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Farmers grind away in the fields to take home just an exiguous income. Now, the agriculture industry is already a burdened industry with uncertainties from all directions. One of the major issues the industry is facing is crop loss. In India, every year around 30-40 per cent crops are lost. This has adverse effects on food security of the highly populated nation. For that matter, India is the 16th hungriest country in the world. Thus, there is a need to identify, understand and overcome agronomic losses. Extreme climate events and crop diseases are the two major reasons for crop losses. While climate events are less controllable, plant disease prevention becomes an important area of interest. Detecting plant diseases at early stages using images serves as key to preclusion of severity. In this paper, we have surveyed some of the significant papers on plant disease detection using image processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming is the major work which is considered as a culture instead like job and farming is the back bone of our economy as farming is the means which carried forth human advancement. India is nation which shows more interest towards farming and also grows all types of crops and its economy generally dependent on harvest profitability. Subsequently we can say that agriculture is major support for all business in our nation. Choosing of each harvest is significant in the choosing as each and every state in India grow various crop and the climate also varies from state to state. The choice of crop will depend on the various factors like, value of the crop, price given by the government, weather conditions and the price given by the private market buyers. Numerous progressions are needed in the field of agriculture to improve the benefit to Indian economy. We can improve agriculture by implementing AI mechanisms which can be same are defficiently on various cultivating areas. With all the advancements in the areas of machines and their improvements we can use them in cultivating the valuable and detailed data concerning various issues in addition to assuming the critical part in it. This paper helps use to getting an idea towards executing all the harvest based strategy with the ambitious techniques that helps in enchanting the maintenance of numerous agriculture and agriculture field issues. This helps the farmers to choose a best crop which helps them getting profit and also helps to increase our nation's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the climatic and pedological conditions for fruit and grapevine cultivation on the territory of the city of Smederevo. The analysis of climate parameters and the availability and quality of land resources, of which agricultural production depends on, led to the conclusion that this area has favorable weather conditions and good quality land resources for intensive and profitable fruit and grape productions. In the second part of the paper, the authors analyze the structure of production and yields of fruits and grapes in the period 1997-2013 and propose measures for their improvement by introducing complex agro-technical and hydro-ameliorative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of climate change on the area's agricultural potential and their economic and social effects on sustainable development in the environment are a topical and future issue. The paper aims at assessing the potential areas in the South-Muntenia Region, identifying, quantifying and qualitatively analyzing climatic parameters such as precipitation, maximum and minimum air and humidity temperatures, measured during the period 2013-2017 for maize crops for see their influence on productions and deliver optimal solutions. The statistical indicators that characterize the average crop production and the correlation coefficients between them and the main climatic parameters that influence the culture concerned will be calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the key drivers of agriculture in relation to climate change as well as their interrelationship with land management decisions and policies, one may be able to project future agricultural productions under certain economic, environmental, and social scenarios in order to minimize their negative impacts. The paper objective is to assess the climate change impact on crop production in Oltenia Plain (Leu-Rotunda Plain) using the CERES (Crop-Environment Resource Synthesis) model. This model combines database (climate, soil and crop) with simulation algorithms of the main processes related to crop pattern and statistical algorithms for biophysical, economic and strategic analysis. In assessing the impact of climate change on maize and autumn wheat crops two applications of CERES model were used: CERES-Wheat and CERES-Maize overlapping two regional climatic scenarios for 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 periods. These models describe, based on daily data, the basic biophysical processes taking place at the soil-plant-atmosphere interface as a response to the variability of different processes such as: photosynthesis, specific phenological phases, evapotranspiration, water dynamics in soil etc. The autumn wheat benefits from the interaction between the CO2 and air temperature increase, while the maize is more vulnerable to climate change, especially to hot and dry climate over the 2071-2100 period, under the SRES A1B scenario. Against the current climatic conditions, temperature increase over the two future periods brings about a decrease of the vegetation period for both crops. Under these conditions, the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration have a positive effect on autumn wheat photosynthesis, which might lead to increase yields, thus counteracting the negative effect of shortening the vegetation period. Under the same climate change conditions, the maize yield shrinks, more acute over the 2071-2100 period, due to temperature increase, which triggers shortening of the vegetation period coupled with water stress, especially during the flowering and yield formation interval (May-August) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide insight regarding the future evolution of a series of important agroclimatic indicators for a specific farming area of viticulture in Stimagka, Greece. The calculated indicators cover various aspects of the climate and its impact on agriculture and can be categorized into four broad categories: temperature-, precipitation-, drought-, and animal comfort-related indicators. An ensemble of state-of-the-art regional climate model simulations with a spatial resolution of 12 km are used to calculate the indicators for the period 1986-2055. For the period 2006-2055, two scenarios of possible future evolution of anthropogenic greenhouse gases are used: rcp4.5 and rcp8.5. Results indicate a clear future increase in temperature-related indicators in the region and also more persistent drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural farming usually tops the list among the agricultural practices that generate income for large percentage of the population throughout the world. Weather severity especially in developing countries can negatively impact the agricultural production and thus their economy. One of the major weather conditions that have an impact on crop yield is the amount of rainfall it receives during the growing season. In this scenario, weather based index insurance may prove to be fruitful for managing the financial risks associated with farming. To develop weather based crop insurance there is a need for associative models that correlate weather factor(s), such as, rainfall with crop yield. Weather based index insurance may be more appropriate for regions where there is no noticeable irrigation system and the crop production mainly depends on the rainfall. Crop yield can be very dispersed from year to year with a nonlinear pattern that may create complex yield behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to apply piecewise regression to detrend the yield data before analyzing for associative factor(s) that influence the crop production. In addition, during the model building process we took into account the diminishing effects of water need (rainfall) and the monotonically increasing nature of the yield response. Accordingly, we formulated the response function as linear/quadratic of rainfall on the detrended yield. For a successful operation of weather based index insurance the crop grown in different locations need to be properly detrended before appropriate association is identified. Therefore this paper, attempts to identify the relationship between detrended crop "yield" and weather variable "rainfall" for the purpose of creating weather-based index insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madura Island is known as the island with agro climatic conditions are quite extreme. This condition affects the genius and plant populations that exist and the impact on animal life in these ecosystems. Ranch as one of the agricultural sector with a strategic position, as a provider of animal protein. Madura Island has an advantage in the field of cattle breeding typical Madura. The purpose of this study is assessing alternative commodity ecosystem chain efficiency improvements especially cattle cow Madura. The method used is descriptive method of analysis. The results showed a seven supporting the plant ecosystem sustainability and development of cattle breeding Madura ie ecosystems rice, maize, soybeans, peanuts, green beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. Each ecosystem has the potential of different crops in each district to be integrated with the development of cattle breeding Madura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn has always been the basic culture of the Romanian peasant. It has extensive uses in human nutrition, in animal feed, in industry, and as a product for export activities. For these reasons, maize occupies more than one third of the country's arable land. Maize is a cereal crop with multiple and distinctive phyto-techical and biological peculiarities, of which we mention: it resists well drought and heat; has few diseases and few pests; can be grown on very different lands and under different climatic conditions; supports monoculture; being a sowing plant, leaves the weeds clean; is a good precursor for many plants; makes good use of organic and mineral fertilizers; reacts very strongly to the application of irrigation; can be sown for fodder and even for the second crop; has a very high multiplication factor; allows convenient production of highly productive hybrids and adapts to cultivation areas, etc. The research aims to analyze the evolution of the production of corn crops during 2007-2017 in correlation with the multi-annual fluctuation of the average air temperature, as well as the annual average rainfall, which reveals significant variability from one year to the next, the trend of evolution evoking an ascending trend from the point of view of the thermal resources compared to the hydric ones. It results that, at the level of the agricultural territory of our country, the natural thermal potential is richer than the water one, the limiting factor with negative effects on the field crop productivity being rainfall water. Productivity of crops shows fluctuations from one year to another, being significantly influenced by the variability of climatic conditions and, in particular, the production of extreme climatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent alternations of high and low temperatures and of rainy and dry weather, which were increasingly felt in recent decades have reduced harvests. Thus, the identification of varieties with genetic characteristics that provide a better adaptability presents a particular importance. Although a cultivar is known as the most important technological link in terms of production stability, the quantity and quality are influenced by the climatic conditions. Observations were conducted in the experimental fields of the Variety Testing Centre (V.T.C) of Târgovişte, Dâmboviţa county, during the years 2012 - 2014 and the objectives of the work were: the assessement of some potato genotypes adaptability, the behavior of 10 potato cultivars according to the environmental conditions in order to obtain high yields, the identification of genotypes that have low production variations in different climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, among the environmental ecological problems, ensuring the principles of sustainable development of agriculture is particularly important. This implies longterm supply of the population not only with ecologically pure agricultural products, but also protection, maintenance and necessary development of the environment. The existing alternative by considering the ecological state of the environment is the development of agriculture. The scientifically proved purposeful evaluation of the agroclimatic potential of the high-mountainous region of South Georgia allows avoiding the negative trends what giving the basis to develop ecological agriculture. Following the above-mentioned, the data of many-year agro-meteorological observations of South Georgia were processed and analyzed. In particular, the data of average, maximum and minimum air temperatures were studied, the sums of active temperatures (>10°C) were calculated, soil surface as well as maximum and minimum temperatures at the depths of 5 cm and 20 cm, relative air humidity (%) and sums of atmospheric precipitations in the warm period of the years were calculated. The given agro-climatic indicators support the growth and development of perspective cereals and vegetables and allow taking the necessary agro-technical measures. The impact of different doses of organic fertilizer (10, 15 and 20 t/ha) on the growth and development of experimental crops was identified and used to fix the content of heavy metals and nitrates in the harvested experimental crops. Correlations between the ecological factors of the environment, organic fertilizer and harvest were established, and relevant regression equations were designed on their basis what allows identifying the rate of the ecologically pure harvest (t/ha). In the high-mountainous regions of Georgia, one can distinguish two different agro-ecological zones meeting the demands of these crops to the agro-climatic factors - the sum of active air temperatures of over 10°C, sum of atmospheric precipitations (mm) in the warm period of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food budget is gradually depleting due to climatic change. The research problem is to see the extent of climate change via catalytic factor e.g. soil compaction. The field work has been reported and the remote sensing technique was used to compliment salient findings established. The Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) was used to obtain five years satellite imagery between 2008 and 2012. The results were used to propound a simple model which shows that the effects of either H > ϵσT4r or H < ϵσT4r may be detrimental to crop survival in the nearest future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain drying duration and blowing air comparative rate are analyzed in this article using air drying process which is dependable from initial grain content in Lithuanian climate. Tests' results concluded that calculated grain air-drying duration by given 0,250-0,282 kg/kg (20-22 %) initial moisture content is from 105 to 160 hours and blowing air comparative rate - 400-700 m3/(t.h). Mostly serial ventilators are used to blow air through the layer of grain. Having variable aerodynamic resistance conditions, they are not sufficient for the air drying process. Using active airing method, grains are poured step by step into a granary to the certain limit, therefore aerodynamic resistance increases gradually. The way as the new ventilators are designed and operate under variable aerodynamic resistance conditions, static pressure of 3050 and 3300 Pa can be achieved which allows to dry grains from 8340 to 25000 kg using new ventilators during a given drying. It is known that by decreasing the thickness of grain layer from 2 to 0,5 meters, due to increased siccative grain quantity rate, the total quantity of air-drying grains can be increased 1,3-2,3 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]