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Articles are divided into two sections. Section 1, "Research and Theory, includes: "The Influence of Pronunciation Instruction on the Pronunciation of English Word-Final Consonants by Brazilian Learners" (Roseanne Silveira); "Perceptions, Interactions and Immersion: A Cross-Comparative Case Study of African-American Students' Experiences in a French Immersion Class and a Regular French Class" (Michelle Haj-Broussard); "Teachers Studying Abroad: An Analysis of Changes in Linguistic and Cultural Knowledge and Attitudes toward Spanish Culture and the Effects of Ethnographic Interviews" (Greg Thompson); "Motivation in Foreign/Second Language Learning: Some Problems and Implications" and "Learning to Teach Spanish" (Gloria Velez-Rendon). Section 2, "Teaching Tips," includes: "Dialogic Construction and Reflective Practice: A Teacher Educator's Action Research Study of Teacher as Learner" (Marjorie Haley and Sabrina Wesley-Nero); "Creating an Innovative English as a Second Language in the Workplace Program" (David Schwarzer, Clarena Loretta, and Vyacheslav Zub); "Heretical Method for Teaching Foreign Languages" (Zev Bar-Lev); and "Professional Organizations: A Comprehensive Resource List" (Felicia Rader). (Papers contain references.) (SM)

Organized to focus world-wide public attention on the massive gender inequalities in many areas of the world, a seminar entitled "Women and Literacy Development--Constraints and Prospects" was held in Sweden during August 1991. This book presents conference papers by female literacy experts from 12 developing nations (three in Latin America, five in Africa, three in Asia, and one in the South Pacific Region) on the literacy situation for girls and women in their respective countries. Papers in the book are: (1) "Women and Literacy Development in the Third World: A Rapsodic Overview" (Eve Malmquist); (2) "Women and Literacy Development in India" (Anita Dighe); (3) "Women and Literacy Development in Pakistan" (Neelam Hussain); (4) "Flowers in Bloom: An Account of Women and Literacy Development in Thailand" (Kasama Varavarn); (5) "Women and Literacy Development in the South Pacific Region" (Barbara Moore); (6) "Illiterate Rural Women In Egypt: Their Educational Needs and Problems: A Case Study" (Nadia Gamal El-Din); (7) "Women and Literacy Development in Botswana: Some Implementation Strategies" (Kgomotso D. Motlotle); (8) "Women and Literacy Development in East Africa with Particular Reference to Tanzania" (Mary Rusimbi); (9) "Women and Literacy Development in Mozambique" (Teresa Veloso); (10) "Women and Literacy Development: A Zimbabwean Perspective" (Maseabata E. Tsosane and John A. Marks); (11) "Women and Literacy Development in Mexico" (Geraldine Novelo Oppenheim); (12) "A Post-Literacy Project with the Women of the Indian Community of San Lorenzo, Colombia" (Mirvan Zuniga); (13) "Gender Subordination and Literacy in Brazil" (Fulvia Rosemberg); (14) "Women and Literacy: Summary of Discussions at the International Linkoping Seminar" (Ulla-Britt Persson and Neelam Hussain); and (15) "Concluding Remarks, Suggestions and Recommendations" (Eve Malmquist). (RS)

Case studies and seminar reports are provided that were presented at an international seminar to examine field experiences in using a culture-based approach to nonformal education. Part I, containing an introductory paper and nine case studies, focuses on indigenous institutions and processes in health, family planning, agriculture, basic education, and conscientization. The introductory paper discusses indigenous sociocultural forms as a basis for nonformal education and development. Seven countries are represented in the case studies: Indonesia, Bolivia, Java (Indonesia), Upper Volta, Botswana, India, and Bali (Indonesia). Section II focuses on the performing arts in both mass campaigns and community nonformal education programs. An introductory paper overviews folk media, popular theater, and conflicting strategies for social change in the third world. The seven case studies consider the specific strategies used in Brazil, Sierra Leone, China, India, Mexico, Jamaica, and Africa. Section III contains the seminar reports developed from discussions of the four regional working groups: Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. A summary of plenary discussions is also provided. (YLB)

Configuration, strategy, and leadership style in five Brazilian universities are examined. Though research tends to focus on the university as a professional bureaucracy, it is demonstrated that other configurations are also applicable. The link between configuration and strategy making is traced, with insights into how strategies are formed in universities provided. Ways in which leaders set strategic direction are examined. Topics of discussion are: (1) decision making and structure in higher education (bureaucracy, collegiality, political model, organized anarchy, mixed models, and models of governance in higher education); (2) the business literature; (3) configuration: a framework for analysis; (4) strategy making in the university; (5) Brazil's universities; (6) university configurations (organized anarchy, the political arena, the adhocracy, the missionary organization, and the machine bureaucracy); (7) strategy making (disconnected academic strategy, emergent strategy, umbrellas and ideology, and planned and unrealized strategy); and (8) leadership style and strategy. Administrators may focus on elements other than academic strategy. Academic strategy corresponds to university outputs (research and teaching) and inputs (staff and students). Physical strategy is related to the various support components on which the university relies to get its work done (physical facilities, fund raising, and support staff). They are usually centralized functions and are more amenable to central intervention. A third area concerns the governance of the university which can facilitate the work of the university or perhaps impede it. Contains 86 references. (SM)

These proceedings contain the papers and posters of the 13th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2017, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), in Budapest, Hungary, April 10-12, 2017. The Mobile Learning 2017 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrates developments in the field. Full papers presented in these proceedings include: (1) Design of a Prototype Mobile Application to Make Mathematics Education More Realistic (Dawid B. Jordaan, Dorothy J. Laubscher, and A. Seugnet Blignaut); (2) Tablets and Applications to Tell Mathematics' History in High School (Eduardo Jesus Dias, Carlos Fernando Araujo, Jr., and Marcos Andrei Ota); (3) Assessing the Potential of LevelUp as a Persuasive Technology for South African Learners (Nhlanhla A. Sibanyoni and Patricia M. Alexander); (4) #Gottacatchemall: Exploring Pokemon Go in Search of Learning Enhancement Objects (Annamaria Cacchione, Emma Procter-Legg, and Sobah Abbas Petersen); (5) A Framework for Flipped Learning (Jenny Eppard and Aicha Rochdi); (6) The Technology Acceptance of Mobile Applications in Education (Mark Anthony Camilleri and Adriana Caterina Camilleri); (7) Engaging Children in Diabetes Education through Mobile Games (Nilufar Baghaei, John Casey, David Nandigam, Abdolhossein Sarrafzadeh, and Ralph Maddison); (8) A Mobile Application for User Regulated Self-Assessments (Fotis Lazarinis, Vassilios S. Verykios, and Chris Panagiotakopoulos); and (9) Acceptance of Mobile Learning at SMEs of the Service Sector (Marc Beutner and Frederike Anna Rüscher). Short papers presented include: (1) Possible Potential of Facebook to Enhance Learners' Motivation in Mobile Learning Environment (Mehwish Raza); (2) D-Move: A Mobile Communication Based Delphi for Digital Natives to Support Embedded Research (Otto Petrovic); (3) Small Private Online Research: A Proposal for a Numerical Methods Course Based on Technology Use and Blended Learning (Francisco Javier Delgado Cepeda); (4) Experimenting with Support of Mobile Touch Devices for Pupils with Special Educational Needs (Vojtech Gybas, Katerina Kostolányová, and Libor Klubal); (5) Mobile Learning in the Theater Arts Classroom (Zihao Li); (6) Nomophobia: Is Smartphone Addiction a Genuine Risk for Mobile Learning? (Neil Davie and Tobias Hilber); (7) Analysis of Means for Building Context-Aware Recommendation System for Mobile Learning (Larysa Shcherbachenko and Samuel Nowakowski); (8) RunJumpCode: An Educational Game for Educating Programming (Matthew Hinds, Nilufar Baghaei, Pedrito Ragon, Jonathon Lambert, Tharindu Rajakaruna, Travers Houghton, and Simon Dacey); (9) Readiness for Mobile Learning: Multidisciplinary Cases from Yaroslavl State University (Vladimir Khryashchev, Natalia Kasatkina, and Dmitry Sokolenko); and (10) The M-Learning Experience of Language Learners in Informal Settings (Emine Sendurur, Esra Efendioglu, Neslihan Yondemir Çaliskan, Nomin Boldbaatar, Emine Kandin, and Sevinç Namazli). Reflection papers presented include: (1) New Model of Mobile Learning for the High School Students Preparing for the Unified State Exam (Airat Khasianov and Irina Shakhova); (2) Re-Ment--Reverse Mentoring as a Way to Deconstruct Gender Related Stereotypes in ICT (Kathrin Permoser); (3) Academic Success Foundation: Enhancing Academic Integrity through Mobile Learning (Alice Schmidt Hanbidge, Amanda Mackenzie, Nicole Sanderson, Kyle Scholz, and Tony Tin); (4) Using Tablet and iTunesU as Individualized Instruction Tools (Libor Klubal, Katerina Kostolányová, and Vojtech Gybas); (5) DuoLibras--An App Used for Teaching-Learning of Libras (Erick Nilson Sodré Filho, Lucas Gomes dos Santos, Aristóteles Esteves Marçal da Silva, Nidyana Rodrigues Miranda de Oliveira e Oliveira, Pedro Kislansky, and Marisete da Silva Andrade); (6) Educators Adopting M-Learning: Is It Sustainable in Higher Education? (Nicole Sanderson and Alice Schmidt Hanbidge); and (7) M-Kinyarwanda: Promoting Autonomous Language Learning through a Robust Mobile Application (Emmanuel Bikorimana, Joachim Rutayisire, Mwana Said Omar, and Yi Sun). Posters include: (1) Design of Mobile E-Books as a Teaching Tool for Diabetes Education (Sophie Huey-Ming Guo); and (2) Reading While Listening on Mobile Devices: An Innovative Approach to Enhance Reading (Aicha Rochdi and Jenny Eppard). The Doctoral Consortium includes: How Can Tablets Be Used for Meaning-Making and Learning (Liv Lofthus). Individual papers include references, and an Author Index is included.

These proceedings contain the papers of the 12th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2016, which was organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Vilamoura, Algarve, Portugal, April 9-11, 2016. The Mobile Learning 2016 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Full papers presented in these proceedings include: (1) Mobile Devices and Spatial Enactments of Learning: iPads in Lower Secondary Schools (Bente Meyer); (2) NetEnquiry--A Competitive Mobile Learning Approach for the Banking Sector (Marc Beutner, Matthias Teine, Marcel Gebbe and Lara Melissa Fortmann); (3) M-Learning Challenges in Teaching Crosscutting Themes in the Education of Young People and Adults (Marcos Andrei Ota and Carlos Fernando de Araujo Jr); (4) Mobile Learning: Pedagogical Strategies for Using Applications in the Classroom (Anna Helena Silveira Sonego, Leticia Rocha Machado, Cristina Alba Wildt Torrezzan and Patricia Alejandra Behar); (5) Experiencing a Mobile Game and its Impact on Teachers' Attitudes towards Mobile Learning (Hagit Meishar-Tal and Miky Ronen); (6) Exploring Mobile Affordances in the Digital Classroom (David Parsons, Herbert Thomas and Jocelyn Wishart); (7) Design, Development and Evaluation of a Field Learning Video Blog (Otto Petrovic); (8) Development and Evaluation of a Classroom Interaction System (Bingyi Cao, Margarita Esponda-Argüero and Raúl Rojas); (9) Visual Environment for Designing Interactive Learning Scenarios with Augmented Reality (José Miguel Mota, Iván Ruiz-Rube, Juan Manuel Dodero and Mauro Figueiredo); and (10) The Development of an Interactive Mathematics App for Mobile Learning (Mauro Figueiredo, Beata Godejord and José Rodrigues). Short papers presented include: (1) Conceptualizing an M-Learning System for Seniors (Matthias Teine and Marc Beutner); (2) Sensimotor Distractions when Learning with Mobile Phones on-the Move (Soledad Castellano and Inmaculada Arnedillo-Sánchez); (3) Personal Biometric Information from Wearable Technology Tracked and Followed Using an Eportfolio: A Case Study of eHealth literacy Development with Emerging Technology in Hong King Higher Education (Michele Notari, Tanja Sobko and Daniel Churchill); (4) An Initial Evaluation of Tablet Devices & What Are the Next Steps? (Tracey McKillen); (5) Information Literacy on the Go! Adding Mobile to an Age Old Challenge (Alice Schmidt Hanbidge, Nicole Sanderson and Tony Tin); (6) The Use of Digital Tools by Independent Music Teachers (Rena Upitis, Philip C. Abrami and Karen Boese); (7) Development of a Math Input Interface with Flick Operation for Mobile Devices (Yasuyuki Nakamura and Takahiro Nakahara); (8) Smartwatches as a Learning Tool: A Survey of Student Attitudes (Neil Davie and Tobias Hilber); and (9) The Adoption of Mobile Learning in a Traditional Training Environment: The C95-Challenge Project Experience (Nadia Catenazzi, Lorenzo Sommaruga, Kylene De Angelis and Giulio Gabbianelli). Reflection papers include the following; (1) Leadership for Nursing Work-Based Mobile Learning (Dorothy Fahlman); (2) Reflections on Ways forward for Addressing Ethical Concerns in Mobile Learning Research (Jocelyn Wishart); and (3) Mobile Learning: Extreme Outcomes of Everywhere, Anytime (Giuseppe Cosimo De Simone). Posters include: (1) Student Response Behavior to Six Types of Caller/Sender When Smartphones Receive a Call or Text Message during University Lectures (Kunihiro Chida, Yuuki Kato and Shogo Kato); and (2) Understanding the Use of Mobile Resources to Enhance Paralympic Boccia Teaching and Learning for Students with Cerebral Palsy (Fabiana Zioti, Giordano Clemente, Raphael de Paiva Gonçalves, Matheus Souza, Aracele Fassbinder and Ieda Mayumi Kawashita). Doctoral Consortium papers include: (1) Forms of the Materials Shared between a Teacher and a Pupil (Libor Klubal and Katerina Kostolányová); and (2) Mobile Touch Screen Devices as Compensation for the Teaching Materials at a Special Primary School (Vojtech Gybas and Katerina Kostolányová). Individual papers provide references, and an Author Index is provided.

The aim of the study is to examine how multiculturalism and peace studies have been viewed in Brazilian and North American literature as gleaned both from Brazilian research studies and articles presented at Peace Education Special Interest Group (SIG) in American Education Research Association (AERA), within the scope of 2010-2014, which concludes that multiculturalism and peace studies may offer groundbreaking venues to promote education provision to every one, civilian and military students together with reforms in higher education. [For the complete Volume 14, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568088.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal July 15-19, 2014). The e-Learning 2014 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covered technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning under seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Moving Higher Education Forward in the Digital Age: Realising a Digital Strategy," by Neil Morris, Professor of Educational Technology, Innovation and Change and Director of Digital Learning, University of Leeds, UK. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Culture, Gender and Technology-Enhanced Learning: Female and Male Students' Perceptions Across Three Continents, Thomas Richter and Asta Zelenkauskaite; (2) IPads In Learning: The Web of Change Bente Meyer; (3) A Blended Approach to Canadian First Nations Education, Martin Sacher, Mavis Sacher and Norman Vaughan; (4) A Storytelling Learning Model For Legal Education, Nicola Capuano, Carmen De Maio, Angelo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Saverio Salerno and Eleonora Fratesi; (5) Acceptance and Success Factors for M-Learning of ERP Systems Curricula, Brenda Scholtz and Mando Kapeso; (6) Self-Regulation Competence in Music Education, Luca Andrea Ludovico and Giuseppina Rita Mangione; (7) Time-Decayed User Profile for Second Language Vocabulary Learning System, Li Li and Xiao Wei; (8) E-Learning Trends and Hypes in Academic Teaching: Methodology and Findings of a Trend Study, Helge Fischer, Linda Heise, Matthias Heinz, Kathrin Moebius and Thomas Koehler; (9) Proof of Economic Viability of Blended Learning Business Models, Carsten Druhmann and Gregor Hohenberg; (10) Does Satellite Television Program Satisfy Ethiopian Secondary School Students? Sung-Wan Kim and Gebeyehu Bogale; (11) Organisation and Management of a Complete Bachelor Degree Offered Online at the University of Milan for Ten Years, Manuela Milani, Sabrina Papini, Daniela Scaccia and Nello Scarabottolo; (12) Structural Relationships between Variables of Elementary School Students' Intention of Accepting Digital Textbooks, Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Se-Bin Choi, Eugene Lim and Kyung Yi Go; (13) Dynamic Fuzzy Logic-Based Quality of Interaction within Blended-Learning: The Rare and Contemporary Dance Cases, Sofia B. Dias, José A. Diniz and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis; (14) Do English Listening Outcome and Cognitive Load Change for Different Media Delivery Modes in U-Learning?, Chi-Cheng Chang, Hao Lei and Ju-Shih Tseng; (15) The Use of ELGG Social Networking Tool for Students' Project Peer-Review Activity, Ana Coric Samardzija and Goran Bubas; (16) Educational Multimedia Profiling Recommendations for Device-Aware Adaptive Mobile Learning, Arghir-Nicolae Moldovan, Ioana Ghergulescu and Cristina Hava Muntean; (17) Inside, Outside, Upside Down: New Directions in Online Teaching and Learning, Lena Paulo Kushnir and Kenneth C. Berry; (18) A Study on the Methods of Assessment and Strategy of Knowledge Sharing in Computer Course, Pat P. W. Chan; (19) Using Agent-Based Technologies to Enhance Learning in Educational Games, Ogar Ofut Tumenayu, Olga Shabalina, Valeriy Kamaev and Alexander Davtyan; (20) Designing a Culturally Sensitive Wiki Space for Developing Chinese Students' Media Literacy, Daria Mezentceva; (21) Shared Cognition Facilitated by Teacher Use of Interactive Whiteboard Technologies, Christine Redman and John Vincent; (22) Modeling Pedagogy for Teachers Transitioning to the Virtual Classroom, Michael J. Canuel and Beverley J. White; (23) The Effectiveness of SDMS in the Development of E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Kobus van Aswegen, Magda Huisman and Estelle Taylor; (24) Online Learning Behaviors for Radiology Interns Based on Association Rules and Clustering Technique, Hsing-Shun Chen and Chuen-He Liou; (25) The Use of SDMS in Developing E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Estelle Taylor, Kobus van Aswegen and Magda Huisman; (26) Assessment of the Use of Online Comunities to Integrate Educational Processes Development Teams: An Experience in Popular Health Education in Brazil, Elomar Castilho Barilli, Stenio de Freitas Barretto, Carla Moura Lima and Marco Antonio Menezes; (27) Stereo Orthogonal Axonometric Perspective for the Teaching of Descriptive Geometry, José Geraldo Franco Méxas, Karla Bastos Guedes and Ronaldo da Silva Tavares; (28) Delivery of E-Learning through Social Learning Networks, Georgios A. Dafoulas and Azam Shokri; (29) The Implementation of Web 2.0 Technology for Information Literacy Instruction in Thai University Libraries, Oranuch Sawetrattanasatian; (30) Designing Educational Social Machines for Effective Feedback, Matthew Yee-King, Maria Krivenski, Harry Brenton, Andreu Grimalt-Reynes and Mark d'Inverno; (31) A Support System for Error Correction Questions in Programming Education, Yoshinari Hachisu and Atsushi Yoshida; (32) A Platform for Learning Internet of Things, Zorica Bogdanovic, Konstantin Simic, Miloš Milutinovic, Božidar Radenkovic and Marijana Despotovic-Zrakic, (33) Dealing with Malfunction: Locus of Control in Web-Conferencing, Michael Klebl; (34) Copyright and Creative Commons License: Can Educators Gain Benefits in the Digital Age? (Wariya Lamlert); (35) The Curriculum Design and Development in MOOCs Environment (Fei Li, Jing Du and Bin Li); (36) Stakeholders Influence in Maltese Tourism Higher Education Curriculum Development (Simon Caruana and Lydia Lau); (37) Online Social Networks and Computer Skills of University Students (Maria Potes Barbas, Gabriel Valerio, María Del Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez, Dagoberto José Herrera-Murillo and Ana María Belmonte-Jiménez); (38) Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Assessment in Engineering Laboratory Education (Maria Samarakou, Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis, Pantelis Prentakis and Spyros Athineos); (39) An Exploration of the Attitude and Learning Effectiveness of Business College Students towards Game Based Learning (Chiung-Sui Chang, Ya-Ping Huang and Fei-Ling Chien); (40) Application of E-Learning Technologies to Study a School Subject (Nadia Herbst and Elias Oupa Mashile); (41) Possibilities of Implementation of Small Business Check-Up Methodology in Comparative Analysis of Secondary Schools and Universities in Slovakia (Katarína Štofková, Ivan Strícek and Jana Štofková); (42) Digging the Virtual Past (Panagiota Polymeropoulou); (43) Technology Acceptance of E-Learning within a Blended Vocational Course in West Africa (Ashwin Mehta); (44) Development of an E-Learning Platform for Vocational Education Systems in Germany (Andreas Schober, Frederik Müller, Sabine Linden, Martha Klois and Bernd Künne); (45) Facebook Mediated Interaction and learning in Distance Learning at Makerere University (Godfrey Mayende, Paul Birevu Muyinda, Ghislain Maurice Norbert Isabwe, Michael Walimbwa and Samuel Ndeda Siminyu); (46) Assessing the Purpose and Importance University Students Attribute to Current ICT Applications (Maurice Digiuseppe and Elita Partosoedarso); (47) E-Learning System for Design and Construction of Amplifier Using Transistors (Atsushi Takemura); (48) Technology, Gender Attitude, and Software, among Middle School Math Instructors (Godwin N. Okeke); (49) Structuring Long-Term Faculty Training According to Needs Exhibited by Students' Written Comments in Course Evaluations (Robert Fulkerth); (50) Integration of PBL Methodologies into Online Learning Courses and Programs (Roland Van Oostveen, Elizabeth Childs, Kathleen Flynn and Jessica Clarkson); (51) Improving Teacher-Student Contact in a Campus Through a Location-Based Mobile Application (Vítor Manuel Ferreira and Fernando Ramos); (52) Incorporating Collaborative, Interactive Experiences into a Technology-Facilitated Professional Learning Network for Pre-Service Science Teachers (Seamus Delaney and Christine Redman); (53) The Efficiency of E-Learning Activities in Training Mentor Teachers (Laura Serbanescu and Sorina Chircu); (54) Development of an IOS App Using Situated Learning, Communities of Practice, and Augmented Reality for Autism Spectrum Disorder (Jessica Clarkson); (55) Using Case-Based Reasoning to Improve the Quality of Feedback Provided by Automated Grading Systems (Angelo Kyrilov and David C. Noelle); (56) International Multidisciplinary Learning: An Account of a Collaborative Effort among Three Higher Education Institutions (Paul S. H. Poh, Robby Soetanto, Stephen Austin and Zulkifar A. Adamu); (57) Interactive Learning to Stimulate the Brain's Visual Center and to Enhance Memory Retention (Yang H. Yun, Philip A. Allen, Kritsakorn Chaumpanich and Yingcai Xiao); (58) How Digital Technologies, Blended Learning and MOOCs Will Impact the Future of Higher Education (Neil P. Morris); (59) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E-Learning Adoption in Libya's Higher Education Institutions (Mahfoud Benghet and Markus Helfert); (60) Motivation as a Method of Controlling the Social Subject Self-Learning (Andrey V. Isaev, Alla G. Kravets and Ludmila A. Isaeva); (61) Designing Environment for Teaching Internet of Things (Konstantin Simic, Vladimir Vujin, Aleksandra Labus, Ðorde Stepanic and Mladen Stevanovic); (62) Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Students with Learning Disabilities through Online Problem-Based Learning (Kathleen Flynn); and (63) A System for the Automatic Assembly of Test Questions Using a NO-SQL Database (Sanggyu Shin and Hiroshi Hashimoto). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

These proceedings contain the papers of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Madrid, Spain, February 28-March 2, 2014. The Mobile Learning 2014 International Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Supporting Teachers to Design and Use Mobile Collaborative Learning Games (Iza Marfisi-Schottman and Sébastien George); (2) Ebooks as PDF Files, in Epub Format or as Interactive Ibooks? Digital Books in Physics Lessons of Secondary Education (Manfred Lohr); (3) Mobile Learning and Early Age Mathematics (Shir Peled and Shimon Schocken); (4) M-Learning--On Path to Integration with Organisation Systems (Shilpa Srivastava and Ved Prakash Gulati); (5) Improving History Learning through Cultural Heritage, Local History and Technology (Graça Magro, Joaquim Ramos de Carvalho and Maria José Marcelino); (6) Intrigue at the Museum: Facilitating Engagement and Learning through a Location-Based Mobile Game (Jetmir Xhembulla, Irene Rubino, Claudia Barberis and Giovanni Malnati); (7) Mobile-Based Chatting for Meeting Negotiation in Foreign Language Learning (María Dolores Castrillo, Elena Martín-Monje and Elena Bárcena); (8) Student Preferences for M-Learning Application Characteristics (Ömer Delialioglu & Yasaman Alioon); (9) Learning and Teaching with Mobile Devices An Approach in Secondary Education in Ghana (Margarete Grimus and Martin Ebner); (10) Cross-Cultural Design of Mobile Mathematics Learning Service for South African Schools (Tanja Walsh, Teija Vainio and Jari Varsaluoma); (11) Mobile Learning and Achievement Goal Orientation Profiles (Minna Asplund); (12) A Review of Integrating Mobile Phones for Language Learning (Ramiza Darmi and Peter Albion); (13) Overlapping Chat's Accessibility Requirements between Students with and without Disabilities Due to the Mobile Limitiations (Rocío Calvo, Ana Iglesias and Lourdes Moreno); (14) UML Quiz: Automatic Conversion of Web-Based E-Learning Content in Mobile Applications (Alexander von Franqué and Hilda Tellioglu); (15) Pedagogical Applications of Smartphone Integration in Teaching--Lectures', Students', & Pupils' Perspectives (Tami Seifert); (16) MOOC's to Go (Jan Renz, Thomas Staubitz and Christoph Meinel); (17) Strategies and Challenges in Ipad Initiative (Chientzu Candace Chou, Lanise Block and Renee Jesness); (18) Blending Classroom Teaching and Learning with QR Codes (Jenni Rikala and Marja Kankaanranta); (19) Programming Education with a Blocks-Based Visual Language for Mobile Application Development (Can Mihci and Nesrin Ozdener); (20) Shifting Contexts: Investigating the Role of Context in the Use of Obiquitious Computing for Design-Based Learning (Katharine S. Willis and Gianni Corino); (21) Evaluation Framework for Dependable Mobile Learning Scenarios (Manel Bensassi and Mona Laroussi); (22) Initial Evaluation of a Mobile Scaffolding Application that Seeks to Support Novice Learners of Programming (Chao Mbogo, Edwin Blake and Hussein Suleman); (23) Defining a Set of Architectural Requirements for Service-Oriented Mobile Learning Environments (Nemésio Freitas Duarte Filho and Ellen Francine Barbosa); (24) Portability and Usability of Open Educational Resources on Mobile Devices: A Study in the Context of Brazilian Educational Portals and Android-Based Devices (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Vitor Hugo Miranda Mourão, Márcio Diógenes de Oliveira da Cruz and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (25) Evaluating QR Code Case Studies Using a Mobile Learning Framework (Jenni Rikala); (26) Developing a Mobile Social Media Framework for Creative Pedagogies (Thomas Cochrane, Laurent Antonczak, Matthew Guinibert and Danni Mulrennan); (27) Factors Affecting M-Learners' Course Satisfaction and Learning Persistence (Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Eugene Lim and Hae Jin Kim); (28) A Framework to Support Mobile Learning in Multilingual Environments (Mmaki E. Jantjies and Mike Joy); (29) Mobile Technology Integrated Pedagogical Model (Arshia Khan); (30) Representation of an Incidental Learning Framework to Support Mobile Learning (Eileen Scanlon, Mark Gaved, Ann Jones, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Lucas Paletta and Ian Dunwell); (31) Using Mobile Apps and Social Media for Online Learner-Generated Content (Paul David Henry); (32) Tweeting as a Tool for Learning Science: The Credibility of Student-Produced Knowledge Content in Educational Contexts (Kaja Vembe Swensen, Kenneth Silseth and Ingeborg Krange); (33) What Mobile Learning and Working Remotely Can Learn from Each Other (Koen Depryck); (34) In-Time On-Place Learning (Merja Bauters, Jukka Purma and Teemu Leinonen); (35) M-Learning and Technological Literacy: Analyzing Benefits for Apprenticeship (Carlos Manuel Pacheco Cortés and Adriana Margarita Pacheco Cortés); (36) Designing a Site to Embed and to Interact with Wolfram Alpha Widgets in Math and Science Courses (Francisco Javier Delgado Cepeda and Ruben Dario Santiago Acosta); (37) An Environment for Mobile Experiential Learning (Otto Petrovic, Philipp Babcicky and Thomas Puchleitner); (38) Supporting Situated Learning Based on QR Codes with Etiquetar App: A Pilot Study (Miguel Olmedo Camacho, Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Carlos Alario-Hoyos, Xavier Soldani, Carlos Delgado Kloos and Sergio Sayago); (39) Raising Awareness of Cybercrime--The Use of Education as a Means of Prevention and Protection (Julija Lapuh Bele, Maja Dimc, David Rozman and Andreja Sladoje Jemec); (40) Mobile Game for Learning Bacteriology (Ryo Sugimura, Sotaro Kawazu, Hiroki Tamari, Kodai Watanabe, Yohei Nishimura, Toshiki Oguma, Katsushiro Watanabe, Kosuke Kaneko, Yoshihiro Okada, Motofumi Yoshida, Shigeru Takano and Hitoshi Inoue); (41) The Theory Paper: What is the Future of Mobile Learning? (John Traxler and Marguerite Koole); (42) Rapid Prototyping of Mobile Learning Games (Maija Federley, Timo Sorsa, Janne Paavilainen, Kimo Boissonnier and Anu Seisto); (43) Preparing Lessons, Exercises and Tests for M-Learning of IT Fundamentals (S. Djenic, V. Vasiljevic, J. Mitic, V. Petkovic and A. Miletic); (44) The Motivating Power of Social Obligation: An Investigation into the Pedagogical Affordances of Mobile Learning Integrated with Facebook (Nurhasmiza Sazalli, Rupert Wegerif and Judith Kleine-Staarman); (45) When Everyone is a Probe, Everyone is a Learner (Boris Berenfeld, Tatiana Krupa, Arseny Lebedev and Sergey Stafeev); (46) Mobile Learning and Art Museums: A Case Study of New Art Interpretation Approach for Visitor Engagement through Mobile Media (Victoria López Benito); (47) Learner Centric in M-Learning: Integration of Security, Dependability and Trust (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (48) M-Learning Pilot at Sofia University (Elissaveta Gourova, Pavlin Dulev, Dessislava Petrova-Antonova and Boyan Bontchev); (49) A Mobile Service Oriented Multiple Object Tracking Augmented Reality Architecture for Education and Learning Experiences (Sasithorn Rattanarungrot, Martin White and Paul Newbury); (50) Learners' Ensemble Based Security Conceptual Model for M-Learning System in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution (Sheila Mahalingam, Faizal Mohd Abdollah and Shahrin Sahib); (51) Supporting the M-Learning Based Knowledge Transfer in University Education and Corporate Sector (András Benedek and György Molnár); and (52) The future of Ubiquitous Elearning (Timothy Arndt). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of these proceedings.

These proceedings contain the papers of the IADIS International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2013), October 22-24, 2013, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), co-organized by The University of North Texas (UNT), sponsored by the Association for Educational Communication and Technologies (AECT), and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2013 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning, and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality, and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aims to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. However, innovative contributions that do not easily fit into these areas are also included as long as they are directly related to the overall theme of the conference--cognition and exploratory learning in the digital age. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Ubiquitous Learning Analytics for Adaptive and Authentic Instruction," by Professor Kinshuk, Associate Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, NSERC/iCORE/Xerox/Markin Industrial Research Chair--School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Canada. The conference also included a panel entitled "Interactive Technologies for Teacher Training: Two Technology Approaches and Their Implications," with Julia Meritt, David Gibson, Rhonda Christensen, Gerald Knezek, and Wilhelmina Savenye. Papers presented in this conference include: (1) Working Memory Intervention: A Reading Comprehension Approach (Tracy L. Perry and Evguenia Malaia); (2) Suggestions for the Design of E-Learning Environments to Enhance Learner Self-Efficacy (Charles B. Hodges); (3) Student and Teacher Use of Technology at the University Level (Peter Gobel and Makimi Kano); (4) Understanding and Applying Technology in Faculty Development Programs (Sharon L. Burton and Dustin Bessette); (5) Measuring Problem Solving Skills in "Portal 2" (Valerie J. Shute and Lubin Wang); (6) Students' Facebook Usage and Academic Achievement: A Case Study of Private University in Thailand (Wilailuk Sereetrakul); (7) Students' Usage of Facebook for Academic Purposes: A Case Study of Public and Private Universities in Thailand (Ampai Thongteeraparp); (8) Persistence of Cognitive Constructs Fostered by Hands-On Science Activities in Middle School Students (Rhonda Christensen, Gerald Knezek, Tandra Tyler-Wood, and David Gibson); (9) Spanning Knowledge Barriers in E-Learning Content Design (Tsai-Hsin Chu, Yi Lee, and Yen-Hsien Lee); (10) ASK LDT 2.0: A Web-Based Graphical Tool for Authoring Learning Designs (Panagiotis Zervas, Konstantinos Fragkos, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (11) Model of Emotional Expressions in Movements (Vladimir L. Rozaliev and Yulia A. Orlova); (12) The ANCESTOR Project: Aboriginal Computer Education through Storytelling (Marla Weston and Dianne Biin); (13) Context-Based Semantic Annotations in CoPEs: An Ontological and Rule-Based Approach (Souâad Boudebza, Lamia Berkani, and Faiçal Azouaou); (14) Mobile Augmented Reality in Supporting Peer Assessment: An Implementation in a Fundamental Design Course (Chung-Hsien Lan, Stefan Chao, Kinshuk, and Kuo-Hung Chao); (15) Intelligent Tutors in Immersive Virtual Environments (Peng Yan, Brian M. Slator, Bradley Vender, Wei Jin, Matti Kariluoma, Otto Borchert, Guy Hokanson, Vaibhav Aggarwal, Bob Cosmano, Kathleen T. Cox, André Pilch, and Andrew Marry); (16) Can Free-Range Students Save Some Schools? A Case Study on a Hybrid Classroom (Christopher Francis White); (17) ICT Support for Collaborative Learning--A Tale of Two Cities (Teresa Consiglio and Gerrit C. van der Veer); (18) Issues of Learning Games: From Virtual to Real (Thibault Carron, Philippe Pernelle, and Stéphane Talbot); (19) Data Challenges of Leveraging a Simulation to Assess Learning (David Gibson and Peter Jakl); (20) Self-Assessment and Reflection in a 1st Semester Course for Software Engineering Students (Jacob Nielsen, Gunver Majgaard, and Erik Sørensen); (21) Journey of Exploration on the Way towards Authentic Learning Environments (Merja Meriläinen and Maarika Piispanen); (22) Supporting the Strengths and Activity of Children with Autism in a Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment (Virpi Vellonen, Eija Kärnä, and Marjo Virnes); (23) Transforming Education in a Primary School: A Case Study (Cathleen A. Norris, Elliot Soloway, Chun Ming Tan, Chee Kit Looi, and Akhlaq Hossain); (24) Using Generic and Context-Specific Scaffolding to Support Authentic Science Inquiry (Brian R. Belland, Jiangyue Gu, Sara Armbrust, and Brant Cook); (25) Using a Facebook Group as a Forum to Distribute, Answer and Discuss Content: Influence on Achievement (Blanche W. O'Bannon, Virginia G. Britt, and Jeffrey L. Beard); (26) Some Psychometric and Design Implications of Game-Based Learning Analytics (David Gibson and Jody Clarke-Midura); (27) Piaget, Inhelder and "Minecraft" (Catherine C. Schifter, Maria Cipollone, and Frederick Moffat); (28) Math on a Sphere: Making Use of Public Displays in Education (Michael Eisenberg, Antranig Basman, and Sherry Hsi); (29) Research on the E-Textbook and E-Schoolbag in China: Constructing an Ecosystem of E-Textbook and E-Schoolbag (Yonghe Wu, Lin Lin, Xiaoling Ma, and Zhiting Zhu); (30) A Study on Improving Information Processing Abilities Based on PBL (Du Gyu Kim and JaeMu Lee); (31) Tablets in the Classroom: Improvisational Rhythms and Change through Bricolage (Bente Meyer); (32) Using REU Projects and Crowdsourcing to Facilitate Learning on Demand (Hong P. Liu and Jerry E. Klein); (33) iPads in Inclusive Classrooms: Ecologies of Learning (Bente Meyer); (34) Designing Learning Object Repositories as Systems for Managing Educational Communities Knowledge (Demetrios G. Sampson and Panagiotis Zervas); (35) The Configuration Process of a Community of Practice in the Collective Text Editor (Cláudia Zank and Patricia Alejandra Behar); (36) Cross-Continental Research Collaborations about Online Teaching (Kevin P. Gosselin and Maria Northcote); (37) Leverage Learning in the University Classroom (Melissa Roberts Becker, Pam Winn, and Susan Erwin); (38) Using Loop Learning and Critical Dialogue in Developing Innovative Literature Reviews (Marilyn K. Simon and Jim Goes); (39) Developing a Connectivist MOOC at a College of Education: Narrative of Disruptive Innovation? (Dalit Levy and Sarah Schrire); (40) The Cognitive Cost of Chatting While Attending a Lecture: A Temporal Analysis (Chris Bigenho, Lin Lin, Caroline Gold, Arjun Gupta, and Lindsay Rawitscher); (41) "Visual Selves": Construction Science Students' Perceptions about Their Abilities to Represent Spatial Related Problems Internally and Externally (Tamera McCuen and Xun Ge); (42) Educational Affordances That Support Development of Innovative Thinking Skills in Large Classes (Julaine Fowlin, Catherine Amelink, and Glenda Scales); (43) Technology and Curriculum Standards: How Well Do Internet-Based Learning Games Support Common Core Standards for Mathematics? (Teri Bingham and Jan Ray); (44) English Proficiency and Participation in Online Discussion for Learning (Steve Leung); (45) Problem-Based Educational Game Becomes Student-Centered Learning Environment (Pornpimon Rodkroh, Praweenya Suwannatthachote, and Wannee Kaemkate); (46) Technology and Cognition Merge with Challenge-Based Learning Cycles Online (Shelley L. Cobbett); (47) Student-Driven Classroom Technologies: Transmedia Navigation and Transformative Communications (Leila A. Mills, Gerald A. Knezek, and Jenny S. Wakefield); (48) The Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers' Concerns about Integrating Web 2.0 Technologies into Instruction (Yungwei Hao, Shiou-ling Wang, Su-jen Chang, Yin-hung Hsu, and Ren-yen Tang); (49) An Examination of Teachers' Integration of Web 2.0 Technologies in Secondary Classrooms: A Phenomenological Study (Ling Wang); (50) Perceived Affordances of a Technology-Enhanced Active Learning Classroom in Promoting Collaborative Problem Solving (Xun Ge, Yu Jin Yang, Lihui Liao, and Erin G. Wolfe); (51) Authentic Learning through GBL: Using Inquiry and PBL Strategies to Accomplish Specific Learning Outcomes through Smart Games in Formal and Informal Settings (Brad Hoge); (52) Dealing with Unseen Obstacles to Education in the Digital Age (Valerie J. H. Powell, Arif Sirinterlikci, Christopher Zomp, Randall S. Johnson, Phillip Miller, and James C. Powell); (53) Implementing Collaborative Design in the Next Series of eLearning Platforms (Dorothy Kropf); (54) Facing the Challenge--Developing an Instructional Plan for Portuguese as Foreign Language in Brazil Based on Multiliteracy (Ana Flora Schlindwein); (55) Life-Long Learning and Social Responsibility Obligations (Robin Mayes); (56) The Contributions of Digital Concept Maps to Assessment for Learning Practices (Mehmet Filiz, David Trumpower, and Sait Atas); (57) Don't Waste Student Work: Using Classroom Assignments to Contribute to Online Resources (Jim Davies); (58) Leveraging Sociocultural Theory to Create a Mentorship Program for Doctoral Students (Matt Crosslin, Jenny S. Wakefield, Phyllis Bennette, and James William Black, III); (59) Demonstrable Competence: An Assessment Method for Competency Domains in Learning and Leadership Doctoral Program (David W. Rausch and Elizabeth K. Crawford); (60) Confidence-Based Assessments within an Adult Learning Environment (Paul Novacek); (61) Effect of Digitally-Inspired Instruction on Seventh Grade Science Achievement (Pam Winn, Susan Erwin, Melissa Becker, and Misty White); (62) Interactive Technologies for Teacher Training: Comparing Performance and Assessment in Second Life and SimSchool (Julia Meritt, David Gibson, Rhonda Christensen, and Gerald Knezek); (63) Some Considerations on Digital Reading (Rodrigo Esteves de Lima-Lopes); (64) An Alternative Approach to Test Analysis and Interpretation (J. C. Powell); (65) Volition Support Design Model (ChanMin Kim); (66) Tekking: Transversing Virtual and International Boundaries to Explore and Develop Effective Adult Learner Experiences (Ruth Gannon Cook); (67) Strengthening Parent-Child Relationships through Co-Playing Video Games (Anneliese Sheffield and Lin Lin); and (68) Reflection Paper on a Ubiquitous English Vocabulary Learning System: Evidence of Active/Passive Attitude vs. Usefulness/Ease-of-Use (Jeff Lim). An author index is included. Individual papers contain references. Luís Rodrigues is the associate editor of these proceedings.

This document contains seven papers about and from an international meeting on promoting linkage between technical and vocational education and the world of work. The first paper, a Final Report on the "International Expert Meeting on the Promotion of Linkage between Technical/Vocational Education and the World of Work (Tokyo, Japan, 3-6 February 1997)," examines the following: the meeting's purpose; main points raised in the keynote and country papers and multimedia presentations; major issues (major implications of multimedia and networks and their use to develop competencies through self-learning; financing of the development of multimedia approaches; evaluation of student achievements through multimedia methods; and new roles of teachers); field visits connected with the meeting; and recommendations to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) member states. The following six papers constitute the remainder of the document: "International Trends and Developments in Technical and Vocational Education" (Gregor Ramsey); "Technical Education and the World of Work: The Brazilian Context" (Ana Maria Lakomy); "Current Trends of TVET [Technical and Vocational Education and Training] in Germany" (Antonius Lipsmeier); "Linkage between Technical and Vocational Education and the World of Work in Indonesia" (Rina Arlianti); "Technical and Vocational Education in Japan" (Haruo Nishinosono); and "The Promotion of Linkage between Technical/Vocational Education and the World of Work in Korea" (Tae-Hwa Jung). (MN)

In this paper, we report on a study that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic and for which we interviewed ten experienced, university level, language instructors about their digital practices as they found themselves teaching in an Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) mode. The study sought to describe how, through their professional activities and experiences, they developed new and/ or further online competencies and how the ERT context brought them to rethink their pedagogical practices and namely, their Written Corrective Feedback (WCF). Our results show that language instructors' digital competencies are on a dynamic continuum of changes with some who faced challenges, while others sought opportunities or provided solutions during that unprecedented period. An adapted version of the SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) model (Puentedura, 2010) is suggested, which takes into consideration this ERT context. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed by the United Nations in 2015 to encompass universal respect for equality and non-discrimination regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, and cultural diversity. Since 2000, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) have aligned with SDG 4.3 by developing higher education institutions (HEIs) which aims to "By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university". This was intended to create equal opportunities and permit full realisation and prosperity of human rights and human dignity. This paper explores the effectiveness of managing racial integration in BRICS HEIs and illustrates remarkable progress in research and policy enactment. Particular attention is devoted to the period from the mid-2000s when evidence around the globe exposed the presence of many forms of violence, which inhibit management of effective racial integration. Based on case studies from selected BRICS countries (South Africa, Russia, and Brazil), this paper explores how the management of racial integration is being addressed within these contexts. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the percentage of expenditure on public education of a country and the effect that each percentage mark has on the economic growth, and therefore Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. The goal of this paper is to explore how investment in education impacts the economic growth of a country through the production of more skilled workers in the workforce. This paper aims to draw a comparison between the BRICS countries, and a representative number of the countries in the European Union to compare the investment, process and product delivered through these groupings. By looking at the production function from a Marxist perspective it is inevitable to notice that the error coefficient is significantly higher within the BRICS countries than in the European Union, which is reflected in the rate of economic growth. This paper would be of interest to economists, education policy makers, researchers, and scholars.

The objective of this paper is to report the preliminary results of a telecollaborative project between a Brazilian university (UTFPR) and a Colombian university (Universidad de Pamplona) that both offer a Licentiate degree in English. The project had two purposes: a pedagogical one to show student-teachers how they can develop their communication skills in English in a collaborative way by sharing information with other student-teachers from a different culture, and a technological one to put future teachers in contact with some technological tools. The paper is divided into three parts: (1) a brief description of the context and the participants; (2) the project itself -- the first steps, the objectives, and the tasks; and (3) the Brazilian view of the whole process/project as well as the students' feedback. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600837.]

As imperceptible as it is, mathematics is fundamental and is present on several occasions in our daily lives, but among 65 countries Brazil still ranks 53rd in education. The lack of investment in primary education has affected students learning since the early years. From this perspective, this paper proposed to verify teaching/learning in mathematics discipline for elementary school students through playful games, a fun method that can be used at various times and aims to review and fix the content in a practical way and interactive. For this, a game named "Mathematical rods" was elaborated a renewal of the hobby "Cat rods". The operations present in the game are simple, focused on basic mathematics and can still be adapted depending on the level of knowledge of the students. The game was applied to three groups of six 9th grade students of the State College Professor Izidoro Luiz Ceravolo, located in the city of Apucarana, Paraná in Brazil. Therefore, in addition to dynamic and creative, we conclude that this educational interpretation is easy and accessible, a tool that can be used in any public institution, contributing to the learning process of students. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

Pandemic has changed the way education has taken place in Brazil, which has occurred remotely. The classes have been taught in the public network especially through lives or WhatsApp. In this paper, the way in which the training activities of the supervised internship and the Pedagogical Residency in the teaching of Physics in schools took place will be addressed. As a result, the abundant use of new information and communication technologies was verified. Resources and methodologies such as digital platforms, simulators, gamification, among others, were used by pre-service teachers during supervised internship and/or Pedagogical Residency activities. With this, pre-service teachers were able to immerse themselves in the current school reality, better understanding how teaching has occurred in this period and to propose activities that could help to improve the quality of teaching offered in basic education schools and in the recycling of in-service teachers, as well as in the motivation of students, too. [For the full proceedings, see ED620289.]

Since 1987, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra (FMUC) has been engaged in mobility programs, making efforts to encourage and support the internationalization of its students. Mobility programs are designed to strengthen the dimension and quality of the Higher Education, to encourage transnational cooperation between Universities, to improve transparency and academic recognition of studies and qualifications. The objective of this paper is to present a report on the evolution of mobility of the FMUC undergraduate students in the period between 2009 and 2019. A descriptive report was carried out. During this last decade, the FMUC has dealt with mobility applications from 1,500 incoming and 1,350 outgoing students to attend both classes and clinical traineeships as part of their Master's Degrees in Medicine. In the academic year 2015-2016 there was an increase in the number of applications, coinciding with the introduction of clinical internships in hospitals. The top countries where the FMUC sent students (538); and from where it received students (978) were, Italy, Spain and Brazil. In Portugal, the FMUC is one of the main medical schools with the largest number of students attending mobility programs, which has contributed to fostering the internationalization of undergraduate medical students' training. [For the full proceedings, see ED626585.]

Students' perceptions of an activity involving visualization are important in assessing their learning of the task. In view of this, this study was developed with undergraduate students from different courses at a public Brazilian university. The research objective was to determine how three students, who are majoring in different courses (chemistry graduation and engineering), perceive their participation in an inquiry-based metavisual activity (IBMA). For this, the students were interviewed and data were categorized according to similarities and differences in the reports. The findings indicate that the IBMA was able to facilitate the reconstruction of concepts with an emphasis at the submicro level, for the students that were majoring in chemistry. The engineering student reported a partial construction of concepts. The student's learning may have been compromised due to the smaller repertoire that he had in chemistry and on models at the submicro level. [For the full proceedings, see ED629086.]

The construction of a concept can be developed from the students' prior knowledge. Regarding deaf students, it is considered their conceptions conceived through vision. Given this, the present research was conducted with a group of deaf students in the 7th year of elementary school with the aim of verifying what ideas these students had about science. The research was carried out with a qualitative approach, using action research. For data collection, an activity was proposed with the elaboration of drawings, carried out in three stages: (1) initial conversation and elaboration of the drawings; (2) explanation of the drawings (in Libras); (3) closure of the activity. Drawings were prepared, speeches (in Libras) transcribed and notes from the logbook were used for analysis. The analyzed data revealed three categories in which students conceived decontextualized views, also demonstrating a distance from science and applications in everyday life. In relation to the visuality of the deaf student, the difficulty was evidenced in selecting and interpreting the various information that was conveyed around them. [For the full proceedings, see ED629086.]

Science education objectives in Brazil have evolved over time. Initially, the focus was on creating scientifically literate citizens who could relate scientific concepts to their daily lives. In 2017, the São Paulo City Curriculum for Natural Sciences was introduced to teach students scientific literacy through inquiry-based teaching methods. This study focused on the perceptions of teachers from an primary school in São Paulo who participated by filling out a Google Forms questionnaire. The findings revealed that the majority of participating teachers had undergone curriculum implementation training. While they considered the organization of disciplinary content to be similar to their previous teaching methods, they struggled with implementing inquiry-based teaching strategies and linking scientific content to the United Nation Foundation 2030 sustainable development goals. [For the full proceedings, see ED629086.]

This paper aims to identify limitations and opportunities for using live streaming for distance learning classes in a course offered at a Brazilian public university. The number of videos on social networks in different fields and about various topics increases each year. Real-time classes are also increasingly being used in distance learning courses. Live streaming through YouTube enables an interactive experience because it allows for images, videos, music, and screenshots to be used during the broadcast. This enhances the experience and interaction between the spectator and presenter and enables real-time discussions. A distance learning course was offered in the first semester of 2019 (between May and July) to foster discussions about pedagogical architectures for the construction of digital competences in Distance Learning (DL). During the course, six classes were live-streamed and broadcast via YouTube. There was one class per week, lasting an average of 40 minutes each and covering distinct topics. This is a qualitative case study with 14 subjects between the ages of 35 and 64. They were primarily female and mainly their mobile devices to watch the classes. Different types of data collection instruments were applied including an online questionnaire and YouTube video platform metrics. The students reported that the classes were essential for interaction and helped to answer their questions due to real-time feedback, which qualifies the teaching and learning processes. The metrics from the YouTube platform revealed that the videos were watched mainly in Brazil and the United States, with over 1,500 views so far, 10% of which had live interactions through chat. This example shows both the range and engagement of students with the live streamed classes as well as the possibilities for interaction. Therefore, live-streamed classes are important for DL courses and should be integrated in planning in order to contribute to the distance learning process. [For full proceedings, see ED621941.]

Homeschooling is an alternative method of teaching where parents take the responsibility of education and teach their children at home. This method of education is increasing worldwide. Various authorities around the world have taken note of this trend and recognized homeschooling as an alternative method of education in their legislation. The paper examines the educational policy and practice of homeschooling in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) through a literature study, with the aim of comparing the five countries to hit. It also looks at what the BRICS countries can learn from each other regarding homeschooling. Most of the BRICS countries have education law that does not provide for homeschooling. In the countries where homeownership is legal, there are strict requirements that must be met. These requirements place a heavy burden on home school parents. However, it is clear from the investigation that homeschooling is increasing in the BRICS countries legally and illegally. There are also other similarities arising from the study.

In this paper, we discuss the impacts of the pandemic generated by COVID-19 on Brazilian Higher Education, specifically at a State University of Bahia, Brazil. To do so, we present a brief contextualization of the progress of the pandemic in Brazil, in the state of Bahia and in the region where the University is located. We also present the laws and regulations elaborated by different governmental bodies, especially the Ministry of Education, for the continuation of classes, in face-to-face undergraduate courses, by remote means. Despite the initial emphasis of these regulations on the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies, later there was a flexibility regarding the means for offering the remote classes. As for the case of the University discussed here, the continuation of undergraduate courses' classes interrupted by the pandemic, via the Emergency Remote Education, was approved on July 9th. We focus specifically on the outline of the student digital inclusion program, which provides scholarships for the acquisition of equipment, internet services and transportation. The results show that the resources allocated to this plan are insufficient, given the socioeconomic low-profile of the students. In addition, many of them live in locations with insufficient or no internet available, as well as are working and/or taking care of people full-time during the pandemic. Thus, the guarantee of access of students to the Emergency Remote Education, as well as the quality of this Education, may not be ensured through this plan. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings (Online, October 12-14, 2020). Book 1. Volume 3," see ED616185.]

This papers aims at analyzing the perception of Accounting professors about the necessary qualifications in Accounting undergraduate courses. The contribution of this study is to theoretically discuss the education of Accounting professors, with empirical data, because Accounting teaching requires specific competencies in the digital area. The research is applied in the Accounting Higher Education, descriptive in relation to the objectives, a qualitative approach to the problem with quantitative elements for descriptive data analysis. The technical procedure was the survey by online questionnaire via Google Forms. The research population are professors of the Accounting professional education in undergraduate courses in Brazil. The sample consisted of 378 professors, selected by the representativeness and typicality criteria. The results evidenced the perception of professors about the complexity of Accounting teaching, by applying a set of professional, academic and pedagogical competencies as well as practical knowledge about the accounting practice and teaching. However, they indicated the prevalence attributed by professors to the technical competency and professional practice knowledge over the other educational competencies. The professors showed feeling of deficiency in relation to the academic education received and they worried about the need for continuous training. They also prove, with empirical data, that mastering contents by Accounting professors is not enough to the teaching practice in Accounting courses. The results obtained in this paper may support institutional policies regarding continuous education of professors in Accounting undergraduate courses as well as the proposition of initiatives to develop them systematically by the education institutions. [For the full proceedings, see ED562093.]

Due to the advance of technologies and the increase of their use around the world, it shows a need to include them in education, as tools that could help the current teaching methods. Taking into account that most English classes in Brazilian public schools have been happening in the same way for many years, and considering the importance of learning a foreign language in this new technological world scenario, the objective of this study, that is part of a Master Degree dissertation, is to understand the perception of Brazilian English teachers in relation to the use of games and digital technologies, in the practice of face to face and remote language teaching classes, in different educational environments. Based on the participation of English teachers in the research stages, it is possible to explore their experiences and points of view, directly related to the English teaching and the use of technologies and digital games. This research collected information through a focus group research method. In this way, it was possible to verify that teachers, together with technologies and digital games, are very important in the classroom and those are extremely important tools to be used in teaching, including English. It was also noticed that keeping learning and qualifications are very important for the updating and practice of teaching. In addition, it was possible to conclude that, through the planning of activities, visualizing the right moment to insert digital games and technologies in their classes, teachers have support tools in these, which will help to engage and motivate students in learning a new language. [For the full proceedings, see ED639391.]

The research presents the objective of analyzing the challenges and potentialities of teaching with the use of m-learning, in literacy classes during remote teaching caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, based on learning results regarding the appropriation of the writing system alphabetical. In view of the constant social and educational changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in which social isolation became a security measure imposed to reduce the circulation of the virus, they led to the reconfiguration of educational spaces and the adoption of strategies for the continuation of formal education, as an alternative, emergency remote teaching was adopted. Remote teaching has driven changes in education, such as the use of mobile and wireless technologies, cell phones, tablets and notebooks, m-learning, to facilitate the teaching-learning process. A bibliometric review was carried out in order to study and explore the phenomenon with the identification of relevant scientific publications, which were obtained by applying quality and approach evaluation criteria, which showed scientific interest in m-learning and remote teaching. This is a qualitative research on the challenges and potential of using mobile learning with Brazilian children in literacy classes and is configured as an ethnographic case study. The locus of the research were two classes of the 1st year of Elementary School in a public school of the State Department of Education of the Federal District - SEEDF, Brazil, Brasília, Federal District, with a temporal cut of the 1st semester of 2021, having as research subjects 26 children of approximately 6 and 7 years old. The results indicate that despite the challenges faced, the data presented reveal that activities mediated by educational tools such as Google Classroom, Google Meet and the use of student interaction platforms such as the use of digital games and presentation of videos, music and stories interactive activities, among many other factors, demonstrates the potential of m-learning, with the appropriate interventions and pedagogical mediations, however, it is worth noting that access to the online teaching-learning process is still worrying, due to the difficulty of students accessing the internet and the lack of technological devices to monitor the educational proposals, such as computers or smartphones, and the formative weaknesses in relation to the use of TDIC's, therefore, teaching mediated by m-learning, can be considered as a modality of high potential, among other factors, if it is accessible to all. [For the full proceedings, see ED639391.]

Multicultural organizations can be central to mitigate organizational situations in which envy could potentially flourish, therefore contributing to fostering organizational conduct that leads to institutional social responsibility. The paper focuses on the inner workings of organizations related to their leaders' understanding of what the expression "social responsibility" means. The article highlights how envy among its members could be tackled in order to boost social responsibility, and promote social justice. The paper analyses institutional leaders' discourses from an enterprise and from a higher education institution (HEI), gleaning their meaning of social responsibility and their perceptions of their role in challenging envy as part of that social responsibility agenda. In order to challenge envy and promote fair conducts and social responsibility, the role of positive multicultural leaders and the strengthening of an organizational collective identity should be emphasized. The findings suggest that organizations need to be better equipped in order to face organizational turbulences detrimental to the social responsibility success, by focusing on cultural diversity and retention of good workforce as part of their social responsibility and social justice remit. The paper discusses social responsibility in a way that goes beyond the hitherto prevalent focus on environmental concerns and corporate accountability. Also, it is relevant comparatively in that it shows aspects to be addressed for the success of social responsibility in international contexts. [For the complete Volume 13, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568595.]

The intention of the present paper is to show that people have a series of educational needs in the era of information, so that they can become competent digital citizens. These educational needs are evident in the policies promoted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, which were well known to Latin American governments of the decades from the 1960s to the 1990s. Therefore, it is to be hoped that the educational reforms of 1990s have elements based on the principles of education that they advanced, which emphasises the preparation of subjects in the digital era, based on advances in information and communication technology, focusing on the teaching and learning of computer science. [For the complete Volume 17 proceedings, see ED596826.]

The current study compared five free Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems, selected based on characteristics such as availability and capabilities. Tasks were completed by 37 English learners to evaluate these systems in terms of their comprehensibility, naturalness, and intelligibility. Our findings indicate that IBM Watson and Google Translate are the best TTS systems, according to the evaluation criteria employed. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

Text-To-Speech synthesizers (TTS) have raised the interest of researchers and teachers for their ability to enhance foreign/second language (L2) learning, particularly with regards to the development of pronunciation skills (Liakin, Cardoso, & Liakina, 2017). Despite some optimistic results, there are no studies that investigate TTS's pedagogical potential to enhance L2 Phonological Awareness (PA), especially in "foreign" language contexts, where access to rich aural input is limited in terms of both quantity and quality. The present study examines TTS's pedagogical potential as a tool to assist English L2 learners develop their PA, focusing on the morphophonological alternations that characterize regular past tense marking in English (past -ed). Results show that TTS contributed positively for the auditory perception and controlled (but not spontaneous) production of the targeted phenomenon. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

The present paper discusses the relevance of multicultural educational research that goes beyond human sciences so as to embed technological curriculum and the preparation of professionals of areas such as engineering as competent global citizens. It argues that multiculturally preparing engineers should be part of an educational project that places Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) at the forefront of innovation and the valuing of the preparation of a new generation of professionals more attuned to a globalized perspective that also incorporates a humanitarian, multiculturally oriented perspective. The paper discusses theoretical issues involved in a multicultural engineering curriculum, and then it focuses on educational research relative both to contemporary trends in the delivery of syllabuses in three engineering HEIs. It discusses challenges and possibilities in the translation of the idea of engineering for a global and multicultural perspective of competence into curriculum thinking and practice, suggesting ways ahead in order to boost it. [For the complete Volume 12 proceedings, see ED597979.]

This paper analysis the relationship between smartphones and social networks as compatible technologies with the school's pedagogical demands in the 21st century. In the classroom there are some challenges imposed by their own dynamics, these analyses aims to highlight the potential of teaching and learning productivity and the contribution of these technologies focus on the production of knowledge. The information contextualized in this analysis has the focus into the base of the research and the objective and it was collected from a public high school in Palmas, the capital of Tocantins state in Brazil. In this study 212 students and 27 teachers participated. The results confirm the need to change from traditional teaching to practice focused on curricular integration of information and communication technologies (ICT), considering the intense relationship and time of students and teachers with the virtual world. This relationship is intensified by the popularization and dissemination of mobile technologies and the importance attached to social networks in the context of social relations. [For the complete proceedings, see ED590271.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology (ICEMST) which took place on March 24-27, 2022 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICEMST invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education. The ICEMST is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

Brazil is a country that does not invest enough in basic education, thus leaving a gap in the knowledge of young people studying in public schools and jeopardizing their future. One of the main ways to get into college in Brazil is through the National High School Exam (ENEM), a multiple-choice test administered by the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research. In the project: Popular Course: a preparation for ENEM, students from the Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Apucarana campus volunteered to offer online tutoring of basic content in: biology, physics, geography, history, mathematics and chemistry, from Monday to Friday, during thirteen weeks. The main objective of these virtual meetings was to help interested students enrolled in the program to prepare for ENEM, in a dynamic and freeway. The volunteers were free to use the means they considered most appropriate for each content, from online physics experiments to game-based learning platforms, which contributed positively to the learning of the students enrolled in the project and consequently to a better performance in the tests. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

The present work is the report of an intern, who through the theme: "Drugs" shows the importance of the use of didactic sequence in the teaching of chemistry for the construction of concepts. The content was applied in classes of the 3rd year of high school, in a public school, in the city of Apucarana - PR. In this sense, the main types of drugs known in daily life were contextualized, soon after the properties of organic compounds and nitrogen compounds have been addressed. The relationships established through the theme resulted in a greater interest of the students in the didactic content, since it was possible to see practical results. Some did not know much about the chemical composition of the drugs, others even had contact, or knew someone who has already used some substance. The theme is part of the day-to-day and in this way, they were able to build and develop critical thinking at the end of the process. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

Logical reasoning is very important in the child's development, increasing their performance in learning as a whole, improving their concentration and decision-making when solving problems. The introduction of this tool and stimulus from the first years of education is necessary for children to grow up with a broad and more critical view, being able to argue, create, express and assimilate everyday situations. This work was developed in accordance with the needs found in the "Lar Sagrada Família" shelter located in the city of Apucarana, Paraná, where we could observe that the stimulus for this skill, even though it is a fundamental tool for the children housed there, was not being properly addressed. Educational games adapted to each age were made so that children could learn by playing. At the beginning, there was a difficulty in arousing the interest of those involved, as they are needy children and just wanted affection and attention. Over time, with the carrying out of the activities, it was possible to verify a great advance in concentration, evolution in interest, and also, expectations were generated for the next day. The work resulted in the children's cognitive development in a more logical way, contributing to their personal and social growth. [For the complete proceedings, see ED631021.]

Various internal and external determinants influence an education system. External determinants include language, demographics, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion is also one of these external determinants that can influence an education system, as well as the education systems of the. The BRICS member countries consist of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS member countries are one of the most organized and supportive international cooperation organizations that currently exist. Religion is considered a controversial and sensitive topic. This research aimed to determine how religion as an external determinant influences the education systems of the BRICS member countries. The study focused on the differences and similarities that can be identified based on religion as an external determinant of the various education systems in the BRICS member countries. The BRICS member countries were deliberately chosen for this study because each member state is considered a secular country in terms of religion, yet each member state treats religion differently in their country. The comparative method was used during this study to identify the best practices from the BRICS member countries. The interpretive research paradigm was used during this study using the qualitative research approach. The document analysis was used during the study to analyse the content of policies, legislation, articles, and government publications using content analysis to be able to identify themes to be able to perform the comparison between the different education systems of the BRICS member countries. The findings from this study are as follows: Religion as an external determinant of an education system does have a significant influence on the education systems of the various BRICS member countries. It is very important to observe and describe these findings from the context of the various member states. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

This study highlights learners' perceptions about their experience with self-access materials with a qualitative orientation as the best way to understand nuances of how students learn and what they need from learning materials. This paper presents English as a foreign language learners' attitudes when interacting with the computer-reading section "Catching a Glimpse" (CaG)--which consists of texts written for pedagogic purposes accompanied by a bilingual glossary, an audio version of the text, and a text illustration. Learners' perceived experience with CaG was addressed through stimulated recall in semi-structured interviews with 24 participants who commented on and explained how and why they interacted with CaG. Furthermore, respondents shared their impressions of the fact that there was no initial or follow-up question instructing learners on what to do. The findings suggest the absence of instruction or set goals fostered an authentic interaction with the texts, however, CaG's instructional design does not properly benefit from computer-assisted language learning technology. [For the complete volume, see ED578177.]

This paper discusses the current situation that Costa Rica faces around fiscal issues and high evasion rates. Using actors and multidimensional analysis, it proposes the electronic invoice as an e-government strategic solution that will close the gap around tax evasion and the government incomes. The success achieved by Brazil in this area provides a source of good practices for increasing Costa Rica's implementation feasibility. [For full proceedings, see ED571459.]

This paper discusses some changes in the context of reading brought about by new forms of text publishing and reading, such as PDF files, websites and eBooks. In order to do so, the paper starts with some discussion on the importance of such devices. Then explores some of the main their characteristics, as well as some consequences it might bring to the behaviour of readers. It ends with some observations on how this new perspectives of regarding have been dealt with in the Brazilian educational system. [For the full proceedings, see ED562107.]

As stated in Cardoso, Smith, and Garcia Fuentes (2015), second language researchers and practitioners have explored the pedagogical capabilities of Text-To-Speech synthesizers (TTS) for their potential to enhance the acquisition of writing (e.g. Kirstein, 2006), vocabulary and reading (e.g. Proctor, Dalton, & Grisham, 2007), and pronunciation (e.g. Cardoso, Collins, & White, 2012). Despite their demonstrated effectiveness, there is a need for up-to-date formal evaluations of TTS systems, specifically for their potential to promote the ideal conditions under which languages are acquired, particularly in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) environment, as suggested by Cardoso, Smith, and Garcia Fuentes (2015). This study evaluated a modern English TTS system in an EFL context in Brazil, at a number of levels, including speech quality, opportunity to focus on form, and learners' cognitive processing of TTS-generated texts. Fifteen Brazilian EFL learners participated in the study in which they listened to both human and TTS-produced speech samples while performing the above-mentioned tasks. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data about participants' perceptions of the technology. We report an analysis of these interviews, which indicate that EFL learners have overall positive attitudes towards the pedagogical use of TTS, and that they would like to use the technology as a learning tool. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED572005.]

This paper presents a discussion on potential conflicts originated by sensorimotor distractions when learning with mobile phones on-the-move. While research in mobile learning points to the possibility of everywhere, all the time learning; research in the area suggests that tasks performed while on-the-move predominantly require low cognitive processing. This work uses Bloom's taxonomy to identify low and high order thinking activities associated to the functionalities of a mobile phone. It also provides preliminary results from a survey identifying correlations between high and low cognitive processing tasks and locations involving users' sensorimotor engagement. [For the full proceedings, see ED571335.]

The advent of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) has led to the availability of large educational datasets collected from diverse international audiences. Little work has been done on the impact of cultural and geographic factors on student performance in MOOCs. In this paper, we analyze national and cultural differences in students' performance in a large-scale MOOC. We situate our analysis in the context of existing theoretical frameworks for cultural analysis. We focus on three dimensions of learner behavior: course activity profiles; quiz activity profiles; and most connected forum peer or "best friends." We conclude that countries or associated cultural clusters are associated with differences in all three dimensions. These findings stress the need for more research on the internationalization in online education and greater intercultural awareness among MOOC designers.

Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world as well one of the greatest economies among developing countries. To be competitive, Brazil needs to be able to develop technology, research and knowledge. In this sense, we argue that economic growth is directly related to technological development, which is linked to the investments in infrastructure, education, technologies and research mainly from engineering. Engineers must be prepared to develop solutions and technologies and to contribute to the well-being of society. The main purpose of this paper is to present an exploratory study concerned with the general overview of Brazilian engineers' graduate and postgraduate courses as well as their current occupation. [For the complete Volume 14, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568088.]

These proceedings contain papers of the 4th International Baltic Symposium on Science and Technology Education (BalticSTE2021) held in Šiauliai, Lithuania, June 21-22, 2021. This symposium was organized by the Scientific Methodical Center "Scientia Educologica" in cooperation with Scientia Socialis, Ltd. Lithuania. The proceedings are comprised of 16 short papers. Keynote speakers include: Paul Pace, Paolo Bussotti, Peter Demkanin, and Malgorzata Nodzynska. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This book contains a compilation of papers presented at the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2021, organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.), that this year has been converted into a fully Virtual Conference as a result of the ongoing Coronavirus (COVID 19) pandemic. Modern psychology offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, aims ultimately to benefit society. The International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. We take pride in having been able to connect and bring together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. We counted on an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2021 received 358 submissions, from more than 40 different countries from all over the world, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters and Workshops. 117 submissions (overall, 33% acceptance rate) were accepted for presentation in the conference. The Conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. This book contains the results of the different researches conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to study and develop research in areas related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters that are hereby sharing with us their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. [This document contains the proceedings of the virtual International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2021. The proceedings were published by inScience Press. For the 2020 proceedings, see ED604955.]

Many discussions have taken place around the issue of the special needs of learners, special schools and inclusivity. UNESCO argues that inclusive education will accommodate all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions. This would include disabled and gifted children, street and working children, children from remote or nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic or cultural minorities and children from other disadvantaged areas or groups. In inclusive education, the diverse needs of students would be recognised and responded to, accommodating different styles and rates of learning and ensuring quality education to all. However, globally, the views of countries on inclusivity differ, and setting up schools for learners with special needs is often preferred. The overall aim of this study is to give an overview of the perspectives of the BRICS countries regarding learners with special needs, special schools and inclusivity. A document analysis was done of both printed and electronic (computer-based and Internet-transmitted) material. The views of the BRICS countries on learners with special needs, special schools and inclusivity differ. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]

Edmodo has a significant role and place in the language teaching and learning contexts. However, there is no conclusive evidence on how Edmodo affects the language learning process. This study aims to present a review of the studies to make recommendations for teachers and researchers for further research. The study concludes that learners and teachers mainly have positive perceptions of and attitudes towards the use of Edmodo in the language learning process. It is also concluded that the use of Edmodo is efficient for fostering basic language skills, overall language proficiency, and communication skills. On the other hand, there are several drawbacks encountered during the utilization of Edmodo in language classes.

This paper explores the algebraic expressions of deaf learners as they explore and construct sequences using the digital microworld Mathsticks. More specifically, it attempts to identify how the deaf students coordinated bodily, discursive and digital resources in order to attribute their own personal senses to the notion of variable. Examples of their interactions with the tasks and tools are analysed to identify evidence of the presence of the three conditions of algebraic thinking, indeterminacy, denotation and analyticity. Our findings suggest that the creation of a shared sign "secret number" to represent the idea of variable was central in facilitating the students to adopt algebraic rather than arithmetic approaches and to appropriate the idea of a general term. [For the complete proceedings, see ED597799.]