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Northeast China is part of a very cold and windrich area. The coal-fired heating consumption is very large and air pollution is quite serious during the whole winter heating period. The energy vector coupling between wind power and heating has remarkable economic benefits and environmental value. This paper proposed three measures aimed at solving the economic and technological problems for the coupling, considering the major forms of urban heat-sources, i.e. thermal power plants and coal-fired boiler centers. For coupling on the generation side, co-generation units combined with heat storage electric boilers (e-boilers) have been adopted, and a Northeast Power Peak Regulation Ancillary Service Market was established, which solved the problem of economic compensation of wind power heating. For load side coupling, coal-fired boilers combined with e-boilers have been employed, and a direct trading model between wind power and thermal storage electric boilers has been built. A third measure is establishing a coupling between the potential e-boilers and curtailment by planned capacity of curtailment-based e-boiler and advanced on-line dispatch. The results show that wind power is achieving a significant level in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast China is part of a very cold and windrich area. The coal-fired heating consumption is very large and air pollution is quite serious during the whole winter heating period. The energy vector coupling between wind power and heating has remarkable economic benefits and environmental value. This paper proposed three measures aimed at solving the economic and technological problems for the coupling, considering the major forms of urban heat-sources, i.e. thermal power plants and coal-fired boiler centers. For coupling on the generation side, co-generation units combined with heat storage electric boilers (e-boilers) have been adopted, and a Northeast Power Peak Regulation Ancillary Service Market was established, which solved the problem of economic compensation of wind power heating. For load side coupling, coal-fired boilers combined with e-boilers have been employed, and a direct trading model between wind power and thermal storage electric boilers has been built. A third measure is establishing a coupling between the potential e-boilers and curtailment by planned capacity of curtailment-based e-boiler and advanced on-line dispatch. The results show that wind power is achieving a significant level in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast China is part of a very cold and windrich area. The coal-fired heating consumption is very large and air pollution is quite serious during the whole winter heating period. The energy vector coupling between wind power and heating has remarkable economic benefits and environmental value. This paper proposed three measures aimed at solving the economic and technological problems for the coupling, considering the major forms of urban heat-sources, i.e. thermal power plants and coal-fired boiler centers. For coupling on the generation side, co-generation units combined with heat storage electric boilers (e-boilers) have been adopted, and a Northeast Power Peak Regulation Ancillary Service Market was established, which solved the problem of economic compensation of wind power heating. For load side coupling, coal-fired boilers combined with e-boilers have been employed, and a direct trading model between wind power and thermal storage electric boilers has been built. A third measure is establishing a coupling between the potential e-boilers and curtailment by planned capacity of curtailment-based e-boiler and advanced on-line dispatch. The results show that wind power is achieving a significant level in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper has focused on the situation in Manchuria in 1920s, where Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) was managed by the USSR and China since 1924 on an equal footing. Sino-Soviet cooperation was announced as a new era in international relations, but soon it was discovered that both sides looked at joint management differently. USSR solemnly declared that it had abandoned his privileges in China, but China perceived it as a weakness of Russia and aggressively began to expand their rights, used every opportunity to remind that China was "boss" in Manchuria. Russia, in his turn, had called China "ungrateful". This paper pays special attention to the cultural distance and mentality difference in political practices of China and USSR and the attempt to adapt forms of the traditional Chinese culture by Soviet administrators. The analysis shows that despite its ideology and principles Soviet representatives had learned communication rules with Chinese, and actively practiced nepotism, bribery, special stile of negotiations. In this article it had used political and cultural approach, which consider informal rules and values define the political thinking and political behavior of people in certain circumstances. This paper is based on unknown archival documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVP RF) and Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). This study has led us to ascertain that pragmatism in cooperation USSR and China in Manchuria in 1920s was more important than political, ideological and cultural differences. It is concluded that Chinese and Soviet sides had to adapt informal rules for cooperation for achievement of compromise, but Chinese nationalism and Soviet internationalism caused tension in the relationship and led to different conflicts between both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water-food-energy-GHG nexus under climate change has been gaining increasing attention from both the research and policy communities, especially over the past several years. However, most existing nexus studies are qualitative and explorative in nature. So far, very few studies provide integrated analysis of this nexus across all the four sectors. The purpose of this paper is to examine this nexus by assessing the effects of climate change on agricultural production through the change in water availability, evaluating the adjustment responses and resulting energy consumption and GHG emission, with the Northeast China as a case study. Based on our simulation results, by 2030, climate change is projected to increase water supply and demand gap for irrigation in Northeast China. Due to the increase in water scarcity, irrigated areas will decrease, and the cropping pattern will be adjusted by increasing maize sown areas and decreasing rice sown areas. As a result, the total output of crops and profits will clearly be reduced. Finally, energy consumption and GHG emission from irrigation will be reduced. This study suggests that climate change impact assessment fully consider the nexus among water, food, energy and GHG; however, more studies need to be conducted in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article firstly presents a brief review of the principle rules of the Northeast China Grid Power regulation Ancillary Service Market. And then the article focuses on several different technical means of the thermal power flexibility retrofits adopted by 16 thermal power plants. Such as the project of the world largest solid electric heat storage for power regulation & heat supply; the project of heat water storage tank; the project of steam turbine two stage temperature reduction and pressure reduction; the project of boiler and turbine control system modification; the project of the world largest all-vanadium redox flow battery storage station, etc. The most obvious effect project is that solid electric heat storage. This kind of thermal power plants can reduce the uploading grid electric power to 0 during valley load periods, it means the plants can provide peak regulation capacity of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]