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As acoustical engineers, we are often asked to develop community noise-related guidelines, regulations, laws, ordinances, and project specifications. This paper will describe the ingredients needed to develop a robust and defensible construction noise specification that is both enforceable and effective. It will be based on the author's past and current experiences developing such specifications, including those used for the Big Dig project in Boston, FHWA's construction noise handbook, the New York City construction noise regulation, as well as dozens of large-scale construction projects across the country. The goals of proactive and reactive noise control and the difference between a performance-based versus a prescriptive-based specification will be explained, community noise criteria will be suggested, and examples will be provided for important clauses in such a specification. Lastly, a listing of "lessons learned" over the decades are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new water main siphon tunnel was built under New York Harbor in 2015 to allow larger ships to access the Port of New York and New Jersey. Located between Brooklyn and Staten Island, the 2.9 km long 3.6 m dia. tunnel was constructed under active shipping channels through highly variable ground conditions, ranging from decomposed rock to soft clays, all under hydrostatic pressures up to 4 bar beneath the harbour. In a first for New York City, an earth-pressure-balance tunnel boring machine was used. This paper describes the many challenges that faced the project, including a sinkhole forming at the launch and being flooded with sea water for 18 months following hurricane Sandy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on COSMOS - Cloud enhanced Open Software defined MObile wireless testbed for city-Scale deployment. The COSMOS testbed is being deployed in West Harlem (New York City) as part of the NSF Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research (PAWR) program. It will enable researchers to explore the technology "sweet spot" of ultra-high bandwidth and ultra-low latency in the most demanding real-world environment. We describe the testbed's architecture, the design and deployment challenges, and the experience gained during the design and pilot deployment. Specifically, we describe COSMOS' computing and network architectures, the critical building blocks, and its programmability at different layers. The building blocks include software-defined radios, 28 GHz millimeter-wave phased array modules, optical transport network, core and edge cloud, and control and management software. We describe COSMOS' deployment phases in a dense urban environment, the research areas that could be studied in the testbed, and specific example experiments. Finally, we discuss our experience with using COSMOS as an educational tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent has urban tourism marketing been accompanied by, and itself helped facilitate, deeper political and economic restructuring? Through a case study of New York City over the last 30 years, this paper argues there is a strong interrelationship between these two processes, and indeed that tourism marketing has been instrumental in the shift towards urban neoliberalism. I focus on two pivotal periods of crisis and transformation in contemporary New York City, when new public-private partnerships formed with a similar, dual agenda to save and transform the city. The first period is that of the 1970's fiscal crisis, when this agenda involved behind-the-scenes promotion of "pro-business reforms," and very public branding of New York as a white-collar tourist destination. The second period follows the attacks of September 11, 2001, when the quiet use of lucrative business incentives was accompanied by high-profile efforts to "re-brand New York" for "patriotic tourism." This paper draws in particular on consultants' reports commissioned and acted upon by city and state economic development agencies-documents previously unused by scholars. Thus my research shows different ways in which tourism marketing was employed discursively, politically, and economically to facilitate, and distract attention from, broader neoliberal shifts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a case study of Bryant Park in New York City, this paper analyzes the emergence of incorporated space as a form of social control in contemporary cities. At a time when many public spaces were being closed down-secured with higher walls and greater restrictions to entry-Bryant Park was opened up, as its walls were taken down and the park was rebuilt in order to maximize access and visibility. This was no project for democratizing urban space, however; the renovation of Bryant Park had as its goal the reassertion of control over a space considered to be chaotic and a population cast as "undesirable." This paper investigates the emergence of incorporated space from its surprisingly heterogeneous sources. It examines the process of renovating and re-regulating the park, which entailed the installation of new ruling authorities, new technologies of control and a new conceptual approach to the problems of the public's space in cities. The case of incorporated space suggests that urban scholars may need to rethink the connection between space, power, exclusion and the public. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of recent challenges to welfare-work programs in New York City reveals the complex dynamics of social movements with institutional politics, and reveals continuities and discontinuities between the two. Drawing on Gramscian state theory, political process theory, and recent relational extensions of political process theory, the paper shows the ways in which five mechanisms-path-dependency, institutional spillover, certification/decertification, scale-shift, and time-shift-combine within and across instititutional settings to enable or stymie workfare workers' and their allies' efforts to gain rights under a workfare program that denied them clear rights-bearing status. In showing the operation of these mechanisms-which lie between structure and strategy-in worksite-based organizing, courts, legislatures, and in mass-mediated moral protest, the paper shows the ways in which challengers to workfare were at a structural disadvantage. It argues further that revealing structural disadvantage is the main justification for the study of social movements as distinct from (though embedded in) institutional politics, and is preferable to an analytic strategy that begins with pluralism, and treats movements and interest groups as the same type of entity. Finally, assessments of social movement outcomes should focus on the reconfiguration of policy options and the coalitions that underlie them. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many urban school districts have recently implemented sweeping reforms that alter the ways in which educational services are administered. The environment in which these reforms are embedded is increasingly and more directly tied to core political institutions and business elites. Hence, as this dependence has grown, districts have become more likely to reflect the rational myths regarding both behavior and structure promoted by these proximate political institutions and business elites. This paper explores the process through which conformity to these pressures results in organizations changing their structural arrangements to become isomorphic with institutionally prescribed expectations. Using a subset of the educational field in New York City, this paper focuses on the role of coercive pressures in this isomorphic process. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the degree to which hospital racial segregation exists in the New York metropolitan area. Studies of racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare have primarily focused on problem of access and delivery, and have often overlooked the issue of healthcare segregation - the question of whether or not racial minorities are primarily using different healthcare facilities than whites. Using a descriptive analysis of hospital inpatient data, this paper describes the extent of hospital segregation, using both raw numbers and a range of measures of hospital racial representation. We present data illustrating that racial segregation exists in the New York metropolitan area among hospital patients, and that the majority of black and whites use facilities where they are over-represented when compared to their distribution in the overall hospital population. We also explore the question of whether the hospitals that are predominantly used by white patients have different qualities and characteristics than those predominantly used by black patients. The obvious explanatory variables, such as travel time to hospital and insurance status, are explored and shown to be related but not the primary cause of hospital segregation. Social researchers have found that health disparities are often the result of residential segregation, arguing that living in urban, densely-populated, low-income, high-crime, environmentally poor - and predominantly minority - communities contribute to a range of negative health conditions and health outcomes. This paper suggests that the racial differences in mortality and health are further compromised when blacks are treated in different, and therefore unequal institutions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a wide array of adherents and supporters, there is remarkably little social science literature about social entrepreneurship, an approach to solving social ills that has gained widespread currency in the nonprofit sector over the past decade. This paper begins to answer a fundamental question about the approach: what organizational forms and practices does social entrepreneurship produce in the nonprofit sector? In this paper, the author studies the development of a nonprofit organization applying an extreme form of the approach: social venture entrepreneurship. The author conducted a two and a half year organizational ethnography throughout the formative years of Procyon NY, a nonprofit technology assistance provider in New York City founded by local venture capitalists and members of the nonprofit sector. Social venture entrepreneurship requires organizations to create structures and practices to reconcile the altruism associated with the nonprofit sector and the pragmatism of the business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the composition of labor force in the restaurant industry in New York City. The expansion of the restaurant industry in NYC coincides with the changes in the urban form in the post-industrial social order. One of the more prominent features of post-industrial economy is the polarization of labor between high-end and low-end service occupations. In this paper, I explore another type of bifurcation that takes place in the restaurant kitchens. Work at restaurants has a peculiar character as it appeals to different class and ethnic groups. This paper aims to uncover the features of restaurant work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines stories of coerced prostitution voiced in New York City's Court of General Sessions from 1908 to 1915. During these years, the problem of "white slavery," or forced prostitution, received an unprecedented amount of attention from journalists, politicians, and anti-vice activists. Court records provide valuable information about the the gender order wherein sex crimes were perpetrated and prosecuted. Legal documents reveal competing narratives designed to resonate with prevailing sensibilities about proper masculinity and femininity. Using transcripts of compulsory prostitution trials tried in New York City, this paper interrogates the connection between the cultural production of white slavery narratives outside the courtroom and the invocation of those narratives inside the courtroom. The white slavery stories found in the reform literature provided a template for attorneys, complainants, defendants, and other legal actors to articulate and understand the practice of commercial sex. Yet, legal actors often deviated from the standard white slavery script and advanced different stories about life in early urban American. Comparing white slavery narratives with legal testimony about compulsory prostitution demonstrates the embedded relationship between the legal sphere and popular culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing ethnographic research methods, this paper provides a description and reflection on my fieldwork with a group of men working as day laborers at a casual work site in Brooklyn, New York City. The participants are diverse across various characteristics, in particular nationality, race, and ethnicity. This paper focuses on the interactions between the fieldworker and one of the different groups working at this intersection influenced by social positions of nationality, ethnicity, race, and gender. As significant as are the persons and social action that are the focus of study in fieldwork, there are also the participants? own interpretations of the fieldworker. I consider the participants? conceptions and thus, their social construction of the ethnographer and then go onto reflect how this experience informed and contributed to the interpretation of social meaning in the field. The overall project attempts to advance our understanding of the incorporation of new immigrants into American society, by considering the factors shaping these processes and the effects on American culture. And in this paper, the ethnographer?s work in interpreting meaning reflects the multiple realities and shifting identities of the various actors, including the researcher herself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The context of globalization facilitates the construction of social relations that transcend national boundaries. Based on the argument that diaspora provides a framework for understanding immigration processes within the dynamics of globalization, this paper explores the ways diaspora extends our understanding of immigrant communities. As a type of community, diaspora communities illustrate three-way relationships that include the homeland or country of origin, the host society or country of residence, and the larger diaspora community that extends over a number of nation-states. In this paper, I take the Lebanese diaspora in New York, Montreal, and Paris to illustrate that diaspora illuminates the understanding of global social networks and ties that are related to immigrant groups. Following a brief theoretical discussion of diaspora, this paper focuses on the analysis of Lebanese immigrant forms of attachment. Based on in-depth interviews and participant observation in three cities, this paper illustrates the forms of solidarity shared by Lebanese immigrants. First, the multiple forms of belonging that Lebanese immigrants have ? to their homeland, host society, and larger diaspora ? emphasize that immigrants share ?vertical connections? that exist simultaneously. The paper follows to illustrate the forms of global solidarity that members of the Lebanese immigrant community seek and maintain. Given their experience with migration, Lebanese immigrants believe that they are more capable of bridging the particular interests that are based on national or ethnic attachments and the universal ones that are not tied to a territory or a nation-state. That is, as immigrants consciously discard traditional forms of attachments to the homeland, they are propelled to advance universal legal and civil causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research on in-depth, qualitative interviews (N=100) conducted with former and current drug users, in New York City in the months immediately following the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC). Most of those in the study sample were regularly users of cocaine and/or heroin. After the 9/11 attacks, participants reported intense sadness, fear and anxiety. Contrary to expectations, most did not increase their use of heroin or cocaine to cope with their feelings. Rather many coped, at least in part, by increasing their use of other ?- legal -- substances, such as alcohol and prescription medication. This paper explores the emotional impact of the WTC attacks on a vulnerable population and how decisions about the use of heroin, cocaine, prescription medications, alcohol and cigarettes were related to the aftermath of the WTC disaster. The subjective experiences of substance users presented in their own words lend insight into the complicated nexus of post-traumatic stress, substance use and poly-drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how residents of two gentrifying neighborhoods feel about the changes taking place around them. The research is based on a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews with long-term residents of two gentrifying neighborhoods in New York City. The focus of this paper is on what these residents believe to be the forces behind the dramatic changes they are witnessing as their neighborhoods gentrify. In particular, the influx of whites into these predominantly black neighborhoods is fraught with meaning to many of these respondents. This influx is both feared as a harbinger of the demise of their black community and welcomed for the improvements in services it is thought to bring. These feelings and perceptions are described and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York’s Visual Art World After 9/11 Abstract Julia Rothenberg, CUNY Graduate Center, The Russell Sage Foundation This paper examines the economic and cultural effects of the terrorist attacks of September 11 on New York City’s art world. Data was collected through interviews and ethnographic research at gallery openings, studios and museums immediately following the attacks through the fall of 2002. Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the Russell Sage Foundations. Participants included artists, gallery owners, directors of cultural institutions and non-profit gallery spaces, art critics and collectors. Throughout the interviews, several important themes emerged. First, while the "blue-chip" art-market had not suffered tremendously, not-for-profit institutions that rely on corporate donations, city and state subsidies and private philanthropy were already suffering and anticipated further cuts. In addition, the loss of service jobs and funding opportunities had a deep impact on the majority of New York’s artists who do no rely on the art market for economic sustenance. The fact that rental costs have not decreased (some have even increased), despite loss of jobs, had an additional impact on artists. This study investigates the ways that art world actors have experienced the ‘double whammy’ of 9/11 and the current recession. Aside from its considerable impact on New York’s art market and tourist industry, the events of 9/11 generated a tremendous demand for visual representation. Our city’s numerous artists responded to this demand by producing vast quantities of artwork that dealt specifically or indirectly with 9/11. This study examines a cross section of this work including filmic reportage, ‘patriotic’ responses, responses that address the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the causes and effects of the attack and art work that expresses an ambiguous, poetic and evocative representation, eschewing the temptation to sermonize or offer pat and predictable responses. Finally, this study considers the role of art and culture in the rebuilding of lower Manhattan. The discussion generated by the rebuilding plans and about art’s role in this rebuilding process throws into relief the position of art in today’s global cities. Contemporary urban planning reflects the current unfettered domination of capital and market concerns. The interests of culture intervene in an environment in which they have to justify their position in the city in terms of market benefits. Affordable housing and workspace and plentiful, decently paid part time work are bottom-line requirements for the creation of innovative but potentially unpopular work and a thriving creative climate. How the events of September 11 and the subsequent rebuilding of lower Manhattan influence the future of creative production in our city is still up for grabs. New York’s Visual Art World After 9/11 Abstract Julia Rothenberg, CUNY Graduate Center, The Russell Sage Foundation This paper examines the economic and cultural effects of the terrorist attacks of September 11 on New York City’s art world. Data was collected through interviews and ethnographic research at gallery openings, studios and museums immediately following the attacks through the fall of 2002. Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the Russell Sage Foundations. Participants included artists, gallery owners, directors of cultural institutions and non-profit gallery spaces, art critics and collectors. Throughout the interviews, several important themes emerged. First, while the "blue-chip" art-market had not suffered tremendously, not-for-profit institutions that rely on corporate donations, city and state subsidies and private philanthropy were already suffering and anticipated further cuts. In addition, the loss of service jobs and funding opportunities had a deep impact on the majority of New York’s artists who do no rely on the art market for economic sustenance. The fact that rental costs have not decreased (some have even increased), despite loss of jobs, had an additional impact on artists. This study investigates the ways that art world actors have experienced the ‘double whammy’ of 9/11 and the current recession. Aside from its considerable impact on New York’s art market and tourist industry, the events of 9/11 generated a tremendous demand for visual representation. Our city’s numerous artists responded to this demand by producing vast quantities of artwork that dealt specifically or indirectly with 9/11. This study examines a cross section of this work including filmic reportage, ‘patriotic’ responses, responses that address the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the causes and effects of the attack and art work that expresses an ambiguous, poetic and evocative representation, eschewing the temptation to sermonize or offer pat and predictable responses. Finally, this study considers the role of art and culture in the rebuilding of lower Manhattan. The discussion generated by the rebuilding plans and about art’s role in this rebuilding process throws into relief the position of art in today’s global cities. Contemporary urban planning reflects the current unfettered domination of capital and market concerns. The interests of culture intervene in an environment in which they have to justify their position in the city in terms of market benefits. Affordable housing and workspace and plentiful, decently paid part time work are bottom-line requirements for the creation of innovative but potentially unpopular work and a thriving creative climate. How the events of September 11 and the subsequent rebuilding of lower Manhattan influence the future of creative production in our city is still up for grabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is considering the process of occupational gender segregation in an informal economic niche. The study sample is 50 informally self-employed workers in the East Village of New York City. This paper then looks at how certain characteristics of the informal sector help to solidify the gender typing of work within the East Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harlem and Bronzeville, two of the most historic and culturally significant urban African- American communities in America, are currently experiencing major economic transformations. After a middle-class flight and years of economic abandonment, these urban areas are seeing an influx of commercial and residential investment, rapidly changing these communities from low to more mixed-income environments. Although there has been a substantial amount of positive media attention concerning the economic developments in Harlem and Bronzeville, there is little community consensus about the type of development that is occurring, since this development threatens to displace a large amount of current residents. Through a comparative ethnographic approach, this study explores how distinct political landscapes in New York City and Chicago relate to the proliferation of protest politics concerning displacement and redevelopment in these communities. In this paper I argue NYC's diverse political system facilitates contested politics while in comparison Chicago's monolithic party machine is associated with limited community led opposition to redevelopment. This paper contributes to the notion that African-American community politics is, in part, influenced by structural forces emanating from the city level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The day labor market in New York City is growing fast partly due to the number of immigrants who are eager to work, but who lack official documentation. Employing ethnographic research methods, this paper provides a description of a group of men working as day laborers at a casual work site in Brooklyn, New York City, with whom I’ve been visiting since late August 2001. The participants are diverse across various characteristics, in particular nationality, race, and ethnicity. This paper attempts to advance our understanding of the incorporation of new immigrants into American society, by considering the factors shaping these processes and the effects on American culture. There is a focus on the interactions between the different groups working at this intersection and also a discussion of the effects on opportunities for employment and social mobility influenced by social positions of nationality, ethnicity, race, gender and age. And in a multicultural setting of a Brooklyn street corner, this paper explores an important social action that occurs between the diverse actors that is meaningful. The overall project explores how and why these men, of whom many are undocumented, seek employment in the informal economy. This paper enables an analysis of the situations, beyond employment, as they are informed by positions of nationality, race, and ethnicity. At a time when the politics of immigration is active in policy agenda, this paper offers a dynamic sociological exploration of immigration, labor, identity, and culture in the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the collective invention and use of games in an anti-gentrification coalition in New York City as a way to prompt inquiry into, and understanding of, community land trusts (CLTs). The New York City Community Land Initiative, or NYCCLI, is a three year-old coalition of homeless and housing activist groups, social justice advocacy organizations, and academic supporters that seeks to expand the use of CLTs as a way of securing permanently affordable, community-controlled housing for very poor New Yorkers. CLTs are community-controlled nonprofit organizations that own land and lease it back to providers of affordable housing and other community amenities with strong restrictions on affordability and use. For more than two years, NYCCLI has used games and similar exercises both to educate others and, in the making and playing of the games, to educate ourselves and to grow the coalition. Our understanding of "movement-relevant research" insists on such collective inquiry and dialectical pedagogy. In this paper, we discuss six exercises--including two games--in terms of their development, how they helped NYCCLI's own organizing, and how their limits have spurred new inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a comparison of three types of nonprofit parks conservancy, this paper argues that a new kind of neoliberalizing local state has taken hold over the past twenty years in New York City. Drawing on Gramsci's concept of the "integral state" and Tilly's concept of "repertoires," the paper explains how the variegated repertoire of park management nevertheless adds up to a coherent strategy to absorb the contradictions among the provision of public goods, the demands of local capital accumulation, and a politics of naturalized austerity and underfunding of public goods. These contradictions in governance lead to making invisible the reliance on unpaid and poorly paid workers for parks maintenance, redefining the "public" more narrowly toward those who can pay as consumers or philanthropists, and ensuring premiums on neighboring real estate from well maintained and secure parks. The flexible governance repertoire we describe remains durable, even in an era of increased concern for equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past ten years at Pace University we have been using real-world student projects in capstone computing courses. These courses have been essentially online for the last five years. Appropriate team management changes facilitated the transition from co-located to distributed teams, and peer evaluations and other remote assessment techniques made it possible to assess the work of students. Additionally, this paper updates information over that previously reported on the number of projects, project categories, and the resulting list of publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines non-traditional notions of masculinity among young men in an alternatives-to-incarceration program in New York City by analyzing focus group data collected from 38 men. The paper utilizes urban ethnographic studies of masculinity and theory on progressive masculinities and crime as a framework for analysis of findings. Men in this study define their own masculinity primarily as supporting family, but emphasize caretaking and maintenance of the household as part of "being a real man," skills they learn from women in their families. They also discuss roles of fathers and children, being there for kids emotionally, physically, and recognizing children's autonomy. Finally the men in this study talk about masculinity in terms of love received and love given. The findings from this study illustrate to some degree notions of a progressive masculinity. This paper concludes by providing suggestions for improving outcomes for young men involved in alternatives-to-incarceration programs. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of discourses surrounding race, class and gender in informing newspaper coverage of cases of police shootings as well as the role of the coverage in the reproduction of discourse. A hybrid methodology combining thematic analysis and techniques of critical discourse analysis is used to examine coverage of the police shootings of Sean Bell and Khiel Coppin in three major New York City daily papers: the New York Times; the New York Daily News and the New York Post. The author finds that the coverage of the shootings followed a clear pattern, moving from outrage to routinization as narratives of African-American criminality and intransigence are introduced. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a group of working-class men who breed and fly pigeons from their rooftops in New York City. It shows how the flyers experience their neighborhoods through their animal practices, and how ethnic whites transmitted this practice to nonwhites. It also documents their gatherings at a pet shop, where the flyers campaign for status based on their birds' performance. Rooftop and pet shop observations demonstrate that the men form a distinct collective that is strongly rooted in their solitary animal practices but is given meaning largely through social interactions. Most community studies find conflict among working-class ethnic groups who share urban neighborhoods, but this paper illustrates how pigeon flying is a unique mechanism that fosters solidarity among Italian, Hispanic, and black New Yorkers of varying ages. These findings highlight how animal practices can organize social relationships and connections to the environment, and how shared everyday activities can be as vital as ethnicity or class in primary group formation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neighborhood of Long Island City in the borough of Queens sits directly across the East River from the island of Manhattan. In the last decade and a half, Long Island City witnessed a redevelopment project intended to draw in higher income residents. Long Island City remains ethnoracially segregated. I use U.S. Census data to present the ethnoracial composition of Long Island City by zip code. This paper describes the neighborhoods that make up Long Island City in historical and sociological perspective. I then explain when, how, and why Long Island City grew. The paper concludes with social observation field notes to function as a guided walking tour through the many neighborhoods that make up Long Island City. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do fundraising professionals "sell" a cause to potential donors? Using in-depth interviews with fundraising executives at non profit organizations in New York City, this paper unpacks to work that fundraisers do in order to examine how elite donors are cultivated. I find that development executives enact elaborate rituals to cultivate major gift donors, and that donor cultivation is intensely social and affective. I argue that the sociability of these interactions, and the construction of a social relationship that precedes asking for a monetary gift, makes the development executive's work more than merely an extension of a market transaction. Further, the data in this paper demonstrates that fundraising professionals do not believe that donors who give very large gifts do so purely out of altruism. As a result, they attempt to offer incentives to donors to give large gifts, and construct a social context in which donors are encouraged to give at the highest possible levels. Instead of selling a cause, fundraisers offer a range of opportunities for social prestige, networking, and sociability to donors in order to secure consistent and generous donations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature on the contemporary American labor movement generally portrays the (neoliberal) state and community in diametrically opposed terms, with the state seen as monolithically negative while community figures as unambiguously positive. Drawing upon ethnographic and interview data from three labor struggles in New York's retail sector, this paper challenges this view, arguing that labor's relationship to both the (neoliberal) state and community is contradictory. This paper thus offers a challenge to scholars of "social-movement unionism" regarding the need to pay more attention to the positive and negative features of labor's relationship to 1) the neoliberal, or post-PATCO state, with the NLRB seen as hostile, while the New York State Attorney General serves as a positive resource for labor; and 2) community-based worker centers, which though they may serve, through labor-community alliances, as crucial allies for labor, also involve tensions with labor unions.Through the use of dynamic, process-centered analysis, this paper also entails a methodological challenge to the predominance of more "static" forms of analysis within most sociological literature, including that focused on labor and other social movements. By examing the interactions between the campaigns I analyze, instead of merely focusing on what distinguishes the campaigns, I argue for the need to see labor not (only) as an inert collection of discrete variables but (also) as a set of dynamic, interconnected social processes, in short, as a movement. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony is best understood as describing the coalitional constitution of various degrees and types of consent in a political system. As such, there are several forms that hegemony may take, which can be specified in formal terms as combinations of actors, political claims, and institutional settings. In this paper, I draw together Gramsci's understanding of hegemony with more formal analyses in the sociology of social movements in order to reveal otherwise-difficult-to-discern developments in a decade-long policy debate. The paper illustrates, on one hand, the utility of Gramscian approaches to socio-cultural processes in social movement contexts, and on the other, the potential value added of a modified version of McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly's Dynamics of Contention (2001) approach to describing mechanisms and processes of structural change. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the cultural history of several 1960s music styles, all referred to as "boogaloo." In unpacking that history, boogaloo emerges as one of the most compelling sites of cross-racial/cross-cultural exchange amongst African and Latin Americans in the 1960s, especially in New York City, but also expanding throughout the larger Afro-Antilles world. The history of boogaloo engages with traditions of cultural dialogue between Black and Brown musicians as well as predicts future collaborations in the worlds of salsa, hip-hop and reggaeton. This paper uses boogaloo as a means to explore how communities of color find ways of dialoguing with one another through expressive forms, especially in times of significant social change and turmoil. Boogaloo first appears in popular form within the R&B world in 1965 but by 1966, has jumped over to both the New York Latin music scene, as well as into African American jazz circles. My paper specifically explores boogaloo's popularity as a Latin music fad that gains footing from East Harlem down to Peru and examines its conspicuous choice to blend African American R&B rhythms with Latin music traditions. I argue that boogaloo's distinctive evolution out of a jointly Black/Brown context is reflective of the ethnic identities of the Puerto Rican American musicians who were key to the style's development, especially within the context of 1960s New York. A special focus will be on Joe Bataan, one of the major boogaloo figures, who - as half-Filipino/half-African American - emerges as a compelling icon who (literally) embodies some of the cross-cultural idealism of the times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily examines the historical background of a recent attempt by the New York Bicycle Messenger Association (NYBMA) to organize messengers along nontraditional lines. This attempt faltered after approximately a year (it took place between March 2004 and March 2005). To contextualize this organizational endeavor, I explore the more general dynamics at work in the messenger industry, as well as those forces' relations to messenger culture more generally. After laying out those aspects of messenger labor that create desires for organization, I offer an overview of both the factors within the messenger world that contribute to organizing, as well as those that detract from it. Towards the end of that overview, I present a brief history of two other (also failed) attempts to organize within the industry in New York City since the mid-90s, looking at those cases primarily in terms of the ways that their failures inflect the present. Having collected all those contexts together as the general setting (or mise en scène) that frames messenger organizing, the paper delves into the problems that the NYBMA encountered as well as its successes; finally, I consider the implications for future organizing attempts within the messenger community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents early results from a random assignment evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) in New York City, a highly-regarded employment program for former prisoners. The evaluation is being conducted by MDRC, a nonprofit research organization, along with the Urban Institute. In 2004 and 2005 nearly 1000 Individuals were randomly assigned and their employment and recidivism outcomes are being tracked for three years. Recent findings showed that the early impact results were very different for the group that reported to CEO shortly after release compared to the group that came later. Among those who reported to CEO shortly after their release, program group members were significantly less likely to have their parole revoked, be convicted of a felony, and to be reincarcerated. However, for the group that reported to CEO later there were no significant impacts on recidivism outcomes. This paper presents one year results from the evaluation and examines CEO's differential effects in detail. This evaluation is the first random assignment study of a transitional employment program for ex-prisoners in many years and early results suggest a pattern of effects on recidivism outcomes that is rarely seen in rigorous evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at workers' experiences in consumer services in post-industrial cities. Taking the proliferation of dining out with the expansion of the restaurant industry in New York City as its background, the paper argues that the burgeoning of consumer services built around particular cultural practices creates new risks and opportunities for the urban service workforce. The paper looks at the social organization of a restaurant kitchen from an ethnographic lens and highlights how different positions in the kitchen experience work. Of particular interest are the notion of 'celebrity chef' and how most immigrant labor experiences kitchen work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between the lack of a widespread posttraumatic stress anniversary effect in the ranks of the NYPD and the quasi-primary relationships experienced by members of the New York City Police Department living in suburban and outer city communities. The paper provides a sound research based sociological theory using the framework of suburban relationships envisioned by Herbert Gans to explain the absence of an anniversary effect in the NYPD's first responders on an organizational level. To arrive at a conclusion, the researcher, a retired NYPD officer, gathered ethnographic data using non-traditional methods including internet instant messaging services to conduct interviews with the police first responders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Central Park East Secondary School (CPESS), a New York City public alternative high school, and its positioning as an innovative educational institution at the forefront of a national social movement for educational reform. For many supporters, CPESS represented an example of successful education for low income and racialized students. However, despite wide acclaim in the ten years after its founding, the school began to decline in 1995. Although CPESS was unable to sustain itself, the school became the inspiration for dozens of schools and created a framework for alternative public educational institutions across the country. The CPESS legacy and the schools it inspired outlived and continue to survive the original institution. This paper will apply social movement and organizational frameworks to analyze the development, decline and continuing legacy of CPESS, and its implications for public education and for racialized students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important aspect of postindustrial cities has been the development of large nighttime economies as downtown regeneration strategies. With this has come a shift in how urban nighttime spaces are regulated. This paper uses the case of the Lower East Side of Manhattan's nightscape to examine this shift in nightlife regulation. The nightscape first developed through a deregulation of liquor licensing that permitted a dense concentration of bars resulting in economic growth for as well as negative quality of life conditions within the area such as noise and litter. Rather than deal with these disorderly conditions as other forms of "broken-windows"-style urban regulation do, the new flexible nightlife regulation permits and effectively co-opts them as integral aspects of nightscapes and contemporary urban culture. In this paper I examine how the Lower East Side's nightscape was constructed through deregulation and how its current conditions are shaped by flexible regulation. The new nightlife regulation serves as a window for understanding the complex ways in which cities construct nightscapes and provides a new insight into the regulation of public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the factors that shaped the recent immigration and integration of Dominican and Mexican women in NYC during the 1990s. It lends comparative insights on how gender and economic structures combine to mediate the immigration process as well as the initial work integration of two Latina women groups within the host society. The paper is based on both ethnographic and structured interviews data collected during the fall of 1999 and the summer of 2003 among 86 women and 30 informants, including employers. Comparative analysis of the women's class, gender and household structures before and after the immigration offers insight on the causes of the immigration and exposes the mediating yet unstudied role of spouses and male partners' networks and their significance in the immigration and the initial integration of women in NYC. Finally, the paper seeks to contribute knowledge to the immigration and gender literatures by incorporating the importance of gender, class and race within immigration research and their implications for the social positioning of immigrant women within the host society. The paper argues that changes in the service sectors of New York City now limit the ethnic integration of Dominicans more than Mexicans and the life chances women now face contribute to the larger marginalization and racialization of the groups in 1990s in New York. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 17 months of ethnographic research in three New York City high schools, this paper examines the interaction of two current policy trends, school choice and accountability. To date, studies of school choice construct the family, rather than the school, as the agent empowered with choice. Diverging from this tradition, this paper examines the role of the school as an actor in shaping its student intake. I ask how administrators constitute the "right" parent or student for their school, how they navigate the confines of the system to achieve the intake that they desire, and how these decisions are associated with the need to achieve outcome targets. Once the school year commences, I examine how pressure to achieve targets influences principals' decisions to counsel out those students who are considered liabilities. To explain variation in these schools' management of choice, I show how principals' understandings of environmental demands and opportunities shape their approaches to the choice process, and how principals' embeddedness in local networks facilitates or inhibits their access to information. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how New Yorkers reshaped the public sphere as they engaged in a series of self-organized, loosely coordinated efforts to collectively make sense of the challenges they faced in responding and recovering from the attack of 9/11. We explore how technologies of deliberation, representation, and demonstration were mobilized to widen the scope and diversify the organizational strategies enabling public participation. Drawing on Dewey's philosophy of pragmatism and the social studies of science, we focus on how disparate socio-technologies of assembly offered different affordances that both enabled and inhibited particular discursive practices and forms of collective inquiry. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of fashion modeling draws attention to the connections between gender and economic forces. Drawing from participant observation in the New York City modeling industry, this paper explores the process through which women are converted into model "looks." They are subject to surveillance, infantilization, and uncertainty in a disciplinary regime that reproduces gender and power relations. Modeling is also constrained by "floating norms" of a cultural production market. The modeling market-as a site of economic activity and simultaneously a site for the display and production of gender-offers ways of thinking about how economic relations are fundamentally gendered. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a descriptive study of information networks among homeless men in a private New York City shelter. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at All Angels’ Church on West 80th Street in Manhattan, I examine how homeless men exchange mental-health information. I employ the theoretical perspective or approach of social network analysis (SNA) to investigate these information networks. The approach originated with British anthropologist J.A. Barnes who found, in the early 1950s, that structural functionalism could not explain certain aspects of social interaction in urban settings. J. Clyde Mitchell introduced concepts of what occurs in networks: information, transactions, and expectations. The research will show four things. First, information exchange, particularly mental-health information exchange, occurs among homeless men in New York City through places and people. Some of these people include specific social actors known as “brokers” or “street lawyers.” Second, this exchange takes place in an overt, named “network.” Third, this information network has a horizontal organization. Finally, these aspects of the network produce mixed results in the quality of mental health care received by homeless men. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine remains a major drug of abuse throughout the United States, yet occupies a peculiar place in the Northeast in that it remains a club drug rather than street drug. The drug has yet to diffuse beyond the confines of club subcultures in New York City. Club subcultures differ from the street economy in their organization, their placement within the class structure, and the social networks involved. The varying contexts of club subcultures have varying epidemiological implications for the use of methamphetamine, other club drugs, and assorted additional health issues. In this paper, the authors use data from the Club Drugs & Health project, a mixed-methods study aimed at further understandings of club drug use among club-going young adults (18-29), to explore methamphetamine use in club subcultures. They provide estimates of the rates of methamphetamine use as it varies across the diverse range of the club going population. In-depth assessments provided qualitative data on methamphetamine use in club subcultures. The areas described include the initiation into methamphetamine use amongst this population, transitions to other patterns of use, and the role of methamphetamine within club subcultures. Ultimately, the diversity of club subcultures provides insights to the crucial role of context in the use of illegal drugs and its associated risks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of social capital in explaining neighborhood variation in health. Holding poverty, race, ethnicity, population turnover, and other variables constant, this ecological study assesses the impact of several local social capital indicators on eighteen health outcomes in New York City. We find that nonprofit organizational density in a neighborhood reduces rates of mortality, self-reported health status, and nine specific conditions. The violent crime rate, which has been shown to be related to collective efficacy, is strongly related to self-reported health and a few other conditions (asthma, heart failure, AIDS). Linguistic isolation, which is imperfectly related to the size of the Latino population, is associated with less mortality and illness, as the "Latino paradox" would predict. However, linguistically isolated neighborhoods have higher rates of disability and tuberculosis, as might be expected among new immigrants. These social capital indicators do not appear to mediate the associations between poverty, race, and ethnicity and health. Other pathways may account for social disparities in health across New York neighborhoods. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the democracy-mined citizen-professionals who founded and led four key post-9/11 civic renewal organizations that aimed to promote healing and hope by creating real opportunities for citizen participation in rebuilding Lower Manhattan have continued to be motivated by a three-leveled call to leadership; they have been sustained by community fellowship as well as multiple layers of effectiveness of their efforts: civic, professional and personal. The collective behavior and motivation of the principal leaders of: The Civic Alliance to Rebuild Downtown for Rebuilding Downtown New York, New York/New Visions, Imagine New York, and Rebuild Downtown New York, started reaching out to their broad network of citizen and professional stakeholders to begin advocating for a voice in the Lower Manhattan healing and rebuilding process shortly after the terrorist attacks on 9/11; each utilizing their formidable civic, professional and personal social capital. The key leaders of these new civic renewal movements are comprised of individual principal actors who have a highly developed professional orientation and scientific knowledge of the planning, architecture, and legal processes in New York City, in addition to considerable political and economic capital. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data collected from a quota sample of adult New York City residents, as well as a qualitative study of working mothers of color in New York City, this paper explores perceptions and experiences of work and motherhood. The question guiding this research is, "How are various racial and ethnic groups similar and different in their views on and experiences with combining work and family?"The results of this study suggest that many working mothers of color experience work as an integral part of their role as mothers and do not experience severe role strain or conflict; however, this experience varies across ethnic groups. In addition, there are race differences (and similarities) in opinions about gender roles, marital egalitarianism, work/ family timing and conflict, and the need for flexible work options. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delineates the legal, ethical, professional, and moral dilemmas encountered during ethnographic research in New York City. The ethnographer obtained a Certificate of Confidentiality and followed professional guidelines approved by the Institutional Review Board. These guidelines were understood by the African-American research subjects prior to beginning interviews. Subculture patterns of transactional sexuality and drug distribution were often at odds with these professional standards. Three case studies highlight the various types of dilemnas. Fruit Loops concealed her early (age 11-15) sexual experiences with adult men (e.g. childhood sexual abuse and statutory rape). Borace was probably killed by a key respondent, and John reported killing another person. Each case raised different but serious dilemmas for the professional ethnographer about whether to report such cases to appropriate authorities or not. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate coordination in responder radio communication networks during the World Trade Center disaster. We identify agents who are involved in high levels of coordinative activity, classifying their roles as institutionalized (i.e., mandated by formal position) or emergent. The extent to which coordination is effected by agents in institutionalized or emergent roles is then compared across networks of specialist and non-specialist responders. We find that, regardless of specialization, the great majority of coordinators occupy emergent roles. At the same time, where agents with institutionalized coordinative roles are present, they are substantially more likely to become actual coordinators. This uniformity across responder specialization suggests that event context may be as important as background factors in determining the emergence of coordination during times of crisis. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade, many drug dealers in New York City have withdrawn from street-level drug dealing. To explain this, scholars and high-ranking public and police officials offer two opposing arguments: First, the growing dissatisfaction of drug use and sale by community residents, and second, tougher police approaches toward reducing drug crimes. Although an important and contentious debate, these arguments often ignore the continuing activity of drug market participants. Through ethnographic fieldwork in the South Bronx, I found that, because of limited drug dealing opportunities, some former Dominican drug dealers have created a new drug market niche in violent drug robberies. Unlike typical street robbers, these men commit robberies that are lucrative, concentrating on victims that hold large quantities of heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and cash. Clearly, accompanying this transformation, were both large-scale changes in U.S. urban drug markets and local changes in community activism and citywide policing. However, for the purposes of this paper, I will focus on drug robbery in terms of its stages, social organization, and violence. Understanding the different robbery stages and members roles provides a comprehensive look at this significant drug market niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes patterns of stigma as it is experienced by persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) in the New York City metropolitan area and the barriers to health care and social services associated with stigma. Stigma and service barriers are assessed using client-level data from the Community Health Advisory and Information Network survey, an ongoing series of longitudinal cohort studies of PLWHAs that began in 1994 (n = 2059). The present study utilizes data from respondents interviewed between 2001 and 2003. The authors developed and validated a four-item HIV stigma scale that incorporates both expectations of and actual experiences of status loss due to an HIV/AIDS diagnosis. Younger respondents and respondents in the suburban cohort scored higher than others on the stigma scale, as did respondents who reported clinically relevant mental health symptoms of anxiety or depression. Respondents indicated barriers to care by reporting a delay in obtaining needed services or failure to obtain needed services at some time in the past six months. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated that perceived stigma is associated with increased risk for self-reported barriers to HIV care, above and beyond the effects of HIV disease stage, mental health functioning, HIV risk group, insurance status, geographic setting (urban vs. suburban), and sociodemographic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the organizational culture of a new media firm in New York City which I will refer to as "Community.com" More specifically, it will look at spatial changes and layout, company meetings, social gatherings, organizational rituals, the community vs. market conflict, new business models and several levels of discourse. Discourse in this study will include several types such as digital, company, and industry. I will document the cultural changes which have occurred at Community.com from the time it was founded in 1997 through 2003. In this six year period I will demonstrate that the firm changed from a focus on community towards a more market based approach. I will be using ethnographic data from over a two year period to look at the cultural transformation which took place. This is part of a larger work which is an ethnography of Community.com over a two year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]