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Photovoltaics is one of the front-running renewable energy technologies, greatly contributing to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. With the aim for carbon neutrality ever larger photovoltaics plants are being built worldwide alongside an increasing number of small-scale Agri-Voltaics (APV) systems. Despite this trend, the impact of such systems on the environment remains scarcely studied. By means of lysimeters the effect of shading by solar panels on evapotranspiration (ET) and plant growth has been analyzed at a research station in Germany. During the measurement period which stretched from November 2019 to early April 2020, ET recorded at the area shaded by the panels was with 163 mm almost equal to ET at the reference site with 158 mm. However, percolation was found to be much higher at the reference site with 89.5 mm compared to the area below the panel where no seepage was detected. This difference was investigated by looking more in depth at the temporal evolution of ET, which showed to be season-dependent with lower ET below the panel than at the reference site during the growing season but higher ET below the panel the rest of the year. During the growing season, shading leads to a strong reduction of solar radiation received by the area below the panel resulting in lower soil temperatures and lower evapotranspiration than at the unshaded reference area. During the winter months in turn the panels raise soil temperatures by trapping outgoing radiation which results in higher evapotranspiration below the panels than at the reference area. The described effects of the panels on solar radiation and temperature have been studied at a conventional photovoltaics park and are described alongside the measurements from the lysimeter station within this paper. While at the end of the period of shading the height of rape was found to be on average 20 cm higher below the panel than at the reference site, rape yield in turn was lower assumingly due to a lack of light in the early stages of plant development. This paper presents the measurement results from the lysimeter station and discusses the underlying processes of changes in temperature and global radiation in respect to the soil-water-plant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June of 2017 President Donald Trump announced plans to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement, a global response to the threat of climate change. The withdraw of the US undoubtably will impede global progress in keeping global temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius as it is the second largest emitter of carbon dioxide in the world. The withdraw voids the pledges the US has made to reduce emissions, giving domestic firms an unfair advantage in the global market. In response the European Commission has outlined in its Green Deal policy proposal the implementation of a carbon border adjustment mechanism to ensure that the price of imports accurately reflects carbon content. If the US is subject to this policy it could have significant impacts on the country's export sector. This paper preliminarily examines data to formulate a discussion about the potential impacts of a carbon border adjustment mechanism by the European Union specifically on New York State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models have been proven successful in application and simple in comprehension and consequently, they have been widely applied to different fields in forecasting. The order of an ARIMA model is determined subjectively based on the judgment of the experts where, the autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) plots for a given time series are used to determine the potential orders of the model. In this paper, a new heuristic algorithm is proposed for determining the order of ARIMA models. The proposed method determines the order of the ARIMA models, objectively, based on the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). In this regard, the order of the models is determined objectively and as a result, the forecasting results would be more accurate. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated based on a real-world dataset of global temperature anomaly where, the results show that the proposed method performs accurately and efficiently in determining the order of ARIMA models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the impact of global climate change and temperature warming up on emission production during en-route flight. Consequently, analyses the effects of carbon dioxide gases production on the environment and ecology. The main aim of this article is to do research the amount of emission (CO2) production during flight in different meteorological condition and make an evaluation of how it can affect the global climate change, ecology and greenhouse effect. The theoretical part of the article focused on monitoring, analyzing and map out the global climate and emission gases production change. The practical part of the paper includes calculations, system analysis, and CO2 emission gases production modelling during the en-route flight of the selected type of aircraft. The result of the research is a response to the issue: how can the global climate change influence the fuel burn and emission gases production, and how can the emission production contribute to the greenhouse effect and Earth´s ecology and environment. The fuel consumption and emission production calculations are processed on the bases of the AFM (Aircraft Flight Manual), OM (Aircraft Operation Manual) and Dr. Christian N. Jardine research study program methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past decade, politicians have applied different shades of “green-wash” to global environmental issues in order to help juggle their positions in the political spectrum. This has created the illusion that effective measures are being pursued in the public interest for both this and future generation(s). The reality is, however, that nearly of all these initiatives are “input focused” and the various States of the Environment reports confirm that, despite decades of endeavour and large financial investment, there is little return on investment and that the rate of environmental degradation, particularly of the global atmosphere, continues to increase. Despite fierce posturing from the global warming sceptics, it seems that finally, the long term data indices of global warming are being accepted seriously and politicians around the world are responding by investing public funds in the quest for the search for options. This paper contends that with global warming, humans will need to embrace uncertainty and manage change and that innovation and cooperation across all disciplines and the cooperation of the entire political and social spectrum will be required to solve the ecological disasters that have already begun to unfold and accelerate in frequency. It looks from a strategic viewpoint at how specialist education can catalyse change and play an important role in managing the change. The case study used in this analysis is the RISE Master of Science Course in Environmental Architecture. It explores the implications of linking to converging interests from other emerging course streams for Engineering and other Built Environment disciplines such as Planning, Project Management and Interior design as well as socio-economic disciplines and the integrative discipline of Systems Dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate changes, in addition to temperature changes are reflected by the unprecedented increases of wind action. There are cases when the extreme wind loads exceeding the design values and this leads to important damages of buildings. The paper presents a case study of a lightweight greenhouse building affected by wind loads. The building is a lightweight steel structure with a height of 7.1meters, 12.8 meters wide and 171m long. The roof of the building is a lattice cupola. The main purpose of the authors was to find solutions in order to reduce wind loads on the building, using some wind protection barriers. In order to identify the optimal solution, five different types of the wind barriers were analyzed. Using Ansys CFX, the authors carried out numerical simulation for each type of wind barrier, in order to find out which reduces the most the wind pressures on the walls and the roof of the analyzed building. The results given by numerical simulation of wind action on the building were used to make a comparative study between different patterns of wind fences. The comparison between pressures developed on the walls and roof for each type of fence, has allowed the choice of an optimal solution that can be applied also to other similar buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants in a greenhouse impose their own needs, significantly affect their ambient conditions in a nonlinear way, and add long-time constants to the system response. Our work presents a low-cost indoor climate acquisition system, based on the Arduino hardware platform; the hardware and software components are presented, together with experimental evaluation. This system was designed to be integrated in an environmental evaluation platform based on inexpensive device signals that will be used for monitors and control and management the climate greenhouse. The experimental evaluation revealed that this system is not only capable of climate signal acquisition, for our purposes, but it can also be used as a generic platform for other environmental applications, greatly extending its applicability. The tests revealed that the sensor selected provided excellent agreement with a far more expensive air and soil monitor. In this paper we describe the proposed platform, with special emphasis on the design principles and functionality. Future work will focus on further developing our hardware, targeting its integration in a prototype system for environmental evaluation platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in temperature and precipitation and their impact have been studied worldwide. In this paper, the Black Sea western coast including Bulgarian, Romanian and a partially Ukrainian coastline was considered. The study is focused on the analysis of the trends in annual and seasonal precipitations at a regional scale over 48 yrs (1961-2008). Data sets recorded in 13 weather stations were analyzed: eight Bulgarian stations, 4 Romanian stations and one Ukrainian station. The main goal was to find changes in precipitation using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope methods. The main findings are: during winter and spring decreasing trends prevails, while during summer and autumn increasing trends are dominant; for annual amounts there is no homogeneous trends, but the slopes in northern part are stronger, whereas seasonal slopes are stronger in the South of the area [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present, the issue of climate change is a very frequent term especially in the relationship with global warming. These changes are reflected in the full range of ecosystem. The paper evaluated the prognosis of climate change and its impact on the quality of aquatic habitat at a particular section of the Váh River. Based on the calibration of parameters by hydrological model Hron changes in air temperature, precipitation and flow at the final profile of Váh River in the future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2100) were evaluated. The results indicate the change of flow in the future, which is mainly due to changing rainfall. More important than the flow rate is the distribution of flow over the year. Therefore, the results were evaluated as the long-term average values in each month and three different climate change scenarios were compared. For better review of the future changes, the changes in individual hydrologic parameters during the period of 2071-2100 compared to the period 1961-1990 (which is considered as a reference period) were assessed. The results show that not all regional models, although based on the same emission scenario SRES A1B (IPCC, 2000), show the same outcomes. The article compare three models and their results are analyzed in terms of flood control and maintenance of the quality of aquatic habitat in the period of minimum flows. For larger rivers, it is assumed that climate change would not have significant impact on the biota of the river. Threatened will be smaller mountain tributaries where the flow decreasing and temperature increasing can significantly affect the aquatic ecosystem. Specifically, these changes were examined at Hybica River that is a tributary of the Váh River (the largest left tributary of the Danube in Slovakia). From the measured data it was found that the minimum flow rates and the most demanding conditions for the biota of the river occur in August. Based on the measured data of air temperature and precipitation at individual stations from 01/11/1994 to 10/31/2002 the forecast of changes in the minimum flow in the month of August was modeled. The mean monthly values as well as minimum daily flows were evaluated. For modeling the flow impact on the quality of aquatic habitat the data from the Department of Land and Water Resources Management were used. There were evaluated 43 rivers and 52 representative sections of mountain rivers in Slovakia. Measurements are adapted to the requirements of modeling the aquatic habitat quality by the methodology IFIM in the program RHABSIM (detailed topographic, hydraulic and ichthyologic measurements on selected reference sections of rivers), so the forecast of impacts of climate change on the quality of aquatic habitat will use the above methodology and model. The modeling results of the impact assessment of climate change on the quality of aquatic habitat of the Hybica River shows that minimum flows will decrease in summer, which is critical for the biota of the Mountain Rivers. By reducing the flow volume the suitable habitat is reduced and simultaneously the reduced flow allows quickly overheat of the water, which negatively affects the aquatic biota. It could be concluded that climate change can significantly influence the quality of the ecosystem of the Hybica River. A similar trend can be expected for all mountain rivers within the Váh River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective science is critical to understanding the relative impacts of the many putative causal agents in the global coral reef crisis. This paper provides an evidence-based scenario of causality leading to the current state of reef degradation. Contrary to revisionist narratives that emphasize the local-scale effects of fishing and nutrient loading, coral populations were and are degrading primarily due to regional-to global-scale factors. Most important among these large-scale factors are disease outbreaks and coral bleaching, both of which are related to climate change. Because policy recommendations and management strategies will differ depending on which cause(s) are perceived to exert the greatest influence, scientists must be explicit about when they are acting as advocates and when they are objectively conveying scientific results. Legitimate scientific debate is healthy and in no way diminishes the goal of creating cogent policy. Forced ideological unification, in contrast, risks obfuscation, undermining the scientific process. Science must move forward unfettered by political expediency; however, the situation is dire enough to warrant immediate action on local, regional, and global levels, based on the best scientific information at hand, in parallel with continuing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the number and gravity of news media stories about climate change have taken off dramatically in the past few years, public opinion has changed slowly, and support for action remains limited. Survey researchers find that people's views regarding climate change, like other opinions, vary with individual demographic, socioeconomic and ideological characteristics. In this paper we analyze new data from a rural U.S. survey to test the hypothesis that regional climate trends also affect public perceptions. Winter temperature trends in rural areas of eight states prove to have a mild but statistically significant effect on residents' responses concerning the local impacts of climate change or global warming. Multilevel modeling confirms that the relationship between perceived and actual warming is not attributable to individual characteristics, or to nonclimate characteristics of the regions where they live. The finding suggests that climate itself could become an increasingly important driver of public opinion and political support for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past decade, politicians have applied different shades of “green-wash” to global environmental issues in order to help juggle their positions in the political spectrum. This has created the illusion that effective measures are being pursued in the public interest for both this and future generation(s). The reality is, however, that nearly of all these initiatives are “input focused” and the various States of the Environment reports confirm that, despite decades of endeavour and large financial investment, there is little return on investment and that the rate of environmental degradation, particularly of the global atmosphere, continues to increase. Despite fierce posturing from the global warming sceptics, it seems that finally, the long-term data indices of global warming are being accepted seriously and politicians around the world are responding by investing public funds in the quest for options. This paper contends that with global warming the major trends will be inexorable but the manifestations complex so humans will need to embrace uncertainty and manage change. Innovation and cooperation across all disciplines and the cooperation of the entire political and social spectrum will be required to solve the ecological disasters that have already begun to unfold and accelerate in frequency. It looks from a strategic viewpoint at how specialist education can catalyse change and play an important role in managing the change. The case study used in this analysis is the RISE Master of Science Course in Environmental Architecture. It explores the implications of linking to converging interests from other emerging course streams for Engineering and other Built Environment disciplines such as Planning, Project Management and Interior design as well as socio-economic disciplines and the integrative discipline of Systems Dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main factors that affect tool life is heat generated during machining process. This heat generation is the result of the combined effects of the machining parameters, namely spindle speed, depth of cut, feed rate and cutting direction. Hence, in order to improve on the cutting tool life, factors that affect the heat generated during machining needs to be studied. In this paper, infra-red camera is used to obtain thermal images during a conventional milling process performed on a S45C carbon steel. The full factorial method was used to determine the most significant parameter that contributes to the heat generated during the milling process. It was found that the most influencing factor is depth of cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades of the last century, the global average temperature has risen by 0.48 ° C over 100 years ago. Since then, global warming has become a hot topic. Global warming will have complex and potential impacts on humans and the Earth. However, the negative impacts far outweigh the positive impacts. The most obvious external manifestation of global warming is temperature. Therefore, this study uses wavelet analysis study the characteristics of temperature time series, solve the periodicity of the sequence, find out the trend of temperature change and predict the extent of global warming in the future, so as to take the necessary precautionary measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change (CC) has altered the hydrological cycle, mainly due to changes in temperature and precipitation, leading indirectly to regional water shortage issues, especially in the Mediterranean areas. The objective of this work was the investigation of the CC impact on water resources. Hydrological simulations under several CC scenarios were performed for the Vivari subbasin, located in the Eurotas river basin, Peloponnese, Greece. The analysis was carried out by applying the Thomas ABCD water balance model on a monthly basis, initially for the period between 2005 and 2009, to calibrate the model using available runoff measurements. Then, CC scenarios were incorporated into the model and the results are presented indicatively for three periods: a historic period (1970-2000), which was used as the reference period for comparisons; and two future periods: 2031-2060 and 2061-2090. Simulations for the three periods were based on freely available monthly precipitation and temperature timeseries, which were provided by the Data Extraction Application for Regional Climate (DEAR-Clima) web application tool. Results regarding average values, trends, and other statistics for monthly runoff are provided for the three periods and for several scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular discourse about environmental crisis is implicated in numerous philosophical issues about truth, its verification, and its communication to different audiences. These divergent positions on truth generate practical consequences regarding how we issue, evaluate and respond to forewarnings of urgent threat. This paper identifies four popular positions on truth telling and forewarning in global climate change - the positivist, the propagandist, the constructivist, and consensus - to clarify how these different views on truth underpin rhetorical strategies, situate various representational devices, and position those making claims to the truth. Taking An Inconvenient Truth as a point of departure, this paper looks at a number of these strategies and devices in their role of forwarding or contesting truth claims about climate change. Situating this film within the last 15-20 years of climate change disputation in the United State, the limitation of certain philosophical view of truth for "speaking" truth become evident. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the world's scientists speak with a near unified voice on the existence of a greenhouse effect and the dramatic impacts that it may eventually cause, the citizens of different nations often possess very different views, knowledge, and levels of concern about global climate change as a real or potential threat. The purpose of this paper is to explore comparatively the views and attitudes of ordinary citizens from a number of countries where data exists on global climate change. Only in a few countries, mostly Western, are there available recent and fairly detailed data on this topic. There exist less recent and extensive data on a number of other countries including some from the poorer, industrializing nations. In particular, the paper compares and contrasts the opinions and knowledge of global warming by American citizens with those of other nations. As the readers shall see, like the current Administration of George W. Bush when compared with other governments, US citizens are likewise "out of step" with the other citizens of the world on this topic of global importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on dielectric test measurements of a rectangular flat sample holder which serves as capacitor and which is aimed for simultaneous neutron and dielectric (n-DE) spectroscopy of acidic liquid samples. We describe technical details of the sample holder assembly and the dielectric and neutron equipment as well as the sample preparation procedure of the air sensitive acidic samples. The sample holder was characterised off-line from the neutron spectrometer by dielectric spectroscopy, but using the standard IN16B cryofurnace with a dielectric sample stick with 4-wire connection and a Novocontrol equipment, previously setup by a collaborative effort between ILL and Roskilde University. Temperature-dependent dielectric scans on standard samples (glycerol, glycerol-water, and Milli-Q water) were measured in the frequency range between 0.27 Hz and 1 MHz. Step-like temperature changes allowed to probe the temperature equilibrium conditions and continuous temperature changes were made to mimic typical IN16B backscattering neutron fixed window scans. Both type of scans were carried out in cooling and in heating. The standard samples show that our dielectric setup with flat sample holder is well suited for simultaneous n-DE-experiments. On the other hand, the dielectric scan on phosphoric acid reveals the limitations of our setup in case of high sample conductivities, but also shows that the DC-conductivity can still be accessed in a sufficiently wide low temperature range where the onset of conductivity can be simultaneously probed with the change in proton dynamics as seen by neutron spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how the mass media may influence information-seeking behavior through an analysis of how the release of the movie The Day After Tomorrow, a fictional depiction of global warming causing catastrophic natural disasters, changed the information-seeking behavior of the public on global warming related websites. A "teachable moment" of elevated information-seeking activity was found to extend from 10 days before the release date of The Day After Tomorrow to 19 days after the movie release date. A significant positive correlation was found between changes in media coverage of the movie and changes in the information seeking behavior of the public (B = 0.395, b = 0.565, p < 0.001). These results are discussed in light of the dual affective intelligence model developed by Marcus, Neuman, and Mackuen (2000). Additionally, new research directions are proposed to link agenda-setting research with the information-seeking literature. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is continuing discussion about the impact of the media on public understanding of global warming. This research explores that intersection. It draws from research on the impact of the media in general on public attitudes toward policy issues. In 2004, the movie The Day After Tomorrow was released to raise public understanding and concern about the dangers of the global warming. (Norton and Leaman, 2004). Whether the film actually enlightened or misleads the public in its understanding of global warming is a subject of debate among environmental scientists. Furthermore, as Wilson (1998) has pointed out: "Good information as well as bad may sway the public to support government regulations to curb global warming, while misinformation may sway a segment of the public not to support such measures." In his article "Evaluating theImpact of The Day After Tomorrow" Nisbet (2004) noted that not only the general public, but scientists themselves, may be influenced by films. In any case, whatever the scientific validity of projections put forth in the film, for social scientists, the question remains: Do films shape public opinion about scientific controversies? Or more specifically, did the film, The Day After influence public opinion about global warming? And, that question is the focus of our research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the utilization of discourses by which companies and business associations in New Zealand attempt to influence public policy and legitimize their handling of the global risk. In 1992, the International Panel on Climate Change wrote in its Third Assessment report that most of the increase in global temperatures observed over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities.

Natural scientists generally agree that observed increases in average global temperatures over the past century are due in large part to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Many social processes have been identified for their contribution to climate change; however, few conceptual models have been proposed for framing the social relationship with the biosphere. Our goal is to contribute to the development of a coherent theoretical framework for understanding human influence on the carbon cycle and its consequences for the global climate. We extend the discussions of metabolism and metabolic rift to the biosphere in general and to the carbon cycle in particular. We situate our discussion of the metabolic rift in the historical context of an expanding, global capitalist system that largely influences the organization of human interactions with the environment. The general properties of a metabolic rift include the disruption or interruption of natural processes and cycles, environmental degradation at one end of a cycle, and the accumulation of waste at the other end of a (productive-consumption) cycle. Given the dynamics of capitalist expansion, capital?s dependency on fossil fuels, the current level of carbon dioxide emissions, and records of climate change, we conclude that metabolism and rift are the proper conceptual tools for understanding how human society, via the operations of the capitalist system, contribute to the systematic degradation of the biosphere. Transcending this system, which is inherently in conflict with nature, is necessary for mending the metabolic rift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global forces can have drastically different impacts in different places and on different groups in those places: this elementary insight of the literature on globalization must now be applied to climate change. As the Earth's climate begins to shift into a hotter and more unpredictable period, there is a basic injustice in who will suffer worst and first. Nations facing rising oceans and drought are those least responsible for the problem, and they have the least resources to cope with them. We seek here to combine the largely natural scientific literature on national "vulnerability to climate change" with sociological insights on inequality in the world system. Doing so provides some insights into the deadlock currently facing the Kyoto treaty, wherein both global North and South nations both feel that the sacrifices the treaty might require are too great. The issue is environmental justice, and to evaluate claims of injustice we examine three cases where the first signs of climate change are being felt worst and first: rising sea levels swamping entire Pacific Island atoll nations, devastating drought in Africa; and murderous flooding in Bangladesh. In each case these nations are suffering not only because of bad geography or management. Rather, because of their colonial past and current positions in the world-economy, they are brutally vulnerable to forces outside their control. We conclude by discussing a paradox of globalization: As a problem which has allowed many people to see their personal fate as part of a "global commons," climate change provides a deeply problematic and critical case for understanding the perils and opportunities of global consciousness and global governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In educational buildings, thermal comfort affects students' health and performance. In gulf countries, thermal comfort is highly achieved by nonrenewable energies. Thus, understanding thermal comfort requirements is crucial in order to fulfil them using the minimum possible amount of nonrenewable energies. In this research, thermal conditions were investigated in five female high schools in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Recorded measurements included air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and globe temperature. Besides, a questionnaire collected the subjective votes. Findings revealed that students distinguished between thermal comfort, neutrality, and acceptance. Using a linear regression model, it was found that for each unit change in air or globe temperature, a change of 0.203 or 0.140 respectively occurred in thermal sensation. Exploring the use of adaptive opportunities indicated the students' heavy reliance on air conditioners to modify their thermal conditions. It is advised to conduct future work to confirm findings and to elevate students' awareness about the influence of passive adaptive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is considering anthropogenic and natural pollution, which leads to a change in global temperature. The article also talks about the Greenhouse effect and global climate change. The average global temperatures can fluctuate within years and even decades, for different natural reasons. The article analyses how the world pollution leads to a change in the global average temperature. The aim is to create a model that will show us the relations between the changes in global average temperature with the pollution of the natural habitat. ADL-model (autoregressive distributed lags model) was chosen as the theoretical model, in which the current row values depend both on the previous values of this row and on the current and previous values of different time rows. Eight different variables were chosen as exogenous variables, which characterize the pollution of the natural habitat and influence the change of the global temperature: Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent); Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent); Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tonnes of CO2 equivalent); CO2 Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels (tonnes); Waste Generated by Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply (tonnes); Waste Generated by Households (tonnes). Primary statistical data on endogenous and exogenous variables was gathered from different countries for period of time between 1998 and 2015. Endogenous and exogenous parameters for global economy based on primary statistical data which were determined as countries' compound ratio indexes in year t. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In literature, environment is mentioned as "the whole nature and examples of humanmade structures in the nature together with human beings and all other living beings". Environment is the atmosphere or conditions in which an organism exists and it is an atmosphere that existed with the first living being on earth. Environment is the physical, biological, social, economic and cultural atmosphere where people and other living beings lead their lives and interact with one another. Human life is built on various balances. Breaks that occur in the links that form the natural balance which people establish with their nature affect the whole chain, lead to defects in this balance and cause environmental problems. Basic environmental problems that people face can be summarized as follows: Increasing pollution of the air, water and earth and an important part of them becoming unusable, big cities' and industrial areas' becoming impossible places to live in due to environmental pollution, ozone layer depletion, increasing global warming, increase in cancer and similar diseases, fast consumption of natural resources, etc. Although the developing industrial sector is shown as the primary perpetrator of environmental problems, tourism, which is referred to as the industry without a chimney, also affects the environment negatively. Tourism, which is closely related to the environment in terms of its sustainability, generally seeks after short term benefits during the marketing of resources and it can harm these resources -- which are its raw material.Tourism, which is the user, not the protector, of tourism in its development process, caused concerns about the environment since it helps economic development in developing and underdeveloped countries including Turkey. In this study, environment and environmental problems arising out of tourism will be touched upon, the problems caused on tourism by environmental problems will also be analyzed and the tourism dimension of environment and its problems will be reflected in the study with an extensive literature study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous or Native knowledge reflects a long-term record of environmental functioning and change. Yet, new claims are being made that climate change in the Arctic is erasing the relevance of indigenous knowledge in the circumpolar region. This research begins to explore how climate change and its resultant social, scientific and ecological processes alter Native Arctic knowledge and in so doing shape how adaptation to global warming occurs. Climate-induced processes intersect in intimate ways. Their interrelationships reflect the close connection between environment, knowledge, and everyday life for the Inuit. These processes include melting permafrost that results in forced displacement and loss of cultural practices like hunting and fishing; expert knowledge of temperature change and projected impacts replacing local indigenous knowledge in environmental management; and shifting health risks raising questions about the most basic aspects of life like diet and travel. By taking a combined methodological approach that includes interviews, life histories, film and geographic information systems mapping, I intend to create an understanding of how indigenous Arctic knowledge is shaped by unparalleled ecological change and Western science, and what needs to be done to save their cultural legacies as the earth warms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct effects of terrorism on Australians have been small. We lost 88 Australians in the Bali terror bombings of 2002. However, the effect on other parts of the world have been greater, with 2973 people killed in New York after al-Qaeda bombers flew into the World Trade Centre, 198 people losing their lives (1400 injured) to terrorist bombs in Madrid and about 50 in London. In total, about 40,000 individuals worldwide were either killed or wounded by terrorist attacks in 2005. However, we should put these figures into context and perspective. In 2005, 1635 Australians were killed in road fatalities. Since record-keeping began in 1925, there have been over 169,000 road fatalities in Australia. There were 254 people murdered in Australia in 2004. More dramatically, in comparison to the 88 Australians killed, or even the 3200 killed in 911, Madrid and London combined, let us look to the potential for loss of life and other effects from Climate Change. Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans in the US, killed 1300 people in January 2006 and the recent Philippines mudslide killed about 1800. On an even greater scale, if Greenland melted, or the ice of Greenland broke up and slipped into the sea, or half of Greenland and half of Antarctica melted or broke up and slipped into the sea, sea levels worldwide would increase by 5–7 metres. In Beijing, 20 million people would have to be evacuated. In Shanghai and the surrounding area, 40 million people would be forced to move. 60 million people would be displaced in Calcutta and Bangladesh—120 million people displaced in these areas alone. The scourge of terrorism is real and important, but climate change has the potential to end life on Earth as we know it, within the lifetimes of our children. In my opinion, it is actually far more important, in that context, than terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and climate change are terms that elicit a wide variety of reactions, ranging from complete disbelief to the adoption of personal behaviors aimed at mitigating the climate consequences of one's actions. These interviews informed by Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology will be designed to explore people's understandings of the terms global warming and/or climate change, specifically how those understandings were formed, and how those understandings inform people's navigation through time-space. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They say that we are facing the crisis of existence caused by thedestruction of the environment: the impacts of global warming and soon. This presentation investigates the present situation ofenvironmental crimes, green crimes (i.e. crimes concerning airpollution, water pollution, deforestation, species decline and animalrights, and so on), in Japan and East-Asia, referring to some recentenvironmental problems. Then it traces recent developments of greencriminology and gives its prospects for future. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]