations has led companies to take responsibility in product recovery processes. This paper integrates CO2 emission as one of the environment considerations into the simulation model. The aim of this paper is to find the best configurations of locating collection centres that will minimise both total logistical costs and total emissions. Three scenarios were proposed to simulate on finding the best collection centres' location. Preliminary experiments were conducted using Exeter city geographical area. The results show that Scenario Two produces the lowest total costs as well as total emissions. Future research directions are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high amount of energy consumption in residential buildings can considerably be reduced by adopting passive design strategies (PDS), for its positive impact on the environment by reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions, cost savings and provide occupants' comfort. This paper summarized the outcomes from a structured literature review. Five broad types of PDS were identified, targeting reduced energy consumption, improved comfort, indoor air quality and materials used. The study also revealed sets of motivators and challenges for adopting PDS. The most common challenges to adopting PDS are high initial cost, lack of expertise and lack of rules and regulations. Also, it was found that the key motivators to stimulate the adoption of PDS include energy efficiency, financial benefits and occupant comfort, health and well-being. This will form the basis for exploring the degree of benefits of considering certain PDS features in residential buildings and their consequent selection/use in specific climate zone, with relevant adjustments to incorporate any local context and priority. The outcomes of this paper are also expected to contribute to raising awareness among stakeholders to increasingly practice PDS considering their relevant benefits, and gradually move to their adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel has been widely used & accepted all over India in various sectors. The primary goal of this study is to learn more about steel production and industry growth in India, which has a significant impact on the Indian economy, accounting for around 2% of GDP. The paper briefly discusses steel demands, steel consumption & production rate, etc. The paper explores the background and history of the steel industry, as well as its development over time, such as the establishment of TISCO industries, SAIL, and other factors that contributed to India becoming the world's second-largest steel manufacturer with 111 crude steel MT production. The paper also considers the government initiative scheme & policies (National rail plan, Bharatmala scheme, Jal Jeevan, etc.) with their objective to improve the production & demands of steel. The paper provides a detailed review & vision of the National steel policy of 2017. This paper includes NSP 2017 goals & objective, which gives governments the expectation of reaching 300 MT of finished steel production in 2030-31. The paper also discusses the impact of steel on the infrastructure & construction industry, which consumes a larger portion of steel around 45-62% of total steel. This paper also provides a glimpse of the position of the Indian steel industry after the covid-19 pandemic (shows exports of steel have been grown by 22%) & sector-wise demand for steel. The problems that come along with the development of steel industries like CO2 emission (6.2% of total), waste generation & energy consumption (25% of total) have been also addressed in this paper. In this paper, an attempt has been made by the author to concisely review & explain steel industry growth over the years, the current scenario of the steel industry & its future aspiration through the various researcher reports & outcomes. In this paper, the outcome of the results has been briefly evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK needs to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of its transport sector to meet its net-zero target. This paper considers the carbon dioxide cycle for two UK motorway bridges built in the 1960s. The emissions estimates are validated using both carbon dioxide emission intensity and by comparison with published data of similar assets, while user emissions are estimated from estimates of the number of vehicles using the assets. Conclusions on past and future carbon dioxide emissions are drawn from these examples. The work confirms that driving down user-generated emissions rather than capital or operational and maintenance emissions is the key to achieving net-zero targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This applied research paper reports efforts of engineering technology faculty and students to design and build a sustainable charging station that is fully sponsored by an energy services company. The objective of this project is to install a 33.6 kW solar array on Sam Houston State University’s (SHSU) campus and connect it to a university owned substation by a 50 kW capacity grid-tie inverter. A Charge-Point Express 250 DC fast charger will also be installed on the SHSU campus near the PhotoVoltaics (PV) array to charge electric vehicles (EV). The project also includes an outdoor educational display describing how the system operates, and offsets carbon emissions providing environmental savings on campus. The project provides a multitude of benefits by placing an EV fast charger on campus with it being convenient for the citizens of Huntsville, TX and electric vehicle drivers that are traveling between Houston and Dallas, TX. It will also showcase to the SHSU community the increasing importance of renewable energy resources and display an example of how clean power is generated. We are promoting more sustainable operations of the university using renewable energy systems by designing a unique PV based EV fast-charging station due to lack of locations where EV owners can charge their vehicles. It will also introduce a cleaner form of energy that will help reduce the overall cost of the charger. The initial requirement of the project was to install 120 PV panels with a total capacity of 50 kW. Due to an increase in cost during the preparation phase of the project, this had to be reduced to 80 PV panels with a capacity of 33.6 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression ignition engines are the most efficient among the internal combustion engines. This diesel engine also gives inferior aspects of contaminants like carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, the significant parts to deal with the diesel engine is its relatively higher emission of NOx which needs evolution and improvement of the engine to minimize NOx apart from CO & HC emissions. In the lean engine operation, the diesel engine demands innovative emission reduction techniques than the staandard operation engines. The selective catalytic reduction would be a more significant trigger in reducing nitric oxide entering the atmosphere from automobiles. The catalyst in the SCR is to decompose the nitric oxide and promote chemical reduction with a supplementary reducing agent to exhaust gas, even at lower temperatures. The most promising catalyst is copper ion-exchanged zeolite. This project exhibits the design and development of a urea injection system and a catalytic converter to control NOx emission in the lean operating diesel engine. By pre-oxidizing the emission, there is a reduction of 1.2% of hydrocarbon and 33% carbon monoxide. Fortunately, the increase in the carbon dioxide emission by 3.9% shows a positive result on oxidation reaction. The higher amount of oxygen resulted in increased nitrogen by 15% in the full load operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The research is based on the thesis that if the impacts of tourism on the environment were reduced to a local carrying capacity of the environment, then the global impact of tourism on the environment would be fully sustainable. In this light, the purpose of this research is to measure the local impact of tourism related road traffic on the environment on the example of the Učka Nature Park. Methodology - The carbon footprint of road traffic in the Učka tunnel was calculated using the carbon footprint methodology. The footprint was measured in the period from 2015 to 2020 on a monthly basis in order to gather database for analysing the seasonality of CO2 emissions, taking into account the local biocapacity of the environment. Findings - The total carbon footprint of traffic in the Učka tunnel from 2015 to 2020 is the result of an average volume of 3,204,375 vehicles per year. This amount of road traffic emitted an average of 2934.3 tons of CO2 per year. On a yearly basis 4.45% of the total biocapacity of the Učka Nature Park or 687.9 lha is needed to absorb carbon emissions from the Učka tunnel. The share of tourism in the total carbon footprint of road traffic in the Učka tunnel during the observed period at the annual level is 30.5%. Contribution - The paper contributes to the discussion of the local impact of tourism related to road traffic. Specifically, the paper aims to raise awareness and encourage the scientific community to research more local case studies that will measure the concrete impact of tourism on the environment. The applied contribution of the work is expressed through the measured value of the total and specifically separated tourist carbon footprint and contributes to the expansion of the database that would enable objective, measurable and sustainable spatial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction activities have considerably increased in recent years which results in massive production of concrete. This has resulted in enhancement of amount of emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The use of different types of concrete like foam concrete in amalgamation with latest technologies like 3D printing can prove to be a potential solution. This paper explores different types of concrete that can be used in construction activities and after comparison it was observed that foam concrete to be the best possible alternative. This paper in detail presents large review of works pertaining to foam concrete. This paper investigates the different challenges faced in using of 3D printing technology in civil engineering and presents possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, the world has faced many challenges, including the effects resulting from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. In the construction industry, efforts are being made to combat climate change and protect the environment by developing rating systems aimed at designing sustainable buildings. One of these tools is SBToolCZ, the Czech national certification used to assess the sustainability of various building typologies. Still, as buildings are becoming more energy-efficient, which should ensure low carbon emissions, the environmental impacts of building components should be methodically examined. This paper compares two versions of the tool specifically addressed to office buildings – the one developed in 2011 and the recently updated version developed in accordance with the new priorities indicated by the European Green Deal. The comparative analysis investigates what has been changed, focusing on six environmental impacts calculated for the A1-A3, B4 and B6 LCA stages applied to an office building. On this basis, the paper aims to assess two different SBToolCZ versions and understand how the Methodology has been modified considering a case study and six environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the transport sector as a whole is seen as the key contributor to the CO2 emissions in the EU, not surprisingly the internal combustion engine (ICE) technology is the first on the list for rapid phasing out. Given several more or less recent policy initiatives in the area, we could conceivably expect that the innovation activity within ICE had significantly declined in recent years, yet we know little about how the policy push actually plays out and if we have already reached a tipping point. Nonetheless, we cannot see a steep radical decline in ICE inventive activity that could be observed from patents based on the selected policy cut-offs. With the current trend of declining patents in the field of ICE, their share would approach zero only in 2041.The paper also further provides insights from patent citations of ICE and the activity of the most prolific patent applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of cars introduced a new problem of parking in malls, offices, etc. This problem is getting worse day by day and results in wastage of time of people and extra emission of carbon dioxide in searching for car parking in the parking area. To tackle this problem this paper will be proposing a model which uses new generation technologies like the Internet of Things, Cloud computing. In this paper we have proposed the whole model in three parts which are physical set up, cloud set up and customer set up. We have proposed a smart parking solution using optical through-beam sensors, which sense the light and based on that decide whether the parking is available or not. Due to cloud technology, we are benefiting from the cost by a great factor as we don't need physical centers for each parking arena separately. Thus, in the coming years, this model can be scaled to each parking arena in the world with the usage of cloud computing as the world is facing the same issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile industry has entering into a new era in the production of more economic and low emission vehicles. The gap between current fossil fuels technology and zero-emission vehicles can be bridge with the help of hybrid technology. This maximizes the advantage of zero-emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. This Dual mode scooter delivers power through both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine in this project. This electric motor used as it causes less pollution, cheaper. These dual mode system is strong enough to suggest that is much more advanced than a conventional vehicle and it is highly beneficial to our environment. These electrical vehicles had made a huge makeover in our environment and our daily lives. Electric vehicles are less carbon emotive compared with combustion engine vehicles so all the environment that we live in is seeing towards it, but they're also some major problems that are associated with the use of purely electrical vehicles to over come these we have comeup with anidea of dual-modesociety. The seservice sarebetter than the normal vehicles they can to reduce carbon emission into the environment and help the environment in building up its natural resources without depleting them completely. This paper details about Dual power sourced vehicle which runs on both electricity and fossil fuels. This paper comprises the design optimization and fabrication of a Dual mode scooty, which utilizes electric energy as main source and the power generated by a dynamo as the secondary source while vehicle is running on electrical mode. It also provides details on the design aspects of the bike and the detailed structure of the assembly of the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth, a complex and interconnected system, faces an imminent threat from climate change, exacerbated by escalating carbon emissions. The Philippines addressed air quality concerns with the Clean Air Act of 1999, emphasizing mobile sources like vehicles. This paper proposed a catalytic converter prototype incorporating zeolite to assess its efficiency in reducing carbon emissions. Employing an experimental approach, the study utilizes t-tests as a statistical tool to compare carbon emissions between vehicles with and without the zeolite-based catalytic converter and value analysis and value engineering to optimize the production process and reduce costs. Based on the obtained results, "Z-Lite' is a profitable alternative exhaust filter for diesel engines, showcasing its potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly. The statistical analysis, yielding a low p-value, supports the hypothesis that zeolite filters effectively reduce carbon emissions. With over 100 emission centers in the Philippines, the marketability of Z-Lite in Marikina City underscores its practicality in addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainable practices in the transportation industry. The integration of value analysis and value engineering ensures that it is both environmentally friendly and affordable, making it a promising and sustainable choice for mitigating the environmental impact of diesel engine emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Car-sharing is a phenomenon, which is becoming increasingly widespread, first of all, in large cities. Since its inception in Russia, this phenomenon has become the object of scientific research by scientists from various branches of science, as well as the object of attention of journalists and practitioners. The benefits of car-sharing are obvious, its active use in megalopolises and large cities allows eliminating traffic jams, mitigating the problem of the lack of parking spaces, and reducing the amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. At the same time, there are many problematic aspects in the concept of car-sharing, primarily in the legal sphere, which are exacerbated as it spreads and increases in popularity. First of all, it is the problem of the safety of using carsharing for the driver and passengers. Moreover, it is necessary to ensure the adherence to the rights of car-sharing users, on the one hand, and the car-sharing company, on the other hand, which is possible only by detailed and effective legal regulation. The main legal problems of using car-sharing in Russia, including the issues of the security of this service are analysed in this paper. Based on the study conducted, the authors have developed recommendations for improving the legal regulation of the use of car-sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a global effort towards transitioning to a zero or low-carbon economy due to climate change and the current energy crises. This requires a shift in socio-technical systems and cross collaboration amidst sectors. The move to a clean energy-based economy also involves the creation of a broad range of skills, the upskilling and reskilling of the existing workforce, and providing opportunities for training. While many critical analyses of emerging decarbonisation or green skills, focus on issues of clean energy transition and the distribution of opportunities between fossil fuel-based and clean energy industries, there is limited critical analysis of justice and equality regarding the distribution of opportunities for developing key green skills for place-based decarbonisation. There is evidence of asymmetric power relations and gender inequalities regarding the acquisition of skills, employment opportunities, kinds of jobs and pay gap which disproportionately affect women. This paper presents compelling evidence of hegemonic masculinisation within the energy industry; this tendency is now mirrored in ecological industries and technologies, including within the renewable energy sector, leading to an ‘ecomasculinisation’ of the sector. Just transition principles promote a fair distribution of resources and the representation of vulnerable groups, including women and minorities. By relying on local assets and resources, including human resources, place-based approaches to green skills could address local communities’ needs while strengthening their resilience. These processes are pivotal to a fair and equitable transition. By explicitly articulating the context of place in understanding the gender(ed) dynamics of decarbonisation and skills, the authors identify and reflect on an innovative way of understanding the intersections between infrastructures, skills, and masculinisation in the transition to low zero carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants have gained popularity in industrial and institutional applications due to their ability to recapture and repurpose wasted heat energy from the power generation process, resulting in significant energy savings and carbon emission reductions. However, noise control considerations have become increasingly critical in retrofit CHP systems, particularly in healthcare facilities. Often, strict noise performance requirements must be met due to the proximity of residential communities and to ensure a comfortable healing environment for patients. This technical paper explores critical noise control considerations for retrofit CHP systems in healthcare facilities, focusing on a case study from Hamilton Health Sciences, a healthcare network in Ontario, Canada. The paper examines the design challenges of upgrading the existing CHP plants across three separate hospitals when addressing stringent sound performance, system ventilation, air tempering, and structural capacity limitations within a limited space. The paper also discusses the unique sound attenuation design solutions implemented to address these challenges. The case study demonstrates the successful implementation of combining noise control design, ventilation design, and structural design into one integrated solution, specifically to overcome common design challenges in retrofit CHP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the construction industry, brick is the foremost and key element. In the market there are several types of bricks are available, mainly fired brick and cement bricks are usually used for the construction. The construction of cement brick needs a high quantity of cement, but cement brick production results in a high amount of carbon emission to the atmosphere. The cement bricks make a high impact on the environment and affect lives. This issue takes the production of brick to the next level that, the researcher's experiment is done by using more sustainable materials for the fabrication of brick. The usage of unwanted material can be reflected to decrease the impact on nature and there is another phase which is recycling by using the waste materials. The focus of the paper is to produce a summary of the utilization of ash, quarry dust, lime, and gypsum (FAQLG). The research referenced provides information about the FAQLG application and its benefits for the manufacturing of bricks, soil physical properties, and water quality. This paper reviewed that producing bricks in past with Activated ash Quarry (AFQ) Bricks and also the recent updates within the industry of bricks concerning the basic materials, also ways of producing it. We've reviewed various tests which determine the properties of AFQ Bricks like compressive strength, soundness, water absorption rate, efflorescence, crushing strength, etc. This study endeavors to give a different phase to the past studies and establish more reliable, efficient, eco-friendly methods of brick production for the future. The study includes raw materials like bricks, gypsum powder, quarry dust, waste materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greening existing building is a process or method to convert economically viable old or existing buildings, by replacing conventional high energy-consuming household electrical appliances/features, with modern, sustainable and, energy-efficient features, to substantially increase building energy profile, along with reduction of energy cost and carbon emissions. Despite the relevant diverse benefits, this greening process is not being widely adopted. Since this involves the adoption of sustainable and newer technologies, this paper provides a brief review of relevant technology adoption models, specifically where and how relevant models were used, their effectiveness of addressing certain issues, how to overcome or address technology-related issues, and various issue-specific constructs. This was carried out through a structured review of literature. It was observed that various models and theories were applied along with certain constructs, as well as two or three models/theories were merged, to suitably to address specific issues. Accordingly, a conceptual model has been presented, targeting the adoption of greening in existing buildings, by merging two different models and three psychological aspects, including the actual use of the said technology. It is expected that the proposed framework will allow the much-needed adoption of greening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are in an important position to facilitate the achievement of sustainability as a living learning lab for society. By adopting a sustainable campus strategy, HEIs can become agents of change for sustainable development. The consideration of the environment is important in forming the strategy, as it supports the operations of society and HEIs and through carbon emission reduction in transport, sustainability becomes more achievable. Another determinant of achieving a sustainable campus is the active involvement of students. Combining these two factors means student mobility is a vital area to study. Three main themes are determined from the findings of a questionnaire distributed among the campus community, which are the value of time on campus, encouraging alternative transportation, and relieving the need to travel off-campus. This paper then forms suggestions for a sustainable campus strategy based on enabling better mobility and improved quality of life. In conclusion, the collaboration of stakeholders in different hierarchal levels is indispensable to ensure a sustainable campus strategy that facilitates a transition of sustainable living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste or recoverable heat is a resource that could be cost-effectively exploited by district heating (DH) systems to increase the efficiency of heat supply in buildings. This paper introduces the Bunhill waste heat recovery (WHR) system, a novel scheme that recovers waste energy from a ventilation shaft of the London Underground (LU) transport network. The system is based upon the installation of a heat recovery heat exchanger consisting of cooling coils and a reversible fan; the coils are connected to a heat pump that supplies low-carbon thermal energy to the Bunhill DH network in central London. One particularly important aspect of the Bunhill WHR system is its ability to operate in a way that not only provides heating to the local heat network, but can also simultaneously supply cooled air to the LU tunnels depending on the operation of the reversible fan. The current paper presents the results from an investigation into the benefits of integrating heating and cooling from the perspective of reducing carbon emissions and the levelised costs of energy from the WHR system, whilst also alleviating peak temperatures at nearby LU stations through the cooling provided. The findings of the investigation are presented together with recommendations for further development and future deployment of WHR systems, which not only apply to underground railways but also to other sources of recoverable heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic and bibliometric review of a closed-loop supply chain pricing strategy focusing on the perspective of carbon emission and game theory. A pricing strategy is a model to establish the best price for a product or service to maximize profits while considering consumer and market demand. In this review, carbon emission and game theory are used to reflect the economic and environmental relationship. Price strategy in a closed-loop supply chain is quite complex due to its specific operations involving collection, reuse, recycle, refurbish, repair and or recondition. Using bibliometric data of 165 research articles from Scopus database between year 2010 until 2022, the outcomes are visualized using VOSviewer. The bibliometric analysis was carried out on trends, rankings, authors, countries, universities, citations, and network visualizations. The content analysis is being done to find out the research purpose, carbon emission policy, type of game, condition, and environmental policy of the research. The result shown that this research area has kept growing, especially in the last five years. Journal of Cleaner Production is the leading journal in this field. China is the country that has the highest contribution with the most affiliations of the author referring to Shanghai Maritime University. Most of the research investigates how to minimize cost, reduce carbon emission and maximize profit by using Stackelberg and Nash game in deterministic conditions. Remanufacturing is the highest environmental policy used by researchers. This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of pricing strategy considering CLCS and Game Theory perspectives. It will contribute to academics and professional's determining pricing strategies and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green banking refers to the banking business managed in such a manner that helps for overall reduction of external carbon emission and internal carbon footprint. The present study attempts to understand the use of Green Banking Products in banking sector and examine the green banking initiatives taken by top three Public and Private Sector Banks in India. Study will undertake some top banks like SBI and Axis which have shown tremendous efforts and change towards accepting Green Banking. The main objective of this paper is to deeply understand how Indian banks are responding to environmental turbulence and to provide an overview of their action in view of Go Green banking adoption & its advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPC) is a class of concrete that achieves a high compressive strength and improved durability outcomes when compared to conventional concrete (CC) currently used in Australia. UHPC is accompanied by fibre reinforcement and a high binder content, and has minimal and small aggregate in the form of fine sands and ground quartz. UHPC has been used in prestressed concrete girder simple span bridges, precast concrete deck panels, and field cast connections between prefabricated bridge components in Europe, Asia, and North America but is yet to be used widely within Australia. Its limited use can be attributed to the lack of technical standards and specifications, as well as the high entry costs to establishing a suitable facility to manufacture the UHPC. While the obvious benefit of increased compressive strength will allow greater application of concrete elements in major infrastructure, another significant benefit, which is less understood, is the potential to reduce carbon emissions. This paper will explore the ways in which UHPC can facilitate a reduction in carbon emissions including through reduced section sizes, reduced reinforcement, reduced use of aggregate, and increased durability. While UHPC will not result in a zero carbon outcome, into the future it will likely be an important contributor to the overall strategy of reducing carbon emission from concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and compare the psychological and behavioral factors affecting India's electric vehicle purchase for first-time buyers. There have been many studies on factors affecting customer purchase decisions on an electric vehicle as well as a fuel vehicle, but because of rapid change in perception and behavior, new insights and cognizance can be established. This research paper aims to understand the concern of people of CO2 emission and their effort to minimize it using Electric Vehicle. The scope of this paper includes the study of psychological and behavioral changes in a different segment of first-time buyers of Electric vehicles. The findings show affordability of the vehicle, charging infrastructure, and environmental concern as the major priorities for respondents when buying an electric vehicle. Similarly, respondents believe that electric vehicles are a developing trend, a future requirement, and have a bright future for the automobile industry. To achieve this, we will use secondary research to narrow down the factors and then use primary research to further explore the factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Railways is investing INR 814.590 billion (£8.15 billion) in two new dedicated freight corridors to decongest its heavily used national railway network. Due for completion in 2022, the new 1839 km eastern corridor runs fro. DFCCIL, Delhi to Kolkata while the 1499 km western corridor, capable of carrying double-stack containers, link. DFCCIL, Delhi to Mumbai. This paper describes the procurement process and the new technologies being adopted on the project. These include the first use in India of 32.5 t axle loads, continuous welded track, twin 25 kV overhead electrification, and automatic signalling and centralised train control for 100 km/h line speeds. The project is expected to shift a significant amount of freight transport from road to rail, saving an estimated 455 Mt of carbon dioxide emissions over 30 years of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Today's business scenario price-sensitive demand plays an important role. The effect of price is inversely proportional to the demand means that if the price of products increases demand will be decreased. In this paper, we developed a green economic production quantity (EPQ) model that considers carbon emission from production, storage and waste disposal activities, preservation technology investment, inflation, and partial backlogging into the total cost function. Especially, air pollution is becoming a major threat to industries. Due to environmental concern manufacturer incorporates sustainability issues into its production decision model to reduce carbon emissions. The objective of this approach is to develop a sustainable system that focuses on cleaner/ refiner production and the study tries to optimize the preservation technology, cycle time, and total cost function. To exemplify the availability and practicality of the proposed work a numerical example has been provided. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the effect of different values of parameters on the total cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this fast-moving construction world, the main problem of conventional concrete is the formation of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2). This is due to the production of CO2 during the creation of cement. As a solution for this, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) was invented. It has the capability to produce nil emission of CO2. In addition to this, in our modern world everyone wish to complete a project within a short span of time but conventional concrete takes more time for setting and curing. This disadvantage can also be eradicated by using Geopolymer concrete as it has the tendency of setting within less duration of time and requires no curing when evaluated to conservative concrete. In project we utilized a materials as GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and Fly ash that is alternative for cement in GPC which can also bring down the cost. This paper investigates the possessions of GPC with different fraction of Fly ash, GGBS and Alkaline Activated Solution (AAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete has a high compression strength but a low-tension strength. As a result, we will offer concrete support. FRC is a diverse range of applications are used. Sisal s a plentiful, inexpensive, and environmentally benign natural fibre. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from cement manufacture are large. As a result, cement use must be drastically decreased. Fly ash is formed when coal is burned in industrial or utility boilers. In concrete, fly ash can replace up to 40% of the cement. The split tensile strength and compressive strength will be the emphasis topic of the paper. The strength of concrete was discovered. Designs of the M30 grade in line with IS10262-2009 employing varying percentages of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Construction Paver bricks are used in a variety of standard decorative alternatives for paving pavement. The majority of its applications are in kitchen slabs, pavement, patios, and street roadways. Worldwide, infrastructure development is at its height and represents national progress in every nation. Despite the lack base material, green construction is becoming more and more popular today. As the primary component of green construction, cement has a bigger environmental impact on global warming because it accounts for 10% of all carbon emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to limit cement use and discover acceptable waste that may be utilized to partially replace cement improve the qualities of green construction. Green construction can employ the removal, reuse, and recycling strategies or any other two approaches that are equivalent. The paper's goal is to discuss environmentally friendly building materials as a remedy for a couple ecological problems: first, the high levels of carbon dioxide emissions from the cement industry; and second, the enormous scale elimination for fly ash, which is a waste product of thermal power stations that pollutes the natural environment by filling up a lot of waste disposal facilities. The components of the paver Block are weld mesh, Cement, M-Sand, and Chips, Lime Flyash and pondash. This study demonstrates that the green paver block's load carrying capacity is 25% greater than the control block's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several European cities have committed to a long-term mobility transition to achieve a target of zero carbon emissions. In order to reduce the use of private vehicles, it is argued that digital shared mobility services are sustainable solutions for citizens. This paper proposes early citizen engagement as an approach to designing digital mobility services in inclusive and accessible ways. We present the findings from a mobile probing study involving 10 citizens from Espoo in order to gain first-hand experience of citizens' mobility needs and behaviours. Our preliminary findings show that giving up private vehicles and distrust of shared mobility solutions is still a challenge. We explore citizens' attitudes towards shared digital mobility services and propose design guidelines to resolve challenges of accessibility and inclusion in those services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this working paper is to delineate the correlation between decarbonization and security of supply, and to assess the sequential effect of these notions on the EU's external gas relations. It first discusses the contribution of the gas sector to the EU's decarbonization efforts. It then goes on to determine: a) The role of the Union's external suppliers in today's liberalized internal market, as well as in the changing reality for natural gas amidst decarbonization developments (independent variables), b) Whether this twofold role prompts the emergence of a new paradigm for the EU's relations with its key gas suppliers (dependent variable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapidly rising number of mobile devices, large amounts of data, and faster data rates are causing the current generation of cellular mobile communication to be rethought. Energy efficiency in cellular networks is becoming progressively crucial to cellular network operators because to its considerable economic and environmental impact in the next generation of wireless networks, namely the fifth-generation (5G) network. The advancement of 5G cellular technology is the next stage in meeting customer expectations, and it will be available to consumers in 2020. Most industrial organisations are familiar with 5G applications. To meet the rising need for faster data rates, better energy efficiency, reduced network latencies, and dependable ubiquitous connection, 5G communication networks will necessitate a fundamental paradigm shift. 5G networks will increase energy usage, resulting in increased CO2 emissions. Higher energy usage results in increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere as well as increased exposure to hazardous radiations. This research provides an overview of green communication technologies in order to achieve a goal of environmentally friendly communication. Various approaches and difficulties for improving energy efficiency in order to build a sustainable wireless network are also explored. In addition, the possible uses of 5G for Industry 4.0 are being investigated. At the end of the paper, potential research possibilities connected to green 5G are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Indoor Air Quality monitoring based on the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) used as an optical method of detecting gases. The Co2 concentrations measured in indoor environments surrounding the human beings by a Portable CO2 Detector (CH016Q-BriSunshine). Four tests achieved on several locations such as: places of worship (the mosque), meeting room, transport car, the primary schools. For the first indoor environment (Mosque), the highest gas concentrations around (1400 ppm) with closed air vacuums. This result controlled to reach (750 ppm) concentrations for a period of time 33 minutes in the presence of two air vacuums. The second environment (meeting room) requires only one vacuum to reduce the highest gas concentration from (1800 ppm) to (750 ppm) within 40 minutes. As for the third and most important environment (the school), the fluctuating rise in CO2 emission between (800-1500 ppm). After 23 minute from opening the first window, the highest gas concentrations decreased to (950 ppm). Also, the gas ratios rise rapidly resulting from the increase in students' movement during break time. As for the last environment (the car), Co2 emission rise to (4500 ppm) with an average FWHM time of 18 minutes which is bad the air quality, it can be treated through small air vents or opening one of the car windows. It is noticed a decrease in Co2 gas concentrations and a remarkable speed. The importance of the obtained results used to solve the problem of the Co2 direct impact on human health through monitoring air quality small systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper will outline new track and track upgrades in Australia and New Zealand that have accompanied rail sector growth over the past 25 years. This growth includes a 266 per cent increase in the Australian rail freight task to 2021-22 and a 104 per cent increase in the Australian urban rail passenger task to 2018-19. In New Zealand, Auckland's rail electrification drove strong patronage growth from 2015 to 2019. For the next 25 years to 2048, rail sector growth is impossible to predict. It is also difficult to predict the new projects that will be commenced and whether they will include a High Speed Rail network on the East Coast of Australia. Government legislated commitments to reduce carbon emissions in Australia and New Zealand will drive ongoing investment in rail. Here, rail's superior energy efficiency over road and air transport is relevant. The energy savings that selected track upgrades can deliver are also relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the partial electrification option for reducing the carbon emissions from freight train operations. A simulation is conducted using an existing Australian freight train for a specific route length to determine the current carbon emissions. The simulation is then repeated with partial electrification implemented on that route. The study shows the reduction of 34% of carbon emissions from 20% installation of partial electrification. Additionally, the total onboard energy requirement can be reduced from 10.053MWh to 4.798MWh when a battery electric train is operated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail electrification in Australia is largely confined to the major cities, and elsewhere most trains are powered by diesel. As Australia has now legislated the target of zero CO2 emissions by 2050, there is limited time to find an alternative to diesel power. Electrification is expensive and only viable on lines where traffic density is high. The two zero emission technologies which are most commonly proposed as cheaper alternatives to electrification are batteries and hydrogen. While hydrogen's very high energy density makes it attractive, it must be stored as a compressed gas or a liquid, and either way the volume is much greater than diesel fuel with equivalent energy. Handling is also difficult, so it would not be an easy replacement for diesel. Until recently it was assumed that batteries could not be the solution for long distance freight due to their low energy density. This paper examines whether battery powered locomotives for long-haul freight applications might be feasible in a context where intermodal rail is already struggling to compete with road transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global crude refining capacity has significantly increased over the past 20 years due to demand growth on oil products. The growth of oil demand was associated with strict environment policies in order to reduce the carbon emissions, therefore, it is essential to follow the environmental guidelines, which present new challenges to the industry. Refinery operations must continue to develop via technology research, development, and increased energy efficiency to tackle the challenges and sustain the petroleum refining industry's sustainability. The high runs of refineries, on the other hand, comes at the expense of increasing fouling in different units. The wax elements of crude oil potentially contribute to fouling before the crude oil enters the refinery and fouling in refinery units. The presence of wax components increases fluid viscosity and its accumulation on the flow line section limits, obstructing filters, valves, and even pipelines, rising pumping costs, and decreasing or even blocking crude oil production, storage, and transportation. This review paper aims to highlight the difficult challenges of crude oil flow in pipes and identify the main source of refinery energy inefficiency, which is most likely fouling in preheat trains. Due to a lack of basic knowledge of the causes, deposition processes, deposit composition, and design implications, this has been a complex subject for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an investigation into the householder perception of low-energy dwellings. Iraq has an infamous reputation of being a country with an abnormal consumption and emission of carbon dioxide. Therefore, an online survey (398 respondents) was conducted across Iraq to determine their opinion on the knowledge and awareness of sustainability and low energy dwellings. It considers the manners and the characteristics of the current dwellers in terms of energy usage and their understanding of what constitutes sustainable and low-energy dwellings. The results highlight how a lack of householder's knowledge and awareness of low-emission and sustainable energy sources and entrance restrictions have restricted the conversion of current residential stock to contemporary environmentally friendly dwellings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial sector, including central banks, can have an important role in supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy and mitigating the risks associated with climate change. The purpose of the paper is to give a brief overview of selected researches on the field of green central banking and to examine how central banks integrate green initiatives into their operations and practices to address climate-related risks within their core policy frameworks. Since the European Union has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and speed up transition to a low-carbon economy through its European Green Deal, the focus of the paper is to explore the development of green central banking in the EU, including the challenges and opportunities that this presents. The research pointed out many advantages of green central banking, but also limitations. Central banks have a limited set of policy tools at their disposal to promote environmental sustainability. They may not be able to directly regulate carbon emissions. Policies that discourage investments in fossil fuel companies could have a negative impact on economic growth and price stability. Additionally, incorporating climate risks and sustainability factors into financial regulation could increase complexity and compliance costs for financial institutions, potentially leading to unintended consequences. There are also other challenges associated with the development of green central banking. Central banks must ensure that their efforts to promote environmental sustainability do not compromise their primary objectives of maintaining price stability and financial stability. This requires careful consideration and analysis of the impact of environmental sustainability on the economy and financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction is becoming more popular and important when using waste materials and industries' by-products. Thousands of tons of cement are consumed by concrete factories, adding to global warming as a result of their carbon dioxide emissions. Identifying alternative materials is crucial to replacing OPC with eco-friendly, yet cost-effective alternatives. Fly ash and bentonite clay are also similar to cement in that they can be used as binding materials in place of industrial waste, such as glass, marble, and silica fumes, or agricultural wastes such as rice husk ash. In this study, the authors analyze a database of experimental studies published in the literature to evaluate how fly ash and bentonite clay powder affect concrete properties. Journals and conferences were used to publish papers in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper p esents the key characteristics and benefits from production and installation of asphalt materials at reduced temperature by using warm mix asphalt (WMA). Two broad approaches to manufacturing WMA, namely foaming processes and additive technologies offer different range of working temperatures but having similar their design requirements. The recent update to the UK Specification for Highway Works is presented, and findings from 6-year performance monitoring confirmed satisfactory performance of WMA, in terms of maintaining good stiffness modulus and good resistance against rutting, moisture and age-hardening. The immediate benefit to producing LTAs is the reduction in energy consumption required by burning fuels to heat conventional asphalt mixture. Other benefits include lower carbon emission, better health and safety for workers, and less odours generated at the plant and the paving site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with an EPQ model which introduces the green supply chain management model for a single manufacturer and single supplier with a dependable manufacturing method for products that are constantly deteriorate. It deals with demand that changes throughout time. Numerous policies are implemented by numerous countries to reduce carbon emissions. The primary goal of implementing these rules is to minimizing total cost while also promoting environmental sustainability. Under the reliability effect, we also take carbon emission reduction into account. In this paper we also include shortages. Perceptive analysis is carried out. A numerical depiction using sensitivity analysis and the software (WOLFRAM MATHEMATICA 12.0) serves as the testament of a model. Numerical illustrations are provided to illustrate the results. Through graphical depiction, the differences between the effects of the various parameters on the best outcome are explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of the industry in the 21st century is sustainability and customers. On a world scale, plastic produces a large carbon footprint during the process of producing to become plastic pellets. Biodegradable plastic is a sustainable solution to this environmental problem. Unfortunately, sustainable products tend to have high production costs. Lean manufacturing has been proven to provide advantages for manufacturing companies in the form of eliminating waste to increase product value and customer satisfaction. Value stream mapping (VSM) is an important tool of the lean approach and is used to identify and reduce activities that do not add value. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic method for evaluating the environmental burden associated with a product, process, or activity, by identifying and measuring the energy and materials consumed and the waste released into the environment. This study aims to implement the concepts of lean manufacturing and life cycle assessment at the gate-to-gate stage in the biodegradable plastics industry to reduce cycle time and environmental impact to cut production costs therefore products can be sold at lower prices. In this paper, various aspects closely related to lean manufacturing are analyzed and reviewed, such as business process reengineering (BPR), layout optimization, machine automation, line balancing, and increased capacity. The results showed that the combination of VSM and LCA with simulation is a good alternative in making decisions to reduce cycle time and environmental impact on the Biodegradable Plastics Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is the cleanest primary fuel and is projected to replace coal in the future. In Indonesia, natural gas sources and their supporting infrastructure are still very potential to be explored. However, to achieve sustainability goals involving environmental and economic factors, models and optimization are needed. It is hoped that the modeling and optimization can be used for decision making in operating the plant and in planning sustainable infrastructure. This literature review includes an overview of several natural gas processing plants in Indonesia, optimization in terms of energy use in their processing units, efficiency in production costs and carbon emissions produced. Also this paper reviews the selection of data resources, methods for several optimization objectives. In this research, the data of natural gas processing plants in java, sumatra, sulawesi and papua are reviewed. Various optimization methods such as multi-decision objective method, life cycle analysis and material-energy flow analysis are also explored [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics is becoming an important field which is spearheading the economic development of Vietnam. However, the current logistics status in Vietnam still has a number of issues, such as high costs and low competitiveness in comparison with other countries in the world. Specifically, transportation costs account for a very large share of total logistical costs. Therefore, in today's world, the improvement of the transportation network and the optimization of the distribution of goods are key priorities. In this article, we focus on the development of a transportation optimization algorithm for logistics companies in order to minimize the total travel distance. In particular, by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is the ideal method to enhance transport performance. This research also modifies the basic capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) with a vehicle selection algorithm to improve the flexibility and accuracy of the model. The results of research show that the total travel distance is reduced by 39,5% and consequently, overall CO2 emission rates is decreased of about 27.1%. In addition, using the vehicle selection algorithm in the CVRP issue, the average fill rate of the vehicle's capacity increases from 56.38% to 97.14%. As a result, logistics companies can establish a plan to optimize transportation, reduce transportation costs and improve competitiveness, reducing national logistics costs as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to demand for Indonesia to minimize pollution effect from transportation modes, the use of electric vehicle especially electric motorcycle is expected to reduce pollution to the environment in operational of online based transportation. For this reason, online based transportation needs information about how the electric motorcycle will reduce emissions and the impact on operational activity related to cost, quality and maintenance. This paper shows that relative to conventional motorcycles, electric motorcycles have more capital and operational cost than the conventional motorcycle, but electric motorcycle has better values on specification, energy consume, energy cost, carbon emission, purchase cost, and tax that give benefit to online-based transportation to accelerate the use of electric motorcycle in online-based transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]