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This paper was presented at the International Symposium on Lifelong Learning for Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development: Developing a Research Agenda for the Asia-Pacific in Hong Kong, 12-13 January 2011. Tom Karmel suggests that there are four implications of an ageing population: the need to improve labour force participation and productivity; the ageing population will provide a "demographic dividend" because there will be fewer young people to school; increasing life expectancy changes the arithmetic of the return to investments in human capital and makes investment in the middle-aged more attractive; and ageing populations in developed countries provide an opportunity for developing countries through the export of labour services. (Contains 4 tables, 6 figures and 2 footnotes.)

For the twenty-seventh year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the National AECT Convention in Chicago, Illinois. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. (Individual papers contain references, figures, and tables.) [For Volume 2, see ED499962.]

For the twenty-sixth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. This is Volume 2 of the 26th Annual Proceedings of Selected Papers On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology presented at the National AECT Convention in Anaheim, CA. This volume contains papers dealing primarily with instruction and training issues. Papers dealing with research and development are contained in the companion volume (26th Annual, Volume 1) which also contains over 60 papers. The papers contained in this document represent some of the most current thinking in educational communications and technology. (Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures.) [For Volume 1, see ED496305. For Volume 1 of the 2002 proceedings, see ED496300. For Volume 2 of the 2002 proceedings, see ED496301.]

Place value is a foundational competency for primary school mathematics and for this reason we have sought to investigate what the recent and current academic conversations are around this important concept. In this paper we present a survey of literature presented in the Australasian, European and Southern African contexts through a review of purposively selected conference proceedings and journals to establish what the conversations have been about the teaching and learning of place value in these research communities from 2013 to 2022.

This publication is one of two prepared for a South Asian colloquium on issues related to teacher training in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. This volume includes four papers presented at the conference. The papers present an analytical view of both policy and practical measures on teacher education. The first paper, "The Professional Development and Training of Teacher Educators" (Elwyn Thomas) examines recruitment, training, and career development in teacher education. The second paper, "Teacher Education: The Quest for Quality" (Motilal Sharma), looks at issues in teacher education in Asia, including World Bank involvement and regional cooperation. The third paper, "A Critique of Policy and Practice in India and Bangladesh" (Adarsh Khanna), analyzes preservice and inservice teacher education in India and Bangladesh, the chief strengths of the Indian and Bangladesh systems, and the importance of aid agency projects. The fourth paper, "Initial Teacher Training in Pakistan" (Haroona Jatoi), explores preservice and inservice teacher training in Pakistan. (Individual papers contains references.) (ND)

Twelve papers delivered at a joint meeting at the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions annual meeting of the Children's Libraries, Public Libraries, and Libraries for the Blind sections of the Division of Libraries Serving the General Public are presented. Most of the papers deal with library services to children, but several are devoted to literacy issues and services to the blind. The following papers are included: (1) "Promotion of Reading Habits through Home Libraries" (S. Panandiker); (2) "Katha and Its Literacy Projects" (G. Dharmarajan); (3) "Children's Books and Children's Libraries in India" (M. Rao); (4) "Illiteracy and Blindness" (A. Leach); (5) "Guidelines for Public Libraries Working with Illiteracy" (B. Thomas); (6) "A Review of the Draft Document 'International Guidelines for Public Libraries Involved in Literacy Work: A Developing Country View'" (H. K. Raskroka); (7) "A Country Overview of Inter-Library Loan Services of Special Format Material for the Visually Handicapped in India" (V. S. Rawat); (8) "Literacy and Development in the Third World: Could Librarianship Make a Difference?" (R. Gassol de Horowitz); (9) "International Cooperation on Library Services to the Visually Handicapped: Outcome of the Asian Seminar" (H. Kawamura); (10) "Thai-Laos Project on Books for Young People" (S. Singlamanan); (11) "Promotion of Literacy of Handicapped Children in India through Library Services" (C. D. Tamboli); and (12) "Meeting the Needs of Students at an International School" (B. Sen). Several papers are followed by references. (SLD)

Seven papers delivered at the 1992 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions annual meeting relating to regional activities are presented. These papers deal with library issues in Africa, Asia and Oceania, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The papers are: (1) "Designing National Information Policies in African: Process and Outputs" (K. J. Mchombu and K. Miti); (2) "Coordinating Documentation and Information: The Experience of Morocco. The Documentation and Information Sector: Its Nature and Particularities" (L. Battiwa); (3)"The Role of University Libraries in Establishing National Policies for Library and Information Services" (A. S. Chaudhry); (4) "The Role of the USP (University of the South Pacific) Library in Meeting the Information Needs of the South Pacific Region" (A. Rizio and J. Mamtora); (5) "The Information Needs of the Librarians of Developing Countries and the Palisades They Encounter in Obtaining These Information" (P. Perera); (6) "Public Libraries in the Framework of the Latin American and Caribbean Libraries Association" (M. E. Zapata); and (7) "Networks of Specialized Information Services in Latin America" (E. M. R. de Carvalho, I. Talamo). (SLD)

Eleven papers delivered at the annual meeting of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions for the Division of Management and Technology are presented. Some were presented at a roundtable on audiovisual media, and others are from sessions on library buildings and equipment, information management, and statistics in library management. The following papers are included: (1) "Sound Archives in All India Radio" (H. M. Joshi); (2) "International Market for Spoken Books" (V. Arora, I. Bell, and M. Jenkins); (3) "Talking Books in Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish, and Urdu" (S. Tastesen); (4) "Library Building in the Tropics: The Saint Martin Experience' (B. Hodge); (5) "Model Architectural Design of a Library: Advantages and Defects of the Soviet Experience" (A. Zimonenko); (6) "Automated Strategies for Social Development" (K. S. Oswalt); (7) "Computer and Software for Information Services: An Overview of Mexican Progress" (J. Lau and M. Castro); (8) "Adapting Technologies for Library Processing Projects: Africa, Asia, and South America" (A. R. Pierce); (9) "Librarianship: Profession, Semi-Profession or Mere Occupation?: Surveying the Process of Change and Development in British Librarianship Today" (M. Freeman); (10) "Probability, Statistics and Library Management" (S. K. Basu); and (11) "Le Mesure de la satisfaction des usagers: Statistiques et enguetes aupres du public" (M.-D. Heusse) (French text). (SLD)

Eight papers for the Collections and Services Division of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions that were given at the 1992 annual meeting are presented. These papers deal with the acquisition and exchange of library materials, interlending, and serial publications. The following papers are included: (1) "Why Won't You Accept My Order? Global Acquisitions Solutions" (T. Leisner); (2) "South Asian Literature: Acquisition and Processing in West European Libraries" (G. F. Baumann); (3) "The Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Protocol: Progress and Projects" (L. Swain and P. Tallim); (4) "Sci-Tech Libraries: New Approach to Interlibrary Loans" (E. Eronina); (5) "Improving Interlending through Goal Setting and Performance Measurement" (J. Willemse); (6) "OSIRIS, a Microcomputer Based Online Serials Information, Registration and Inquiry System" (S. Santiago); (7) "Serial Publications in India" (P. K. Gupta); and (8) "Basic Serials Management Handbook" (J. Szilvassy). Most papers are followed by references.

This publication is one of two prepared for a South Asian Colloquium on issues related to teacher training in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The papers in this volume focus on innovations and alternative strategies designed to improve quality in teacher education at preservice phase. The publication is in five sections. The first four sections were prepared by the respective national Ministries of Education. Section 1 is on Bangladesh and includes an overview of literacy and primary education and a discussion of provisions for initial training of teachers, the funding of education, and problems and remedies. Section 2, on India, includes a brief history of India's educational system, a review of key issues in the National Policy of Education, a discussion of issues facing Indian educators in the nineties, and several data tables. Pakistan is the focus of section 3 which looks at historical perspectives on teacher training, training of elementary and secondary teachers, qualifications for teacher educators, innovations in teacher training, analysis of teacher training programs, financing of teacher education, and recommendations for future development. The fourth section is on Sri Lanka and covers inservice and preservice teacher education, successful innovations in teacher training, problems and issues, and statistical information. The final section is an overview by Beatrice Avalos which summarizes the educational context and the characteristics, issues, and alternatives of teacher education in general and in each of the four countries. (Individual sections contain references.) (ND)

The following 21 papers were delivered for the Special Libraries Division of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions at its 1992 annual meeting: (1) "From Indochina to Afghanistan: Arts from Abroad in Parisian Libraries" (M. F. Macouin); (2) "The Indonesian Archeology Photograph and Documentation System (IAPDS) in Leiden" (H. I. R. Hinzler); (3) "The Collection Development and Organisation of Art Materials: The Cultural Center of the Philippines in Context" (E. R. Peralejo); (4) "Resources for the Conservation of Southeast Asian Art" (S. G. Swartzburg); (5) "The Moravian Mission and Its Research on the Language and Culture of Western Tibet: A Case Study for Collection Development" (H. Walravens); (6) "The National Art Library and the Indian Collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London" (J. F. van der Wateren); (7) "Collection Development and Acquisition of Art Materials with Special Reference to South and South-East Asia: A Case Study of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts" (A. P. Gakhar); (8) "Map Collection of the National Library and Its Users' Pattern" (D. K. Mittra and A. K. Ghatak); (9) "Russian Maps of Asia" (N. Ye. Kotelnikova); (10) "A Survey of Maps and Atlases Published in India" (A. K. Ghatak); (11) "Government Libraries in India: An Overview" (M. K. Jain); (12) "Technology as an Agent for Communication" (E. J. Valauskas); (13) "Changing Duties: Relations between Library and Information Work" (A. G. A. Staats); (14) "Access to Scientific and Technical Information: The Greenlight or Not?" (D. Stoica); (15) "Initiatives To Facilitate Access to S&T (Science and Technology) Information in India" (A. Lahiri); (16) "Improving Access to Scientific Literature in Developing Countries--A UNESCO Programme Review" (A. Abid); (17) "Science, Technology and Libraries in French-Speaking Africa" (H. Sene); (18) "Productivity, Impact and Quality of Scientific Work at the UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico): Actions for their Acknowledgement" (P. Dector); (19) "The Post-Perestroyika Sci-Tech Libraries: Will They Survive?" (A. Zemskov); (20) "Access to Information and Science Development in the Developing World" (S. Arunachalam); and (21) "Manuscript Collections in Indian Libraries with Special Emphasis on National Library" (S. Akhtar). (SLD)

The papers in these proceedings include a number of themes such as enduring and progressive social change, good practice and positive outcomes, and strategies of survival, resistance and subversion. They are: "Achievement, Personal Development, and Positive Outcomes" (Viv Anderson); "Raising Standards" (Paul Armstrong); "Multicultural Education for Adults" (Burjor Avari); " Four Congratulations and a Caveat" (Roseanne Benn); "Issues in the Supervision of Dissertation Research Conducted by Continuing Education and Training Professionals in South East Asia towards a Masters Degree of the University of Sheffield" (Geoff Chivers); "Continuing Education and the Public Understanding of Science" (Martin Counihan); "Silver Lining" (Eileen Daggett); "Conversing Internationally" (Chris Duke); "A Study of the Competence Levels of the Heads of Adult Education in Turkey" (Ahmet Duman); "Vision, Provision, and Television" (Darrel Dymock); "Women's Studies and Adult Education" (Jane Elliott); "Living with Competence" (Paul Garland); "Where Has Schon Led Us?" (Mary Gobbi); "Using a Self-Selected Support Group as a Strategy for Survival" (Christine Hibbert, Antoinette Middling, Frances Scourfield); "Journey through the Looking Glass" (Cheryl Hunt); "Multiplying Visions and Using Similitudes'" (Christine Jarvis); "Experimental Archaeology in Education" (David Johnston); "We're Still Here" (Rennie Johnston); "Holding Up the Mirror" (William Jones); "Participative Environmental Research and the Role of Continuing Education" (David Knight); "Making a Mark" (Carol Lee-Mak, Janice Malcolm); "The Creative Management of Biography" (Danny Mashengele); "From Distance Learning to Computer Supported Cooperative Learning" (David McConnell); "Autobiography in an Academic Context" (Margaret Millar et al.); "Exchanging Places, Trading Learning" (Nod Miller, Miriam Zukas); "Fiftysomething" (Penny Muter, Peter Watson); "Happiness Is a Thing Called Subversion" (Kirit Patel); "Vision, Policy, or Accident?" (Keith Percy); "Discourse and Culture" (Julia Preece); "Democracy and Personal Empowerment" (Ian Roffe, Carolyn Inglis); "German Adult Education in East Germany after Unification" (Marion Sporing); "Starting with Self" (Alistair Thomson); "Telling the Story of the Self/Deconstructing the Self of the Story" (Robin Usher); "Two Cheers for Special Needs Provision in Adult Education" (Peter Watson); "Re-Visioning the Self" (Linden West); "Using Vocational Competences To Develop an Alternative Framework for Modern Language Teaching" (John Wilson, A. Ibarz); "NVQs [National Vocational Qualifications] and Individuals" (Jonathan Winterton, Ruth Winterton); and "Coming of Age" (Alexandra Withnall). (YLB)

Selected papers are as follows: "Member Perceptions of the Association for International Agricultural & Extension Education" (Eaton et al.); "Historical Review of U.S. Involvement in International Agricultural Education between World War II and Enactment of Title XII" (Thuemmel, Meaders); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students as Perceived by Graduate Faculty" (Miller, Ng); "Rethinking the Landscape" (Beilin); "Personal Networks and Agricultural Extension" (Armonia); "Extension Staff Development Program" (Trail, Malindi); "Learning Styles of Extension Personnel and the Implications for Designing Inservice Computer Training Programs" (Park, Gamon); "Agricultural Education and Global Sustainability" (Vahoviak, Etling); "Importance of Extension Education in the Post Harvest Activities of Soybean in Nigeria" (Osho); "Perceptions Regarding Agricultural Extension Education in Swaziland" (Dube, Martin); "Philosophy, Mission, and Focus of Agricultural Extension in Africa, Asia, and Latin America" (Mohamed et al.); "Educational Needs for Enhancing Non-Farm Activities and Entrepreneurship" (Singh, Comer); "Assessment of the Use of Contact Farmers in Training and Visit Extension System in Nigeria" (Omotayo, Arokoyo); "Village Extension Workers (VEWs), Agricultural Extension Officers, and Contact Farmers Perceptions of VEW Visits under the Training and Visit (T&V) System" (Radhakrishna, Yoder); "Expert Identification of Inservice Training Needs of Field Agents Working in T&V Systems of Extension" (Alawy, Safrit); "Creating a Stronger Model for International Youth Exchange" (Etling); "Perceptions Held by Secondary School Agricultural Educators in Iowa Regarding Adding a Global Perspective to the Agriculture Curriculum" (Perez-Morales, Miller); "Development of Vocational Agriculture in Swaziland" (Mndebele, Crunkilton); "Extension Serving Women Farmers" (Morrone); "Nonformal Education for Empowerment" (Nti, Etling); "Factors Influencing Rural Women Cassava Processors' Intended Participation in an Agricultural Extension Education Program" (Ojomo, McCaslin); "Cooperative Efforts for Agricultural Extension and Rural Development" (Brewer, Meaders); "Need for U.S. and International Collaborative Rural Leadership Education for the 21st Century" (Dhanakumar et al.); "University's Role in Agricultural Development" (Cristovao, Koehnen); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students of Extension Education" (Mohamed et al.); "Review and Synthesis of Extension Problems in Africa and Asia" (Ukaga et al.); "Development of Rural Youths through Farmers' Training and Education" (Auta, Akpoko); and "Mobilizing Rural Youths for a Career in Farming" (Arokoyo, Omotayo). (YLB)

The role of education in development is discussed in this paper as one of a number of issues in education in developing countries, including recent changes in population and technology that render traditional methods of imparting instruction inadequate. The concept of distance education is presented with reference to specific applications in Asia and the Pacific, and involvement of the World Bank and of the Asian Development Bank in distance education are briefly described. Areas recommended for consideration by participants in the regional seminar on distance education at which this paper was presented are summarized as follows: (1) the future role of distance education in human resource development; (2) strategies for implementing this role in relation to overall socioeconomic goals of countries; (3) new models involving modern communication technologies for ensuring the success of strategies suggested; (4) strategies for ensuring quality of distance education programs while enlarging their scope to cover the disadvantaged groups of society; (5) appropriate methods of ensuring academic status to distance education while retaining its flexibility and relevance to techno-economic realities; (6) internal efficiency and external relevance of distance education; and (7) international cooperation and assistance in promoting distance education. (MES)

Age-old problems of poverty and ignorance persist in South Asia. Educational strategies, compatible with cultural norms, are needed that will motivate and prepare the rural communities of this region to take the lead and to implement activities for growth. Furthermore, these strategies must have appropriate support--people, money, and media. Four major educational problems confront the rural areas of South Asia: illiteracy, quality, relevance, and efficiency. Some changes in schooling could be made--for example, reaching out to the children through mass media rather than having them come to central areas for schooling. The educational systems of the countries of South Asia share many common problems, including rising costs in the face of budgetary constraints, lack of curriculum renewal, lack of textbooks, lack of trained teachers, inadequate level of compatibility between educational systems and the world of work, inadequate supply and use of teaching aids leading to low quality and low systemic efficiency of education, and inadequate access to good education for many groups, especially the rural poor and the disadvantaged. Distance education based on the use of modern communications and multimedia materials could be used to reach some of these people. Such strategies should be researched in order to progress toward education for all. (KC)

This report is concerned with the development of population education in Asian countries through the assistance of UNESCO. It includes guidelines and goals for a comprehensive population education program feasible for most Asian nations. Included in the program goals are the development and implementation of educational programs at all grade levels for the children, youth, and adults, both in and out of schools; the training of teaching personnel through the universities; and the alerting of leadership personnel to the limitations imposed by population growth on attaining these educational objectives. Stressed throughout the report is the importance of educating individuals with an intelligent understanding of population issues and with a responsible awareness of their implications for social and human resource development. (MA)

Information on teaching and research in international law for countries of the Asia-Pacific region is presented in proceedings of a 1984 conference sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. In addition to a regional overview, suggestions are offered for promoting regional cooperation in international law. Challenges in the teaching and study of international law, problems areas for students graduating in international law, and problems of the profession are considered. Status reports for nine countries on teaching and research in international law are provided by conference participants as follows: Australia (James Crawford), India (M. L. Upadhyaya), Indonesia (Komar Kantaatmadja), Japan (Onuma Yasuaki), Republic of Korea (Chi Young Pak), Pakistan (M. A. Mannan), The Philippines (Adolfo S. Azcuna), Sri Lanka (A. R. B. Amerasinghe), and Thailand (Vitit Muntarbhorn). Appendices include: a conference program, list of participants and brief introductory conference addresses by Jae Hoon Choi, E. Hyock Kwon, Bong-shik Park, and Yogesh Atal. (SW)

This collection of papers introduces the proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference-Eurasian Higher Education Leaders' Forum held on the 11-12 June, 2015 at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. Our presenters come from different professional backgrounds including higher education institutions, national business companies as well as international businesses that work closely with education stakeholders across Kazakhstan, the Central Asia region and beyond. The compendium offers papers grounded in theoretical argument and empirical research and written to provide debate and discussion among policy makers, university leaders, faculty and students. The themes of the proceedings reflect the structure of the Forum that has been divided into five panel sessions: (1) The Role of Global Skills in the Graduate Employability; (2) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy; (3) University-employer-community Relationships; (4) The Role of Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Career Development; and (5) Student Transitions and Careers Guidance. The Forum aimed at developing an international dialogue between higher education leaders, policy makers, researchers and practitioners from different parts of the world. The quality of debate and argument has benefited from the participation of local and international delegates that have shared their expertise, insights and visions on the current situation of graduate employability from local and global perspectives. More than 500 participants from twelve countries took part in the Forum's sessions and Q&A discussions. Keynote speeches in the proceedings include: (1) The Future of Graduates in the Global Labour Market (Hugh Lauder); (2) The Role of Tertiary Education in Addressing the Global Skills Challenge (Jamil Salmi); (3) A Perspective on Future Employability (Alper Akdeniz); (4) Transforming Tertiary Education for Innovation and Competitiveness: University of Central Asia (Shamsh Kassim-Lakha); and (5) TVET and Career Development (Geoff Hayward). Articles in the proceedings include: (1) Graduate Employability in the 21st Century (Aslan Sarinzhipov); (2) From a Competitive Education to the Prosperity of the Nation (Yerezhep Mambetkaziyev); (3) Career Planning for Future Opportunities (Tim Miller); (4) The Paradox of Emerging Universities (Simon Jones); (5) Nurturing Net Generation Graduates with Global Skills (Seeram Ramakrishna); (6) Practice--Oriented Learning--a Platform for the Formation of Global Skills (Jamilya Nurmanbetova); (7) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy (Alan Ruby); (8) Development of National Qualification System Based on Education Sphere and Labour Market Interface (Arstan Gazaliyev and Yuri Pak); (9) Understanding the Role of Fundamental Values in Serving a Larger Purpose (Aida Sagintayeva); (10) Creating Employability (Loretta O'Donnell); (11) Main Directions in Developing Corporate Partnerships: The Case of Rudny Industrial Institute, Kazakhstan (Abdakhman Naizabekov); (12) University/Industry Partnerships: Promising Practices from the Field (Matthew Hartley); (13) Technical Skills: Through Learning and Practice? (Sabyrzhan Madeyev); (14) Skills, Employability and University Graduates? (Rainer Goertz); (15) Transition from School to University: Some Issues for Kazakhstan and the Wider Region (David Bridges); (16) Soviet Legacy in Higher Education: Some Observations from Russia (Isak Froumin); and (17) Principal Learning Points (Sue Bennett). Individual papers contain figures and references. [This publication was produced by Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education.]

The International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project convened in Hiroshima City, Japan, January 24-25, 2014. It was jointly hosted by the Research Institutes of Higher Education at Hiroshima and Kurashiki Sakuyo Universities. The theme of the conference was "The Changing Academic Profession in Asia: The Formation, Work, Academic Productivity, and Internationalization of the Academy." Two keynote address and eight presentations were made by university professors from seven countries and regions. The present volume is a collection of the addresses and papers presented at the conference. Following a foreword by Fumihiro Maruyama, contents include: (1) Institutionalization of the R-T-S Nexus in the Academic Profession from an International, Comparative Perspective (Akira Arimoto); (2) Strong States, Strong Systems (William K. Cummings); (3) Quality of Education and Research at Higher Education Institutions in Cambodia: Results of the Survey on University Faculty Members (Yuto Kitamura, Naoki Umemiya, and Aki Osawa); (4) The Internationalization of the Academy in Asia: Major Findings from the International Survey (Futao Huang); (5) Effects of International Education Degree and Organizational Effectiveness Perception on Academic Research Productivity in China (Lu Li and Fengqiao Yan); (6) Career Prospects of the Malaysian Academic Profession (Aida Suraya Md. Yunus and Vincent Pang); (7) Academic Career Development in Vietnam (Pham Thanh Nghi); (8) The Self-Contained Academic Profession in Japan, a Matured Country (Akiyoshi Yonezawa); (9) The Impact of Research Productivity on Academics in Taiwan (Robin J. Chen and Ching-Shan Wu); (10) University Academic Staffs' Career and Research Productivity: Similarities and Differences in Six Asian Nations (Tsukasa Daizen); and (11) What Is a Mature University in This Competitive World? (Yumiko Hada). The conference program and list of participants are appended. Individual papers contain references. [Charles R. Barton edited the manuscripts in this report. For "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Realities and Implications. Report of the International Workshop on University, 2013. RIHE International Seminar Reports. No. 21," see ED574175.]

Advances in information technology are changing industrialized societies into knowledge societies. The end of the cold war has promoted development of a global economy. Growing ecological consciousness has necessitated that environmental knowledge become part of all education. As the need to remain competitive increases, a new balance in responsibility in the partnership between management and the work force has developed. Enabling people to cope successfully with anxiety and uncertainty has become one of the most important tasks of education. Learning to learn must become the overall objective of all education. All education, including vocational education and training (VET), must prepare young people for life by developing their intellect, aptitudes, and talents and by creating opportunities for them to reach their full potential. A new global movement toward new VET standards is evolving. The European Training Foundation, which was founded in 1994, has assisted Central and Eastern European countries in restructuring their VET systems by providing the following: information agencies (called observatories), an expert network to support development and implementation of VET standards, pilot projects in partner countries, tailored advice, and an information network. Much has already been done to improve VET globally; however, much more creativity and investment is needed. (MN)

This document contains nine papers about and from an international roundtable on the training of teachers in technical and vocational education. The first paper, a Final Report of the "International Round Table on Training of Teachers in Technical and Vocational Education (Curitiba, Brazil, 7-10 April 1997)," examines the following: sociopolitical contexts of technical and vocational teacher education; partnerships and linkages with industry; technical and vocational curricula; the status of technical and vocational teachers; technical and vocational teacher education models and programs; program financing; and future activities. The following discussion papers constitute the remainder of the report: "Training of Teachers/Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education; Position Paper" (R. Barry Hobart); "Challenges of Current Social, Economical and Technological Developments and Need for Reforms/Renovations in Training of Teaches in Technical and Vocational Education" (C.K. Basu); "Training of Teachers/Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education" (Mavis Bird); "Training of Teachers/Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education in Pakistan" (Muhammad Hadi Gyavri); "Challenges and Prospects in the Training of Technical and Vocational Education Teachers/Trainers in Africa" (B. Wanjala Kerre); "Training of Teachers and Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education in Jamaica" (Lurlienne Miller); "Recent Innovations in the Training of Teachers/Trainers in Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Asia and the Pacific" (M.A. Qureshi); and "Training of Teachers in Technical and Vocational Education in Poland" (Stefania Szczurkowska). (MN)

In alignment with the theme of the conference "Education in Developing, Emerging, and Developed Countries: Different Worlds, Common Challenges," this paper brings attention to the challenges associated with the implementation of sustainable research capacity building (SRCB) in the context of BRICS nations and African countries. Employing a comparative document analysis method to explore the unique contexts of developing nations, this research provides insights and recommendations to strengthen research capacity in academia, address shared challenges and promote national prosperity. The scholarly literature revealed that higher education institutions (HEIs) in developing countries have intensified their efforts in building the research capacity of their academics and institutions. Regardless of their commitment, HEIs face challenges such as gender inequalities, teaching workloads, doctoral program deficiencies, lack of multidisciplinary research approaches and funding constraints. Addressing the challenges will require improved funding for research training and research productivity. One of the main concerns is that instead of advancing knowledge and being producers thereof, most developing countries remain knowledge consumers. The findings revealed that developing the next generation of academics plays a critical role in the sustainability of an emerging country's research system. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

In recent years, the need for English as a foreign language (EFL) education in schools has become a priority worldwide. The aim of our paper is to investigate which countries currently focus on researching motivation to learn EFL and what potential reasons are behind the focus. We performed a topic search of the keywords "EFL" and "motivation" in the "Web of Science" database for 2020. In total, we found 61 Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) articles. Asia prevails, especially Eastern Asian Chinese speaking regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong). Policies in Asian regions such as China and Taiwan highly support EFL. There is the aim to develop Taiwan into a "bilingual nation". Likewise, the European Union promotes the establishment of the so-called European Education Area within which studying and training should be accessible and profitable for people living in the EU. Spain remains the European country with the highest number of EFL motivation publications. There were only a few papers from the Americas. In South America, we see evidence of the beginnings of a CLIL push, which has the potential to lead to expanded EFL motivation research in these previously under researched areas. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]

The field of higher education studies has expanded dramatically in recent years. Notably, research centers/institutes and academic programs devoted to the field of higher education (tertiary education) has increased worldwide to now include peer-reviewed journals, books, reports and publications. Utilizing secondary data from 277 higher education programs, 217 research centers/institutes, and 280 journals and publications from "Higher Education: A Worldwide Inventory of Research Centers, Academic Programs, and Journals and Publications" (2014), this paper examines the policy actors and scholars engaged in higher education studies across 48 countries. The finding of this study suggests that people living the world's wealthiest countries occupies a position of significant privilege and power with regards to access to higher education research, analysis, and trained human capital. As higher education research centers, programs, and journals around the world expand their understanding of their place in a wider global network of similar entities, supporting one another and particularly under-resourced colleagues around the world deserves increasing attention. [For the complete Volume 17 proceedings, see ED596826.]

Transformation of post-socialist educational systems is perhaps one of the most interesting and at the same time underestimated in its importance, developments in the history of comparative education. After the three decades of post-socialist development one can note significant differences between the countries which once had identical or very similar educational systems. Perhaps the most interesting topic for comparativists to explore is the question: why instead of convergence do we observe the increasing divergence of education in the post-socialist area? One of the possible answers is that post-socialist countries perceived the new ideology, namely, the ideology of neoliberalism, in their own specific way, which was determined by their historical, cultural and religious heritage. The concepts of effectiveness and efficiency in education can be considered as one of the typical cases of recontextualization. The paper provides several examples showing that these concepts are still interpreted in different ways in the East and in the West. [For the complete Volume 16 proceedings, see ED586117.]

This paper explores the possibilities for building research-oriented, school-engaged teacher education through the professional learning of volunteer teacher-researchers. Volunteerism in education covers a broad spectrum of people and activities ranging from working in school canteens to supporting language and literacy programs. This paper reports on the professional learning of volunteer Mandarin teaching assistants as they develop into volunteer teacher-researchers. Situating this study in relation to Australian National Asian Languages and Studies in Schools Program, this paper draws on concepts from "Asia literacy" for its theoretical framework. A review of the research literature points to a need to value volunteers' contributions to teaching experience as a way of promoting volunteerism in schools. Elements of the research method for the study reported here include the project's focus, the participants and their selection, and ethical protocols. The analysis of evidence explores the transition through the work-integrated professional learning of these volunteer teacher-researchers, tracking their development through a collection of 28 documents. The discussion section uses the concept of "Asia literacy" to analyse the value of this research-oriented, school-engaged teacher education program. (Contains 4 tables.)

Becoming "Asia literate" is a pivotal part of the federal government's "Education Revolution". The federal government asserts that "equipping young Australians with the knowledge and skills to communicate and work with our regional neighbours...such skills must be a core element of an Australian school curriculum" (Gillard, 2008), especially in a climate of globalisation. Cultural intelligence, as suggested here, is of economic value, as intercultural knowledge and understandings are vital to preparing an Australia workforce that is globally competitive, and in particular, can capitalise on the economic opportunities available in Australia and region. There are, however, increasingly problematic issues surrounding the implementation of curriculum that fosters intercultural understanding between Australia and Asia, the presence of which ultimately questions how teacher-educator programs can prepare graduates to engage effectively in crossing such cultural borders. Using curriculum documents and a selection of teacher education, this paper explores how the concept of being "Asia literate" resides in current federal government policy, and in particular, it explores the tensions around the development of an "Asia literate" curriculum in terms of ideological differences with traditional Eurocentric approaches to education and what is known about effective cultural education. It then identifies and discusses the challenges for teacher-educator programs to equip graduates to realise these curriculum needs. The dilemma of introducing "another" or "other" culture without enforcing unnecessary division or creating insurmountable borders is complex. In light of this, Said poses a critical question: "Is the notion of a distinct culture (or race, or religion, or civilisation) a useful one, or does it always get involved either in self-congratulation (where one discusses one's own) or hostility and aggression (when one discusses the "other")?" (p.325-326) Fostering intercultural understanding is crucial to becoming "Asia literate", however an approach that implicitly or explicitly promotes a division between cultures and communities is problematic, especially as the "National Statement for Engaging Young Australians with Asia in Australian Schools", approved by the Ministerial council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs in 2005, highlights that: "our future is inextricably linked to the strength of the relationships and understandings that we forge with Asian countries" (AEF, 2006). On the basis of this analysis, the paper identifies and addresses three key implications for teacher educators in the context of the federal government's "Asia literate" policies. First, it investigates what knowledge base teachers need to ensure cultural awareness development of students immersed in "Asia literate" curriculum. Then, it explores how teacher educator programs can prepare teachers for this challenge. The paper closes with reflections on what import existing teacher educator programs place on the "Asia literate" focus, as available in current programs, and raises questions on the implications of the representation and circulation of "Asia literate" knowledge in the tertiary setting. (Contains 1 note.)

These proceedings contain the papers of the 20th International Conference on e-Society (ES 2022) and 18th International Conference on Mobile Learning (ML 2022), organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, held virtually during 12-14 March 2022. Due to the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this year the conferences were hosted virtually. The e-Society 2022 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within the Information Society. This conference covers both the technical as well as the non-technical aspects of the Information Society. The Mobile Learning 2022 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. These events received 152 submissions from more than 28 countries. In addition to the papers' presentations, the conference also included one keynote presentation by Professor Pedro Isaias (Information Systems & Technology Management School, The University of New South Wales, Australia) and a Special Talk by Wilson Ramon Hernandez Parraci (Ph.D. Student, Northern Illinois University, USA). [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The publication recounts two symposiums on Arts Education that took place in Hong Kong and New Delhi, India in January 2004 and March 2005 respectively. Two sections include papers covering the current situation of arts education in Asia and plans for the future. The first part has an introduction to culture and arts education in Asia, the vision and opportunities. It continues with a summary of outcomes from Asia region meetings on arts in education. A case is then made for mainstreaming the arts in Asian education, illustrated by four case studies. The final section discusses influencing policy and actions for reform in various countries in the region. Section two provides a glimpse into the future of arts education. Two papers discuss research on arts education outcomes and an evaluation framework; a further two focus on action plans and initiatives. An annex contains (1) an appeal from UNESCO Director General Koichiro Matsuura for promotion of arts education and creativity at school as part of the construction of a culture of peace; (2) papers presented at the symposia; (3) list of participants; and (4) reference resources. (Contains 7 tables.) [The Asian regional symposium on Arts Education, "Measuring the Impact of Arts in Education," was a cooperative effort between the Office of the UNESCO Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific and the Hong Kong Institute of Contemporary Culture (HKICC). The symposium on Arts in Asian Education, "Transmissions and Transformations: Learning through the Arts in Asia," was a joint effort between the Office of the UNESCO Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific, and the India International Centre-Asia Project (IIC-Asia Project).]

This document contains 162 papers and innovative sessions, two poster sessions presented at a conference on human resource development (HRD). A program overview, author index, and a keyword index are also included. The papers are grouped by the conference's 56 symposia, which were devoted to the following topics: HRD with International and Multinational Groups; Learning in Communities; Learning Measurement and International HRD; Gender in HRD; Intellectual Capital and Human Capital Theory; Connecting Education and Practice; Formal and Informal on-the-job Learning; International Human Resource Development; HRD Methods and Tools; Considerations for Distance Education; Gender and Mentoring; Emotions in Organizations; Creativity and Aesthetics; Collaboration; Cross Cultural Training; Strategic Human Resource Development; Learning; Mentoring; Organizational Commitment; Knowledge Management; Defining Human Resource Development; Exploring International Human Resource Development; Change in International Human Resource Development; Supervisory Social Support; Organizational Learning and Culture; Education Customization; Executive Training and Development; Diversity Programs and Initiatives; Learning Assessment; Culture and Organizational Socialization; Theoretical Frameworks of Performance and Human Resource Development; Human Resource Development in Law Enforcement; Motivation; Human Resource Development Policy in Asia; Diversity's Impact on Change and Learning; The Future of Career Development; Organizations and Change; Theorizing Human Resource Development; Adult Learning Theory and Defining Training and Development; E-learning and Culture; Relating Human Resource Development and Human Resource Management; Performance Appraisal; Perceptions of Online Education; Learning Transfer and Human Resource Development Effectiveness; Human Resource Development Degree Programs; Technology Perceptions; Virtual Teams; Ethics; Assessing Online Learning; Emotions at Work; Competence in Human Resource Development; Human Resource Development Faculty; Professional Development; Leadership; Graduate Student Research Skills; and Quality Management. Most of the papers include substantial bibliographies.

This paper reports on a pilot project in Asia sponsored by the IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and institutions) Round Table of Library and Information Science Journals that had the following objectives: to identify the most commonly accepted criteria for evaluating LIS (Library and Information Science) journals; to evaluate the success of LIS journals in meeting the criteria; to suggest critical success factors for improving the quality of LIS journals; and to assess the feasibility of an international project aimed at determining LIS journal quality and success factors. Twenty LIS journal editors in Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, and the Philippines were interviewed. Quality of papers emerged as the key category, with a number of criteria used to determine this quality, including advancement of knowledge, new information or data, theoretical soundness, level of scholarship, acceptable research design, and appropriate methodology and analysis. In-depth analysis of sample copies of journals provided by the editors was performed, and the quality criteria were ranked by importance. It was found that, given the relative ease with which data were collected for the pilot study and the ready participation of most editors approached for input, a more substantial project would be possible with only low level funding. (Contains 11 references.) (MES)

This paper wrestles with some of the problems of Eurocentrism that must be confronted in teaching world history. Alert to the problem of perspective, the paper focuses on teaching strategies and not on theoretical justifications for personal opinions. The paper addresses the concepts of Western civilization and a modern world. It discusses five rules from an area studies perspective: (1) Handle the concept of civilization with care in a world history course; (2) Be alert to the problem of Eurocentrism; (3) Do not overemphasize the European origins of modernity; (4) Ask what the term "West" means outside Europe; and (5) Pay attention to East Asian (and other) regional perspectives. The paper explores each rule in detail and concludes that the challenge of teaching world history is to figure out how to prioritize and balance a story that could, potentially, include everything. The paper advocates the need to adopt world history strategies that allow educators to create narratives that are pluralistic or multi-centered to avoid undue parochialism, suggesting comparative strategies for this purpose. (Contains 7 notes and 7 references.) (BT)

This paper relates the experiences of the United States and selected Eastern European and Asian countries in incorporating multiculturalism into their educational systems. It begins by discussing political and social roots of the multicultural experience. It continues by examining multilinguistic education, including the development and use of indigenous languages. The paper then states that the educational inclusiveness of European countries in which there are two strong ethnic groups differs from the approach in the United States. The paper concludes that at this educational juncture, the United States can learn from European and Asian countries by observing how former "minority" cultures are incorporated, by observing how sensitivity is needed for the expectations of those entering a new culture, and by asking what priority should be put on multiple language learning. (EF)

During the 20th century, Asian countries have been very active in publishing books and journals in the field of library and information science. Journals have been published in English as well as in many vernacular languages. This paper deals with the development of Asian library journals, with an emphasis on South Asia. Japan was the first Asian country to publish a library journal, entitled "Toshoken Zasshi," in 1907, followed by India in 1912. In 1972, China became the newest nation to enter the publishing of library journals. Since 1907, many journals have been published from Asia, but many have ceased publication for various reasons. As recently as 1998, a new quarterly journal, entitled "Ranganathan Research Bulletin," started publication in India. This paper discusses the coverage, quality of articles, readership, and subscription rates of various South Asian library journals. It also deals briefly with the success of "Library Times International," edited by the author. Finally, a few suggestions are made to improve quality, circulation and coverage, and to attract readership for all library journals in a timely manner through technology. (Author/MES)

For a variety of reasons, collection care in Southeast Asia, especially in the northern regions, is fraught with many difficult challenges. Climates that are unfriendly to paper-based materials, poor economies, war, and civil unrest, are just a few of the reasons that librarians and archivists find it extremely difficult to ensure the survival of cultural property. The rate of deterioration can be slowed and, in some cases, reversed through actions that are relatively low-cost and uncomplicated. This paper discusses some of the strategies employed by the Cornell University (New York) Department of Preservation and Conservation to preserve materials in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam, and Thailand in projects conducted over the last ten years. The need for careful needs assessments and clear articulation of them will be discussed in the context of competing for the necessary resources from international funding agencies, along with descriptions of stabilization operations. (Contains 25 endnotes.) (Author/MES)

This paper reviews the purposes and standards for library and information science journals and then looks specifically at the evaluation process for an Anglophone journal, based in the United Kingdom, of which most of the contributors and readers are from Asia. Part 1, "The Editor's Perspective," addresses the following topics: the purpose of scholarly writing; stylistic trends in scholarly articles, including titles and abstracts, as well as discussion and presentation; editors and referees; criteria for assessment; and refereed articles and professional papers. Part 2, "The Publisher's Perspective," discusses the Literati Club (the MCB University Press network of authors, editors, and editorial board members), PeerNet (an electronic service that is an alternative to the traditional peer review process), and consortia workshops. (MES)

A "regional order," let alone a "world order," will be very difficult to achieve. In fact, global disorder has persisted throughout the last century. This paper describes concerns about the existing world order and delineates some of the apparent alternatives. Problems involved in revitalizing civil society in order to counteract the market-dominated structures of global capitalism are outlined. Educational organizations and educational administration achieve their ends through the trafficking of culture and knowledge through three main message systems--curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment. Nation-states are obligated to: (1) exercise a proper care for their citizens; (2) guarantee the integrity of civil society; and (3) guarantee the integrity and operation of markets. The paper suggests that a more modest aim is needed--the negotiation of difference--rather than the construction of a new world order or even a new regional order. In this sense, educational administration is a social, political, and above all, a cultural act through which some of the operations and defenses of the nation-state are achieved. The role of the administrator is to provide circumstances under which the negotiation of difference can occur and to support the professional development of teachers upon which such negotiation depends. (Contains six references.) (LMI)

In Asia, the family unit has long been the foundation of society. The family system, instead of the government, provides social, economic, and emotional support to the individual as well as the family itself. Self-reliance and personal responsibility are nurtured within the family, but with increased urbanization and industrialization of Asia, the family unit is in danger of breaking down. This paper questions what will happen to the social structure if the family is weakened, and reflects on whether Asia will be able to preserve the family in its transition to modernization. It states that counselors can be helpful in assisting clients with decision-making by using opportunities for psychological counseling available via the Internet. The paper argues that counselors have been focusing exclusively on the internal aspects of families and have ignored the larger culture. They have been looking for pathology within the families and have not considered the impact of the larger system. The paper suggests that counselors address people's schedules to help them become less burdened, teach them how to live lives based upon their values, and help them develop a family mission statement and live by it. (JDM)

This paper reviews research and evaluates information gathered on disabilities and service development in South Asia, especially India and Pakistan. The concept of "community-based rehabilitation" (CBR), which stresses the need for rehabilitation efforts rooted in the context of local cultural concepts, is discussed. The paper emphasizes the necessity of integrating philosophical and anthropological perspectives into disability information development and community-based rehabilitation programs. The paper recommends rehabilitation efforts that incorporate indigenous disability-related practices, such as casual educational integration, and that integrate local concepts of the child, personhood, ability, disability, and relationships. A review of South Asian information resources, especially those concerning mental retardation, suggests the difficulty of developing indigenous knowledge production when Western material is easily accessible. The historical development of some Asian and European community responses to disability is outlined as background for a description of the rise of CBR programs in India and Pakistan during the 1980s. Among issues discussed are CBR training, information technology, program evaluation, and the roles of foreign rehabilitation professionals and aid and development organizations. (Contains 247 references.) (DB)

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations (UN), this paper examines the contributions of the UN to the area of South Asia. The paper focuses on regional conditions in South Asia that affect the achievement or denial of basic needs essential for peacebuilding. These needs include equal opportunity, education, employment, food, health care, political freedom, security, shelter, and social welfare. The paper summarizes the leaders' hopes for their societies and for the United Nations. The paper also reviews the role of UN sponsored educational programs in South Asia in the quest for social equity and justice. Sections of the paper include: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Basic Indicators of Development for South Asia"; (3) "South Asian Leaders Look at the United Nations and the Future"; and (4) "United Nations School Reform Efforts in South Asia." (Contains 58 references.) (EH)

Forty students in the Executive MBA (Master of Business Administration) program at Xavier University (Cincinnati, Ohio) completed a required overseas study tour, with approximately half visiting Japan and Singapore and half visiting England, Belgium, and Germany. The purpose of the tour was to explore and assess innovative business strategies, international business strategies, the role of quality, and cultural adaptation in the business environment in Asia and Europe. Instructional components included presentations by prominent business and government leaders, 5-hour visits to companies in small groups, and cultural tours. This paper presents findings on participants' attitudes based on pre-tour and post-tour survey data. Results indicated that: (1) the largest changes in participants' attitudes occurred for those statements relating to participants'"comfort" levels; (2) in all cases, participants felt more comfortable after the overseas study tour; (3) after the tour, participants responded that it is less difficult to enter a foreign market than they had felt prior to the tour; and (4) the tour increased the awareness of management practices and negotiating similarities around the world. The paper concludes that overseas study tours should become an increasingly important component of Executive MBA programs everywhere. (JDD)

This paper discusses the use of video cameras as a teaching tool in English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) classrooms, with emphasis on their use in EFL college courses in East Asian countries. The paper reviews the availability and use of video cameras, especially for instructors who may be unfamiliar with their operation. Language teachers can use video cameras to record student dialogues and role plays, reviewing the tape with students to critique language usage and grammar. The recording of humorous or student-created skits can heighten student interest in such activities. The re-recording of dialogues and skits allows students to compare their most recent performance with earlier renditions. Overall, the use of video cameras in the EFL classroom allows students to analyze their own speaking abilities, observe their own body language, and become more self-critical of their abilities. Teachers can use exceptional performances as examples for future classes. An appendix lists helpful hints for using the video camera in the classroom. (MDM)

Constraints of the pandemic and rolling lockdowns eliminated opportunities to gather in person. Yet, for the learning cities movement, this period of coronavirus curtail was also a time of increased networking and creative collaboration. Where once human energies expended in "process work" left little retrievable trace, now artifacts accumulate apace in electronic clouds. What might a little excavation through material collected since the onset of COVID-19 reveal about ways localities and learning city networks mobilized to address the pandemic? For those on the resourced side of the digital divide, openly available content grants access to a gallery of community responses, transnational strategies, and future forecasting. [For the full proceedings, see ED625421.]

Although gender differences in mathematics are smaller than they have been in the past, prominent voices still attribute these differences to a variety of fixed individual factors, such as genetic characteristics of men and women. We hold the alternative view that these differences can be ultimately attributed to malleable factors. From this vantage, societies could influence gender differences in mathematics by changing students' experiences in school. In this study, we built on prior work suggesting that mathematics anxiety causes lower mathematics scores. In particular, we found that mathematics anxiety entirely explains the gender differences evident in mathematics scores from the 2012 US Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Furthermore, we found that gender moderates the mediating role of mathematics anxiety: math anxiety is more detrimental for male than for female students. Because math anxiety is a malleable individual characteristic, we conclude that gender differences reveal more about gendered societal experiences than they do about innate characteristics of men and women. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]