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High Speed Two, a planned high-speed railway in the UK, could play a key role in reducing national greenhouse gas emissions. The project has adopted whole-life carbon dioxide emissions reduction as a core project value and is using the PAS 2080 specification to implement carbon dioxide management. Effective leadership and governance, metrics, innovation and standards, and commercial solutions underpin the approach. This paper outlines the carbon dioxide management work undertaken to date, describes the proposed next steps to enhance the approach and summarises the lessons learned for other infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A balance optimization method has been employed to determine the quantity of toxic emissions particularly in emissions to air, fresh water, sea water and industrial soil, in production process of polymer and paper based RFID tags. We have developed a low profile antenna design for passive UHF RFID tags using both polymer and paper substrate with copper and aluminum for the antenna trace. Comparative analysis of toxic emissions during production process of polymer and paper based RFID antennas have been discussed in this paper. Our results show that paper based RFID antennas yield lower organic emissions to the environment while considerably higher inorganic emissions to the air. The results also depict that air is highly affected with the toxic emissions compared to fresh water, sea water and industrial soil. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Climate change has become an important issue since 196 countries in the world agreed to sign the Paris Agreement at COP21 in 2015. This is an important issue because Climate change has a wider impact in the long term such as rising air temperatures, increasing volume of sea water, extreme and unpredictable weather changes, shifting populations and wildlife habitats and affecting human health. One of the causes of climate change is air pollution produced by burning conventional vehicles or we can call Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). For this reason, various countries in the world are innovating by converting fossil-based vehicles into electric vehicles with the main raw material being batteries. As a result, several countries in the world such as Japan, Brazil, Germany, France and Sweden have succeeded in reducing their emission levels in the 2015-2018 period by starting to develop electric vehicles. This paper was conducted through literature study and in-depth analysis using qualitative research methods. This paper aims to analyze whether the transformation from an internal combustion engine-based vehicle to an electric vehicle is able to reduce the level of emissions in a country in order to overcome the problem of climate change. In addition, this paper also analyzes other supporting factors to find the right solution to overcome the problem of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper 1900010: Carbon dioxide management in a major UK infrastructure project: High Speed Two, by Mark Fenton (May 2020) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of trash management poses a significant challenge in the region, particularly in urban areas where the quantity of garbage continues to rise. However, the existing waste management strategies are unable to effectively address this escalating trend. Within the realm of household waste, household rubbish encompasses both organic and inorganic waste. The former category includes remnants of vegetables and food, while the latter encompasses items such as food packaging, plastic bags, paper, and bottles. Additionally, household waste extends to encompass water resulting from various washing operations, among other similar sources. The household waste discussed in this study originates from routine activities inside residential settings, with the exception of certain organic waste and refuse materials. The sanitary authorities collected the household rubbish from their separate regions. Once gathered, the home waste is transported to a temporary disposal location, commonly referred to as a Temporary Processing location (TPS). Following its transportation from the temporary storage facility (TPS), the garbage is further conveyed to the ultimate disposal location known as the final disposal point (TPA). The ultimate destination for waste management is the final discharge location, where waste is disposed of and then reused through recycling and other waste management procedures. One approach involves the conversion of waste materials into methane gas. Problem Statement. The process of transforming domestic waste into methane gas Methane gas is an invisible, scentless, and extremely combustible gas composed of a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Methane gas possesses properties that are 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of its capacity to trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere. If left unmanaged and underutilised, methane gases have the potential to exacerbate the existing levels of greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. Methane constitutes a significant component of biogas. Biogas is comprised of various gases, primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three In addition to hydrogen (H2), the presence of sulphur nitrogen, water content, and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been reported. Both organic and inorganic waste materials have the potential to be transformed into methane gas, commonly referred to as biogas. Methane gas (CH4) is a gaseous compound that is produced by anaerobic bacteria, particularly the methanogenic bacterium. Significant quantities of methane gas were detected in the remnants of vegetation, straw, animal waste, grasslands, sedimentary formations, and even straw. Method. Methane gas is spontaneously generated at the final disposal site through the process of bacterial evaporation, even in the absence of deliberate processing or the inclusion of specific compounds. The burning of methane gas produces thermal energy, making it a viable option for alternative fuel sources or power generation in a facility.The conversion of waste into methane gas encompasses four overarching process ideas, which include gas collection, gas pressure maintenance, gas distribution security maintenance, and safety management. Biogas is derived from a specialised facility known as a biodegester, which is designed to harness the production of this renewable energy source. Decomposing organic material under anaerobic circumstances, characterised by the absence of oxygen. The optimal circumstances for the creation of biogas are primarily determined by the quality of organic material and the surrounding environmental factors. The condition is characterised by several criteria, including the organic material type, acidity level, C/N balance, temperature, storage rate, presence of hazardous substances, melting point, beginning material, and retention period. The pace of fermentation by microorganisms is significantly impacted by environmental circumstances. It is crucial to maintain controlled environmental conditions, namely within a pH range of 6.5-7.5 and an ambient temperature of 32-37 degrees Celsius (Wahyuni, 2011). In addition to the utilisation of biodegester technology, the methane gas generated by gas collection is also employed. During the process of open dumping in the TPA (Trash Processing Area), the gas is extracted by means of a suction pump that draws it via a sewage system installed within the waste materials. The gas that was extracted has been gathered at the gas treatment facility for subsequent processing. In relation to the methane gas processing conducted by the community development programme of PT Pertamina Hulu Energi in Mahakam Lestari village, it is worth noting the implementation of the WASTECO programme. The issue of waste management poses a significant challenge in various regions, particularly in urban areas where the quantity of waste continues to rise. However, the existing waste management methods are not sufficiently optimised to effectively address this escalating trend. Within the realm of domestic waste, household rubbish encompasses both organic and inorganic materials. Organic waste includes remnants of vegetables and food, while inorganic waste include items like food packaging, plastic bags, paper, and bottles. Additionally, household waste encompasses other forms such as wastewater generated from washing operations, among others. The household waste discussed in this study originates from routine activities inside residential settings, with the exception of certain organic waste and refuse materials. The municipal sanitation officers collected the domestic waste from their designated areas. Once gathered, the home waste is transported to a temporary disposal location, commonly referred to as a Temporary Processing location (TPS). Following its transportation from the temporary storage facility (TPS), the garbage is further conveyed to the ultimate disposal location known as the final disposal point (TPA). The ultimate destination for waste management is the final discharge location, where waste is disposed of and then reused through recycling and other waste management procedures. One approach involves the conversion of waste materials into methane gas. Result. The process of transforming domestic waste into methane gas Methane gas is an invisible, scentless, and extremely combustible gas composed of a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Methane gas exhibits a far higher heat-trapping capacity in the atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide, with a potency around 25 times greater. If left unmanaged and underutilised, methane gases have the potential to exacerbate the existing levels of greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. Methane is a constituent of biogas. Biogas is composed of various gases, primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three In addition to hydrogen (H2), the presence of sulphur, nitrogen, water content, and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been documented. Both organic and inorganic waste materials have the potential to be transformed into methane gas, commonly referred to as biogas. Methane gas (CH4) is a gaseous compound that is produced by anaerobic bacteria, particularly the methanogenic bacterium. Significant quantities of methane gas were detected in various organic wastes, including plant matter, straw, animal excrement, meadowlands, and sedimentary formations. Methane gas is spontaneously generated at the final disposal site through the process of bacterial evaporation, even in the absence of intentional processing or the inclusion of specific compounds. The combustion of methane gas yields thermal energy, rendering it suitable for utilisation as an alternative fuel source or in power generation facilities. Discussion. The conversion of waste into methane gas encompasses four overarching process ideas, which include gas collection, gas pressure maintenance, gas distribution security maintenance, and safety management. Biogas is derived from a specialised facility known as a biodegester, which is designed to harness the production of this renewable energy source. Decomposing organic material under anaerobic circumstances, characterised by the absence of oxygen. The optimal circumstances for biogas generation are primarily influenced by the quality of organic material and the surrounding environmental factors. The condition is characterised by two factors, namely the organic material type, acidity level, C/N balance, temperature, storage rate, presence of hazardous substances, melting point, starting, and retention period. The pace of fermentation by microorganisms is significantly impacted by environmental circumstances. It is crucial to maintain controlled environmental conditions within a pH range of 6.5-7.5 and an ambient temperature of 32-37 degrees Celsius Furthermore, the utilisation of biodegester technology facilitates the extraction and subsequent utilisation of methane gas. During the process of open dumping at the TPA (Trash Processing Area), the gaseous emissions are extracted by means of a suction pump, which utilises the sewage system included inside the waste materials. The gas that was extracted has been accumulated in the gas treatment system for subsequent processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK needs to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of its transport sector to meet its net-zero target. This paper considers the carbon dioxide cycle for two UK motorway bridges built in the 1960s. The emissions estimates are validated using both carbon dioxide emission intensity and by comparison with published data of similar assets, while user emissions are estimated from estimates of the number of vehicles using the assets. Conclusions on past and future carbon dioxide emissions are drawn from these examples. The work confirms that driving down user-generated emissions rather than capital or operational and maintenance emissions is the key to achieving net-zero targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous viewpoints exist regarding suitable refrigerants for specific applications. Frequently, a solitary refrigerant hazard is selected, leading to the disqualification of the refrigerant. Nevertheless, utilising the refrigerant safely remains a viable option. Each refrigerant possesses its own set of strengths and weaknesses, requiring a thorough exploration of these aspects. In this paper, we will explain what it takes to overcome refrigerant weaknesses. Hydrocarbons are some of the most used refrigerants in the industry and have been in constant use since the beginning of refrigeration because they were used by the petrochemical industry. Here they knew how to handle these fluids in a safe manner. Also, ammonia was adopted by the industry relatively early. A little later also CO2 was introduced to the markets, however, CO2 went out of use and the last traced installation was onboard a fishing vessel in 1955. Since then new plants were not installed before in the second half of the 1990s where CO2 was promoted by amongst others Prof. Gustav Lorentzen from the Norwegian Technical University in Trondheim. This paper describes how the working fluids can be utilised in a safe ways. The future is naturally occurring substances. Further, CO2 and NH3 are part of the human body - every human body release CO2 in every breath and NH3 is in our cells where it is a vital part of our organisms. We release about 17 gram of NH3 per day on average. The systems discussed here are larger systems excluding residential and commercial systems placed in areas with no limitations of people e.g. supermarkets or restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East has made steps toward sustainable development, but there is a pressing need for a cohesive strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The guidance proposed in this paper draws inspiration from global best practice, particularly the UK's PAS 2080:2023 on carbon dioxide management in the built environment, the new option X29 on climate change in NEC4 contracts and the latest advances in building information technology. The guidance provides a comprehensive framework for reducing emissions from the Middle East's construction industry, integrating carbon dioxide management processes at all stages of a project's life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently with existing environmental prohibitions and growing interest in the creation of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating with carbon dioxide in two-stage and cascade schemes, the proposed paper supplements the scientific literature on the rationale for the use of each of them. The paper analyzes and proves the feasibility of improving the energy performance of low-temperature refrigeration machines operating on R744 using cascade design with R134a, R1234yf and R717 refrigerants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing concerns about the adverse effects attributable to climate change, two imperatives of the sustainability paradigm are to reduce pollution and CO2 footprint, especially in the energy-intensive mining, mineral processing and beneficiation sectors of industry. Thus, a major challenge in minerals processing is to optimize the energy consumption of unit operations. In principle, this requires the utilization of all data and information that fully characterize the dynamics of all material and physical elements which constitute the organization that operates an ore crushing and screening process. By analyzing available data and information, this paper highlights how the variability in ore quality influences the energy of crushing and screening operations in a case study comminution facility. The empirical findings reinforce the need to apply robust models based on implementation of 4IR technologies to provide better information for decision making; in this case, towards continuous optimization of energy consumption to lower pollution and the CO2 footprint of comminution unit operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the possibility of CEM IV 42,5N producing by increasing the specific cement surface from 3180 to 3850 cm²/g. In this paper, fly ash is used as a cement admixture because fly ash possesses both hydraulic and pozzolanic properties. If one part of the clinker, as a major cement admixture, is replaced with a certain amount of fly ash, the preexisting deposit of fly ash is reduced, which can eventually give cheaper cement. Also, using more fly ash would reduce the emmision of CO2 into the atmosphere. Of course, in order to produce such pozzolanic cement, the requirements of EN 197-1 must be satisfied. Test results show that by increasing the specific surface of cement, the compressive strength of cement which meets the requirements for 42.5N class cement is also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, Reinforced Concrete structures exposed to much vulnerable climate leads to corrosion of the steel reinforcement, which results the huge loss of durability, serviceability. Carbonation or chlorides are the reasons of corrosion in reinforcement of steel. Carbonation is the reaction of carbon dioxide in the air with calcium in the concrete. Hence, Fibre Reinforced Polymer rebars which is resistant to corrosion can be replaced with steel reinforcement. So, from the past decade, many researchers are studying the usage of FRP rebars as they are anti-corrosive, high tensile strength, non-magnetic, lightweight, high temperature resistant, low maintenance, and durable. The FRP rebar has the disadvantage of possessing the low ductility and it is not able to bend in required shape. Hence, the hybrid reinforcement is introduced in the concrete structures to enhance the ductility and corrosion requirements. This paper will give brief review on specific application of FRP bar in terms of cost effectiveness, ductility, load carrying capacity and failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world currently relies heavily on non-renewable energy, which is unable to sustain the needs of 7 billion people in the next 50 years. This paper discusses the use of an alternative fuel, Dimethyl ether (DME), which is a sustainable option. The proposed project can be used as a case study for the future development sustainable energy sector in Malaysia. The economic study aspect as well as the technological aspect of this future development is discussed and is the main focus of this project. A Hysys model is built to replicate the proposed system. The project caters to the front tier of sustainable wind energy and the empty fruit bunch (EFB), which is one of the main products in powering the DME plant. Malaysia is rich in both products, thus, they will help to boost the local economy even further. The proposed plant indicated via the intensive economic study, proves that it will be able to generate a steady income of almost 5% yearly within the next 20 years. An overview of the methods used in the economic study of the general principle process of production as well as the overall economic study indicating a steady and booming economic growth, is discussed further in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of sustainable construction materials is continuously gaining increasing importance in civil engineering. Geopolymers are attractive alternatives to cementitious materials in terms of environmental impact and specific material properties, such as durability, an initial increase in mechanical properties, or chemical and thermal resistance. Such favorable properties can be advantageously utilized within various applications involving the design of materials for heavily stressed industrial floors. The research presented in the paper was focused on the design of a geopolymer composite based on metashale MEFISTO L05 and waste metashale RON D460HR binders. The 1:4 raw/waste mix of binders activated by potassium hydroxide/silicate was supplemented by 0.11 wt.% of graphite fibers to optimize electrical properties and bestow on it some new material functions, such as self-heating. The further utilization of fine waste aggregate (crushed defective concrete products, waste concrete from auto-mixers) resulted in an ~85% utilization of input waste materials. An acceptable mechanical performance of the mortar for particular civil engineering applications was observed (28d: Rf ~ 2.5 MPa, Rc ~ 15 MPa), as well as favorable thermal and DC/AC electrical properties, predicting the self-heating potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement production has the largest carbon-footprint since it leads to the release of carbon dioxide and enormous energy consumption. Therefore, scientific research is being conducted worldwide on the possibility of using other materials that can be used as a cement substitute. A potential alternative material is glass powder. This paper present research results on the use of glass powder as a partial cement replacement with a substitution level of 0–20%. The pozzolanic activity and the influence of glass powder on cement hydration were analyzed. The porosity, the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone and the compressive strength of mortar were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobiles throughout the world are the essential shoppers of non-renewable energy sources, which radiate harmful gases when consumed; including HC, CO and NOx. Exhaust systems were created to detoxify these gases into less destructive gases, for example, carbon dioxide and H2O. In this paper, the development of a catalytic converter for efficient emission reduction is presented. The results are presented after performing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on the proposed catalytic converter. In this catalytic convertor Two Different materials used they are stainless steel wire mesh and ceramic stones at time and we are conducted tests with catalytic convertor at different blended fluids and engine speeds such as methane, ethane and 1800,2000 RPM.3D modelling done by CATIA parametric software And analysis done in ANSYS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the analysis of multiple bread dough proving processes with the purpose of establishing a correlation between the concentration of released carbon dioxide during fermentation and the working parameters (time and temperature). The testing was performed using a standard recipe for white bread dough, a small capacity prover with air conditioning unit for temperature and relative humidity regulation, CO2 and temperature sensors with data acquisition plate. In the first part are presented the results for 11 measurements of CO2 concentration for one dough piece fermentation process at varying proving temperatures. In the second part of the paper are presented the results of 4 measurements of CO2 for 9 dough pieces proving at temperatures between 30 and 39 °C, at 3°C intervals. The obtained measurements of CO2 were correlated with the volume and dimensions of the finished products. The obtained results are considered relevant for this study and for the possibility of fermentation level evaluation using the quantity of CO2 released during proving. The presented study is part of an extensive research performed for the identification of a method for automated control of working regime in industrial bread dough provers using the measurements of released CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a fuel source that is relatively inexpensive to produce and convert to usable energy. However, the extraction and use of coal affects the environment. The primary emissions from coal combustion are sulfur dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2). Over the recent years much attention has been paid to designing of technologies for the production and combustion of coal-water fuel (CWF). This paper presents the results of improving the environmental characteristics of the CWF based on the experiments with Kansk-Achinsk brown coal and distilled water during hydrodynamic cavitation activation of the dispersion phase, microwave processing of the dispersed phase, and the addition of T-900 globular nanocarbon. All the technologies used in the experiment allow to further reduce the amount of anthropogenic gas emissions during the CWF combustion in reference to coal. However, under the conditions of this experiment, the use of cavitation-activated water exerts the maximum influence on the ecological properties of CWF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important significant factor in keeping the earth hot is the greenhouse effect. It is because it holds on to some of the heat of the planet that would in other methods leave from environment to space. If the greenhouse effect was once no longer present then the standard Earth's temperature would be much colder and a lot less warm and existence would be impossible on earth. Holding infrared radiation and stopping it from releasing in outer house carbon dioxide (CO2) and different gases act as a cover for them. The extent of the greenhouse effect is what makes the Earth an eye-catching region for life. Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas, with 298 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Over the past, a hundred and fifty years, rising atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations have added to stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Nitrous oxide concentrations in the environment have been gradually rising over the last century, with nitrogen (N) fertilizers and manures added to agricultural soils becoming the primary anthropogenic source. Here a global inventory is presented that incorporates both anthropogenic and natural sources of emissions and processes that can control nitrous oxide emissions. This paper aims to re-examine nitrous oxide as a greenhouse gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main sources of carbon dioxide that affect global warming is the energy sector. In this paper, the effects of greenhouse gasses that arise during the production of electricity, with a special analysis of thermal power plants in the Republic of Serbia, were done. Coal-fired power plants represent the largest polluter of the atmosphere because during coal combustion significant amounts of CO2 is released. Carbon footprint is also analyzed in this paper. The carbon footprint from thermal power plants compared to the carbon footprint from other sectors has the highest value. This paper analyzes the changes of the carbon footprint for two years from power plants in the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a group of environmentally friendly binders considered alternatives to conventional cementitious binders. They utilise industrial wastes such as slag and fly ash to reduce cement production and related CO2 emissions. Despite the strong interest of researchers, the application of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) in constructions is still very limited. Given the difference in the process of producing the AAC and ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC), some of the testing methods need to be adjusted to a new type of binder. The increased sensitivity of AAM to high temperatures leads to discussions on the results achieved in the gas permeability tests that require the samples to be dried first. In this paper, the influence of drying temperature applied to the samples on the gas permeability will be presented. The binders' precursors are blends of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in slag proportions of 5%, 20%, and 35%, expressed by the mass of FA. Materials are denoted AAC5, AAC20, and AAC35, respectively. Measurements of the gas permeability of concretes were conducted by the RILEM–CEMBUREAU method, with lab adaptation for gas flow measurements. The comparison of results obtained shows the increase in gas permeability values with the temperature. However, the corresponding effect of temperature on permeability is driven by, on the one hand, the binder composition, and on the other hand, the aggregate's nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, the construction sector currently generates more than a third of CO2 emissions. Moreover, residential buildings consume about 40% of the energy that we are able to produce. Construction product manufacturers implement innovative solutions that give us a chance to achieve more widespread construction of zero-emission and zero-energy buildings. However, they face legal barriers related to the lack of standardization procedures enabling the rapid placing of innovative construction products on the market to be achieved. The MEZeroE project ("Measuring Envelope products and systems contributing to next generation of healthy nearly Zero Energy Buildings"), funded by European Union Horizon 2020, aims to create a platform combining science and business to facilitate the development of nearly zero-energy buildings. The aim of this paper is to present the European procedure for placing innovative construction products on the market under the MEZeroE project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant reduction in CO2 emissions arising from the cementitious composites industry is one of the highest priorities for the construction sector's movement towards climate neutrality and sustainable development. One of the approaches to cope with this issue is to partially substitute cement with supplementary cementitious materials. Recently, various oil refinery wastes (ORW) have attracted researchers' attention in terms of being investigated for such an application. As such, the present paper shows the preliminary results of investigations conducted on cement pastes with the addition of a spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst derived from a Polish oil refinery company. It is worth mentioning that the incorporation of ORW in cementitious composites might enable the production of more environmentally friendly construction materials without sacrificing quality, whilst, simultaneously providing an opportunity for recycling petrochemical wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the energy field hydrogen will be more obvious to use by certain technologies than by direct combustion. The paper presents a conceptual analysis on the use of hydrogen by hydrogen by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with final product methane, by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide, with the final product of methanol and by injection in certain proportions into the natural gas network. A new application of carbon dioxide hydrogenation is the decarbonisation of flue gases. To this end, conceptual analyses have been carried out for the capture of CO2 from flue gases, including through cascading energy production, required by a significant decrease in pollution. The experimental development for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with an experimental pilot plant shall also be submitted. At the same time, the pressure and temperature conditions for the methaneization plants are also presented. References are also made to catalysts of the latest generation, for a high efficiency of the respective hydrogenation processes. With regard to the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide from flue gases, the effect of water vapor and oxygen on the overall efficiency of the process shall also be clarified. By converting carbon dioxide into combustible substances, an important step towards transforming it into an energy vector is taken. This reduces expenditure by storing it and important steps are taken towards a circular energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reposts on a comprehensive study of Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR), a detailed literature and projects review. In one hand, according to past studies, when injected CO2 and residual oil are miscible (Miscible Displacement), the physical forces holding the two phases apart (Interfacial Tension, IFT) disappears; as CO2 dissolves in the oil, it swells the oil, reducing its viscosity and density. This allows the oil CO2 to displace the oil from the rock pores, pushing it towards a production well. On the other hand, when injected CO2 and residual oil are not miscible (Immiscible Displacement), this process is used as a secondary recovery method. As many experts look to carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) as one of the best alternatives for dealing with carbon emissions, research studies and laboratory investigations have indicated that, beyond its potential to augment oil production, CO2-EOR is getting intensive scrutiny by the industry, government, and environmental organizations for its potential for permanently storing CO2. A good example is a study by Montana Tech University, which found that CO2 flooding of Montana's Elm Coulee and Cedar Creek oil fields could result in the recovery of 666 million barrels of incremental oil and the storage of 640 billion cubic meters of CO2, which is equivalent to 7 years of supplier's CO2 emissions (a coal-fired power plant). Some other projects in the U.S., Canada and Norway have been evaluated. An economic and ecological analysis of the CO2-EOR process have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the residential load scheduling problem with the objective of investigating the influence of price and CO2 signals in (i) the electricity bill, (ii) the consumer inconvenience, (iii) the electric peak load, and (iv) the CO2 emissions. These objectives were considered widely in the literature; however, they were not considered simultaneously in one model before. Furthermore, CO2 emissions targets constraint was not considered in the previous literature. This paper contributes by twofold. First, the CO2 signal is drawn up based on the proposed generation-mix plan in South Africa and an hourly CO2 emissions limit is guaranteed. Second, a multi-objective mixed integer programming model is proposed, and a preemptive multi-objective optimization approach is applied. The model is tested with and without considering the hourly CO2 emissions limit. Furthermore, the model is solved at four scenarios to explore the effect of the price and CO2 signals and the order of optimization. Results showed that the price and CO2 signals and the order of optimization have remarkable effect on the appliance schedule and on the four objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper mainly focusses on the Life cycle assessment of Hydrogen produced by electrolysis process, the paper includes the properties of Hydrogen and its major production methods and electrolysis was considered to be best in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents. GHG's and other emissions are also accounted for each process later Hydrogen produced by Water splitting method and high temperature electrolysis was found to be better than other conventional methods. Also, the life cycle assessment focuses the environmental aspects of the production processes. The feasibility of Hydrogen fuel is also analyzed. The transportation of the produced fuel and the storage of Hydrogen is also discussed in this paper. We will be also discussing the drawbacks of using pure hydrogen in regular I.C engines. As a solution we compared the properties of Hydrogen in conventional I.C and S.I engines and it was found to have no better properties except lower emissions. Finally, we discussed about the safety norms of Hydrogen and its usage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa (SA) is highly dependent on the state utility ESKOM for electric power supply. This includes big companies and tourism sectors in SA. For the very first time in history, SA has had the OR Tambo international airport (one of the busy airports in SA) switch off to darkness. This was due to the boiler failures at the power stations owned by the state utility ESKOM. These types of boilers are fired with the use of coal and they produce a reasonable amount of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and soot to the atmosphere. This paper details the design of a gas turbine that can drive an electric generator to produce electricity for the OR Tambo international airport in Johannesburg, the King Shaka international airport in Durban and the Cape Town international airport. Specifications of the design were made and are as follows: the gas engine aims to have a mass of 1 000kg or less, the work produced is specified to be more than 500 kW with an efficiency of 35 % or more. The mass of the engine after preliminary analysis is determined to be 1 180.965 kg (i.e. 18 % more than the specified mass), the work that can be produced by the engine is calculated to be 811.59 kW with an efficiency of 40.34 %. The material cost is analyzed to be R 107 787.77 or $ 7000. Safety considerations, maintenance and repair of the designed gas turbine are also documented in this paper. The social, economic, heath, and environment impacts of the design are clearly stated. The gas turbine generator aims to use natural gas as fuel. Natural gas power generation has almost no emission of CO2 and soot. The gas turbine design has the significant potential to decrease the expenditure on ESKOM electricity demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A US$1 billion expansion of Tema container port in Ghana was completed in 2020, providing a four-fold increase in capacity. This paper describes the planning, procurement, design and construction of the works, which included four new berths, a 3.6 km rock breakwater, 7 million m3 of dredging, 10 million m3 of reclamation and 127 ha of support buildings and handling plant. The design significantly reduced the carbon dioxide footprint of the development and minimised the impact on the local population and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HTGR is an advanced gas reactor that utilized high temperature and high pressure. This paper investigated five different working gas in four Brayton cycle configurations in HTGR 10MWth. Thermodynamic analysis using gas-cold standard assumption were applied to measure the efficiencies. This paper also considered temperature interaction in heat exchangers and capability turbine to drive compressor. Particular gas would be suitable for particular pressure ratio and diagram. 1T2C diagram with pressure ratio 9 and carbon dioxide as the working gas were able to reach optimum thermal efficiency, were about 52 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide is a strategic gas in many industrial processes. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere leading to global environmental problems. It is a product of combustion and a greenhouse gas; capturing it for reuse is a major problem facing our society today. One way to recover carbon dioxide is to use an adsorption process. Zeolites are a potential material for the selective adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide. Zeolites are of great interest because of their ability to change their properties, both textural and chemical, which ultimately affect the adsorption properties of zeolites. This paper presents the results of a study of isotherms and basic thermodynamic characteristics of carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolites like ZSM-5. The adsorption isotherm is also described by the equations of the theory of volume filling of micropores (VMOT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Untimely death from natural disasters is painful but death due to untimely rescue missions from collapsed buildings is more painful. In most earthquake-flood prone areas a number of people die within the collapsed building trapped and undetected. The reasons owe to the unorganized rescue missions, etc. This paper studies an innovation in this field. The idea proposes the creation of a new device as an optimal solution for identifying the location of the person trapped inside building. The proposed device senses the volatile organic compounds that are present in the air from the building, that are produced due to interactions of staphylococcus like bacteria in human sweat (eg : 3methyl 2 hexanoic acid, octenol )[1]. The highly sensitive electronic nose senses the volatile organic components in air . The method of operation is as follows. First we collect air from various locations of the collapsed building. The collected air is feed into the device which senses the volatile organic components content in it. In addition to it, the device has a NDIR Carbon dioxide sensor which also senses the Carbon dioxide concentration in it. The following conclusion can be made from it: More the value of VOCs and carbon dioxide shows the presence of the human and also their approximate location as we are testing air from different positions in the buildings(The test is highly fast such that it does not cause any lag in the rescue mission). In addition to it these data will also help us to determine the obstacle-free path as air in the building chooses the shortest path to escape. Thus using these data collected the exact location of the trapped person can be located and the rescue missions can be organized. Thus the proposed idea is expected to more efficient than the existing rescue operation techniques and save more valuable human lives.This system can be also used in security applications for surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of transcritical carbon dioxide systems in refrigeration has presented several new challenges to system designers, installers and maintenance teams. The correct, safe way to arrange relief valve piping is one of them. There are two polarised schools of thought; that relief valves can be treated in much the same way as for any other refrigerant or that relief valves need a unique installation arrangement different from any other refrigerant. Clearly both positions cannot be correct, or can they? This paper starts with an overview of some key properties of carbon dioxide. The purpose and function of the pressure relief valve is explained and then the reasons why carbon dioxide requires to be treated differently are examined. The paper reviews some of the previously published literature and describes some case study examples of the ways in which systems are installed. Results of tests are also presented and analysed. The wording of current standards on the topic is examined and a proposal for new wording is suggested. The paper will hopefully be helpful to people in all sectors of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump markets where carbon dioxide is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the rate of methane (explosive gas ) and of carbon dioxide (axphysants gas ) in the mine workings of Praid salt mine. Currently in Romania there are six salt mines which exploit the salt through underground mine workings: Praid salt mine, Tg. Ocna salt mine, Slanic Prahova salt mine, Ocnele Mari salt mine, Cacica salt mine, and Dej salt mine. Of these six, in three salt mines occurred gas and salt eruptions: Praid saltmine, Slanic Prahova salt mine and Tg. Ocna salt mine. The purpose of the present paper work is to establish the methane release (explosive gas) and the carbon dioxide release regime in mine workings from Praid salt mine in order to verify its classification. This verification of the Praid salt mine classification has been carried out during October 2012 and there have been taken into account the following elements:Geological and technical-mining conditions of the salt deposit related to Praid mining perimeter. -Results of the quantitative and qualitative measurements from the underground mine workings regarding: •Circulated air flows; •Measured methane and carbon dioxide concentrations; •Absolute flows registered; •Accumulation capacity of gas in the deposit; •Gas concentrations and pressure in the massif. Existing evidences and documentations regarding the previous gas occurrences and their manner of manifestation. Establishing the way in which the gas is released into the underground atmosphere of the mine workings. Based on the observations and on the carried out measurements, on the analysis of the studied geological and mining elements, there has been made the classification proposal of the Praid salt mine from the point of view of gas emissions (methane and carbon dioxide). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the implementation of green certificate and carbon trading mechanism has a significant impact on power planning with renewable energy. In order to explore the impact of specific trading processes of green certificate trading and carbon trading on generation side, this paper successively establishes green certificate trading process model and carbon trading process model considering carbon offset mechanism, and organically connects them with carbon dioxide emission coefficient. In the traditional power planning model, the objective function and constraints of green certificate and carbon trading are introduced to construct green certificate and carbon trading process. The power planning model under this model is solved by a practical example in a certain place. The results show that introducing carbon trading and green certificate trading into the traditional power planning can improve the installed capacity of renewable energy and the overall revenue of the system, so that the renewable energy can be quickly generated, which makes the power generation enterprises more interested in introducing carbon trading and green certificate trading into their planning, so as to achieve profits. This is verified. The two policies have a good incentive effect on the development of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the test results of measurement into thermal comfort in the smart building "Energis" of Kielce University of Technology. The goal of the study was to assess the comfort level in the selected building and indicate problems related to the indoor environment. Three separate lecture rooms were analysed with regard to how students felt in the indoor conditions using questionnaires that they filled in. At the same time physical parameters of air such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level and etc. were measured. The results are the basis for discussion on the human perception of indoor air in the considered smart building. It has been observed that even smart buildings do not offer a high level of comfort and the thermal conditions were not fine for all the people (quite many felt too warm or cold). The overall recommendation is that building managers should conduct such questionnaire tests at certain time intervals of at least a few months to obtain data that they can use to set indoor air parameters (temperature, humidity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]