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This paper explores the relationship between the student-supervisor relationship (SSR) and postgraduate students' subjective well-being. Based on a longitudinal survey of Beijing college students, the present study suggests that in China, the SSR is a supervisor-centred, top-down hierarchical relationship. The reciprocity level of the SSR is positively related to the students' subjective well-being. The trust level of the SSR also has a positive relationship with students' subjective well-being; improving the trust level may also mitigate the possible negative implications of the low level of reciprocity in the relationship. The present study further reveals that it is more difficult for first-generation students to establish sound SSR than non-first-generation students. Additionally, a good SSR is more important for first-generation students' positive well-being. The findings provide implications for educational practices on how to improve postgraduate students' subjective well-being by improving the SSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the attraction of international students makes a direct impact on the host city and the education institutions, retention (or reattraction) of them after their graduation can generate wider, indirect impacts on the local labor market. The link from international study to the labor market means the role of a gateway played out by the host city that offers university education and various urban attributes. This paper presents the relationship between international tertiary students, and the key factors for their attraction and re-attraction in the context of China. The case of the Dushu Lake Higher Education Town in Suzhou is investigated for how international students have interacted with the local built environment and whether this affects their plans to remain locally for work. This research found that the place based offer was generally less significant than the quality of academic institutions and economic prospects in attracting and re-attracting international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper employs a glonacal agency heuristic to explore how certain research-intensive Chinese universities exercise agency in response to global and national impacts in creating the world-class university. Two global forces (international scholarly discussions on the world-class university and global university rankings) and one national force (China's Double First-Class Project) are considered. Through an in-depth document analysis of 41 Chinese research-intensive universities' strategic plans, it is revealed that the universities have designed mainly three strategies to reply to the impacts. The first is to actively embrace global impacts, while looking for national supports for the embracement; the second is to partly draw on global forces while taking into account national considerations; and the third is to primarily draw on national forces while being minimally influenced by global forces. The three strategies point to possible ways for non-Western universities to balance global and national influences in their development, and reflect potential contributions of universities, as local organisational agencies, to global higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses Hong Kong Chinese undergraduate students' conceptions of teacher care informed by their experiences of teacher-student relationships within university context. Utilising the concept of teacher care from Nodding's (1984) ethics of care from a Confucian-Vygotskian perspective, this research considers emergent themes of teacher care from the narrative accounts of final-year students majoring in management and bilingual studies. Results indicate that teacher care is perceived as a deepening of trust, mutuality, responsiveness, and reciprocity between students and teachers, and an enrichment of caring scope, embodied in the conceptualisation of 'Pedagogical Care' to 'Holistic Care' and then onto 'Sustainable Care'. A dialectical framework of teacher care within Hong Kong higher education context is proposed, based on the psycho-social make-up of students and socio-cultural context of learning. This study exposes the importance of teacher care in students' learning as influenced by relational dynamics, and proposes the adoption of caring pedagogy in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has focused either on the internationalisation of China's higher education (HE) as soft power, or on soft power with 'Chinese characteristics'. There is a paucity of research combining these two foci. This paper fills this gap by: (i) unravelling the meanings and features of the 'Chinese characteristics' embodied in the policies of President Xi Jinping's new regime that seeks to rejuvenate the 'civilisational state' through internationalising HE as soft power; (ii) analysing the implications and complications therein; and (iii) exploring the predicaments and paradoxes as China seeks to construct a Sino-centric world order alongside, if not atop, the Westphalian system. It demonstrates how the internationalisation of HE as soft power with 'Chinese characteristics': finds its legitimacy in a historico-cultural narrative; rides on the tide of the current global norms/practices; builds on national agenda/priorities; and is running into conflict with the West which is pursuing its own similar interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current discourse on higher education internationalisation is mainly Western, and there is a need to examine non-Western perspectives on internationalisation informed by different contexts, traditions and goals. Reported in this paper is a study that aims to glean the Chinese conception of internationalisation in higher education among 37 Chinese professionals, all working in the international education portfolio from 37 different institutions in mainland China. Based on the thematic analysis of a written interview with open-ended questions, the study ventures to provide a Chinese definition of higher education internationalisation based on Chinese institutional goals, approaches and challenges in internationalisation. The study provides insights on how a country in non-Western context learns, selects and adapts Western practices in a flexible and creative manner to meet national needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the conceptualization of massive open online courses (MOOCs) by major influencers in Chinese higher education. Using critical discourse analysis, predominantly from university resources, a map of the discursive construction of MOOCs is presented and interpreted. The centralized orientation of decision making in Chinese higher education is reflected in how MOOCs have been introduced, envisioned, and utilized in China. With the increase of Chinese MOOCs, elite universities are able to capitalize on their comparative advantages, which may be counter to the true intent of MOOCs, which is to raise teaching standards across sectors. This paper serves to illuminate how MOOCs may reinforce the status of elite universities, thereby having the opposite effect to their real intention of democratizing higher education for the masses. The strategy of using MOOCs to improve teaching quality and augment the worldwide reputation of Chinese institutions is central to China's reinvigorated focus on higher education, which counters the widely held perception, and intention, that MOOCs are vehicles for widening access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasing literature on transnational higher education in host countries, this paper aims to identify prominent factors affecting the quality of transnational higher education in China, as perceived and reported by Chinese host universities. A qualitative data analysis was conducted on 122 self-appraisal reports on transnational higher education programmes submitted to China's Ministry of Education in 2017 by 112 Chinese host universities. The analysis identified and examined relationships between four interrelated factors: low foreign language proficiency among students, shortage of a sustainable supply of highly qualified teachers, low quality of curriculum design and implementation and deficiencies in institutional regulations. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature, revealing two issues in transnational higher education in China: using local Chinese teachers to teach the imported foreign courses and outsourcing foreign language teaching. The paper concludes with some limitations of the study and implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kann eine Lehrmethode weltweit eingesetzt werden oder muss sie jeweils an lokale Bildungskontexte angepasst werden? In diesem Beitrag wird ein Forschungsprojekt von 2015 bis 2016 vorgestellt, in dem die aus Deutschland stammende Methode „Lernen durch Lehren" an der chinesischen Zhejiang-Universität getestet und evaluiert wurde. In der Methode „Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) erarbeiten Lernende eigenständig Unterrichtsthemen und vermitteln den Lehrstoff in der Rolle der Lehrkraft. Aus den Forschungsergebnissen der Studie geht hervor, dass die Methode auch mit TeilnehmerInnen (TN), die geringe Erfahrungen mit kommunikativer Didaktik haben, erfolgreich angewendet werden kann. Insbesondere in den Bereichen Sprechfähigkeit und Hörverstehen konnten erhebliche Erfolge verzeichnet werden; der Sprechanteil der TN erhöhte sich im Pilotprojekt ebenso wie die Lernerautonomie und Informationskompetenz der TN stark. Jedoch führte die Unterrichtsvorbereitung zu einer hohen Arbeitsbelastung für die Studierenden, denen es an didaktischer Erfahrung mangelte. Auch kulturelle Konzepte wie der Gesichtsverlust und ein durch das chinesische Schulsystem geprägtes Verständnis der Lehrerrolle beeinflussten die Implementierung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass das Implementationsdesign der Methode LdL für den Einsatz in China kultursensitiv angepasst werden muss. Can teaching methods be applied globally or do they have to be adapted to fit the specific cultural environment of the classroom? This paper discusses a research project at Zhejiang University where the method learning-by-teaching (LBT) was applied and assessed in the context of Chinese Higher Education in 2015/2016. In LBT classes, students take over tasks that are traditionally performed by teachers: They explore content independently, find ways of teaching the subject matter and enable student learning by correcting other students or giving them feedback. The project at ZJU revealed that learning-by-teaching can be beneficial in the Chinese context, even though the learners had little experience with communicative methods. LBT showed positive results especially in promoting speaking and listening comprehension, by enhancing autonomous learning and creating an active and collaborative learning atmosphere. But in the case study, the participants described problems understanding student-taught grammar sections. Generally, they found it hard to comprehend other student-teachers. As the students lacked teaching experience, they faced an increased preparation time. This paper suggests that the previous learning experience of the participants in the Chinese school system and their exposure to Chinese cultural values (regarding teacher roles for example) had an influence on the results of the study. Consequently, the implementation design of the method should be adapted culture-sensitively if used in China. However, the quick progression of the learners in terms of speaking and listening comprehension contradict the wide-spread idea of a static Chinese type of learner and show the potential of the method in the PRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main goals of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is to protect the personal data of individuals. Each organization (company, association, school, institution, university, etc.) has an obligation to protect all of the individual data that it obtains. Those data can belong to employees, members, students, clients, etc. The research in this paper is related to the higher education students in Croatia. This study is being conducted in three parts. The first part was conducted in April of 2017 (N=159) and the second in April/May of 2018 (N=141), in a period before the GDPR became valid (May 25th, 2018). In this paper, we are analysing the results of the second part of the study. Additionally, we are discussing risks that might appear if students do not know the GDPR. Risk matrix results are used to represent a basis which higher education administrations can utilize to make corrective decisions. The main conclusion of the research is that there are still issues with understanding the basic concepts of personal data and the GDPR, which may cause some problems during studying process. The main recommendation for HEIs or students organizations (such as student councils) is to organize lectures and workshops related to the GDPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the scientific productivity of China's science system. This paper employs the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results reveal that the overall efficiency of Chinese universities increased significantly from 2009 to 2016, which is mainly driven by technological progress. From the perspective of the functions of higher education, research and transfer activities perform better than the teaching activities. As an implication, the indicator selection mechanism, investigation period and the MPI model can be further extended in the future research. The results indicate that Chinese education administrative departments should take actions to guide and promote the teaching activities and formulate reasonable resource allocation regulations to reach the balanced development in Chinese universities. This paper selects 58 Chinese universities and conducts a quantified measurement during the period 2009–2016. Three main functional activities of universities (i.e. teaching, researching, and application) are innovatively categorized into different schemes, and we calculate their performance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates China's present approach of using "outward-oriented" higher education internationalization for status and image enhancement, and the challenges it faces in the response to this approach. It examines the three major dimensions of China's present approach including its cultural diplomacy based on Sino-foreign higher education collaboration (i.e., the Confucius Institute program), international development aid in higher education, and international student recruitment at the higher education level. The theoretical framework is developed based on neo-Marxist theories of center-periphery model and world system. The concepts of "soft power" and public diplomacy, Knight's argument of "knowledge diplomacy," and Hayhoe's argument about HE-based civilizational dialogue have been used. The paper reviews and analyzes China's strategic plans related to its higher education internationalization, as well as relevant academic and non-academic literature about the three major dimensions of its present approach. Findings reveal that tensions still exist between China's goals and the reality. It suggests that China's approach should be given a neutral and serious assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the reform of the education system and the prosperity of college sports leagues, China has witnessed certain achievements in the advancement of sports talent training models and league activities. However, colleges and universities face several difficulties and restrictions in the training model and strategy, training management system, athlete management and the league organization for the basketball promotion. Therefore, the paper, by taking the teams with high-level basketball training in 30 colleges as the research object, analyzed and summarized the existing problems in the education management of college 3V3 league, and established an education management model integrating players, coaches, training management and logistics support. Finally, in line with the teaching and training principles of the Ministry of Education, this paper, proposed targeted countermeasures and suggests combined with the status quo of domestic basketball league education, to promote and improve the application and quality of the integrated education management model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economy and culture competition in the 21st century is becoming increasingly fierce and the essence of this is the competition of knowledge and talents. Therefore, the protection of patent rights and the cultivation of talents with patent knowledge are becoming more important. Colleges and universities are the training base for talents and they are the hub for turning knowledge into actual productivity. It is of great significance for the improvement of students' quality and scientific and technological progress to extensively implement patent education in research universities which attach great emphasis on the cultivation of innovative talents. However, China's patent education started relatively late, and there are still many problems in the actual development process. This paper investigates the status quo of education, summarizes and analyzes the existing problems and draws on the experience of patent education in developed countries through the research on patent education in research universities in a province. Also, this paper proposes the suggestions for the construction of patent education in research universities in China from the perspective of breaking through the educational concept and enriching the structure of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of how to accurately evaluate the quality of public physical education in colleges and universities, this paper proposes a new comprehensive evaluation model of teaching quality based on the characteristics of public physical education in colleges and universities. Firstly, this paper introduces the research status of the evaluation of physical education teaching quality in colleges and universities. Then, it studies the object and teaching characteristics of public physical education in colleges and universities. Finally, it proposes a new comprehensive evaluation model of teaching quality for public physical education in colleges and universities. The survey shows that the model proposed in this paper can make a comprehensive evaluation of the teaching quality of public physical education in colleges and universities. The research results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for further improving the teaching quality of public physical education in colleges and universities, provides tools for the specific teaching of public physical education in colleges and universities and some help for the achievement of the overall teaching objective of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the fact that the research method of innovative talent education model is too single, this paper studies the education model of industry-university-research (IUR) cooperation in training application-oriented innovative talents from the two aspects of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Firstly, this paper analyses the education status of IUR cooperation in training application-oriented innovative talents. Then, based on the previous studies, it conducts qualitative analysis on the education model of IUR cooperation to cultivate applied innovative talents. Finally, it proposes a quantitative analysis method for the application-oriented innovative talent education model based on IUR cooperation. The quantitative analysis method proposed in this paper is applied to the research of application-oriented innovative talent education model for the first time, which has made a useful attempt to introduce quantitative analysis in this field. The research results, from qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, show the evaluation method of the education model for application-oriented innovative talent based on IUR cooperation, which provides a theoretical reference for the development of innovative talent education in various fields, and also has important practical significance for promoting the transformation of talent training ideas in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, new media has been applied to the setting and optimization of higher education curriculums. However, whether the optimization of the curriculum system based on the new media has achieved the expected results remains to be further studied. This paper takes the graphic design curriculum as the starting point and studies the optimization effectiveness model of the curriculum system after the introduction of new media. This paper first analyzes the connotation of new media and its application in some curriculums; then, it analyzes the differences between the graphic design curriculum system before and after the introduction of new media; finally, this paper proposes the optimization effectiveness model of the curriculum system and on the basis of this model, studies the optimization effect of the graphic design curriculum system based on new media. The research results in this paper can be used to guide the setting of graphic design curriculums in the context of new media and also provide a reference for the effectiveness modeling of the optimization of the curriculum system for other curriculums after the introduction of new media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of MOOCs was born in Canada but has been developed and widely used in the United States. This paper analyzes the development status and impact of MOOCs in American higher education in order to guide the development of MOOCs in China's higher education. Based on literature review, case study and comparative study, this paper summarizes and analyzes the development status and problems of MOOCs in the United States. Taking the Pattern-Oriented Software Architectures (POSA) of Vanderbilt University as a practical application case, this paper summarizes the experience in the design, management and evaluation of MOOCs. The results show that MOOCs play an important role in promoting the development of American higher education. The analysis of the application of MOOCs in American higher education has enlightening significance to the development of MOOCs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of media industrialization under the new media has had a profound impact on the whole society. The positive and negative impacts on the ideological education of college students and the corresponding ideological and political work are particularly obvious. At the same time, with the rapid development of science and technology and information technology Media technology will also be further upgraded, so that its ideological impact on college students will continue and continue to deepen over time. Based on the objective facts mentioned above, in order to achieve good results in the ideological and political education of colleges and universities in the new era, it is necessary for educators to be good at using the positive factors brought about by the industrialization of media to timely and effectively carry out ideological education and research and demonstration of college students. Make new media an effective tool for ideological education in the new era. This paper will analyze and discuss the current media industrialization and the status quo of college students' ideological education. At the same time, this article will always adhere to Marxism-Leninism and adhere to the ideological foundation of socialist public opinion orientation. This paper also analyzes and discusses the positive and negative factors of the ideological education of students in modern media colleges. At the same time, it gives corresponding coping strategies based on negative factors and provides predictive analysis on the future development direction of college students' ideological education. On the whole, the paper will give the learning of the influence of media industrialization on the ideological education of college students and the coping strategies fully demonstrates the close relationship between media industrialization and college students' ideological education. It has a high theoretical significance as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information teaching modes are with limited application and low informatization degree in the teaching process of English major. This paper researches on innovative English teaching modes based on higher education informatization. First of all, this paper analyzes the necessity of applying information-based teaching methods to English major in our country. Then, it studies the present status of English information teaching in colleges and teachers' information teaching innovation ability through an empirical research. Finally, it puts forward a series of innovative English teaching methods based on higher education informatization. The results show that the innovative English information teaching methods can effectively improve students' learning effects and teachers' information teaching abilities, providing useful reference for the improvement of English information teaching innovation level in colleges and universities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of a series of educational reforms in China, transforming to applied colleges and universities has become a hot spot for the development of higher education. Under the background of college and university transformation, the optimization and promotion of the teaching quality of applied courses is the core and difficult point for the connotation construction of applied colleges and universities. Taking the teaching of steel structure course as an example, this paper comprehensively applies the case analysis method, literature analysis method and experiential summary method to determine the nature of the problem speculatively, and puts forward method and path selection for optimizing teaching effect of the course and improving the teaching quality from several aspects of precise course orientation, reconstruct teaching content, innovate teaching mode and strengthen security conditions. The method and path selection for optimization and promotion of the teaching quality of applied courses proposed in this paper have important practical and theoretical significance for improving the quality of talent training in applied colleges and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide a reasonable architecture for higher education of innovative talents in China's industrial design field. In the future development of manufacturing industry, there is a demand for advanced industrial design innovation talents that depends on the culture and outputs of higher education institution. This paper adopts the qualitative study of literature combing, in phase with the future development trend of China's economy and society, analyzes the current situation and challenges we face in the industrial design talent cultivation mechanism. On the grounds, a cultivation architecture is proposed with the empathic care of humanistic value as orientation, trans-boundary knowledge system as basis, moulding creative thinking, focusing on the teamwork and building the leadership for students. This talent development framework will help upgrade the industrial design level of China's manufacturing industry and other relevant fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rapid urbanization has led to a massive transformation of urban space in China, spatially and socially. Its higher education has been growing much faster than ever before, along with an explosive increase of university students’ population. Different from the Western universities, a majority of Chinese university students are required to reside in gated campuses. Their accessibilities to public transport and subsequent spatial and social implications have been neglected in the literature. Taking Wuhan city as a case study, this paper aims to examine the public transport service to gated university campuses and its impacts on spatial and social inequalities. The spatial accessibility is measured by four methods: proximity-based, gravity-based, population-weighted average, and competition-based, using population data at residential building level. All the results have confirmed the presence of spatial and social inequalities in public transport accessibility for university campuses and students population. The study has also found that these inequalities are not contributed directly from the provision of public transport services but the closure of gated campus to the external public transport. Highlights • The paper presents a new study of socio-spatial inequalities in university students' accessibility to urban public transport. • The study has confirmed the spatial inequality between campuses and other areas as well as between campuses. • There has been a strong social inequality in the accessibility between the students' population and the elderly group. • This paper has addressed the emerging issues on spatial governance of university campus in Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International student education in China has been continuously changing in response to the rapid social transition since the People’s Republic of China was established in 1949. Adopting a historical perspective, this scholarly paper begins with an analysis of characteristics of international student education in China in terms of rationales, role of government, and international students. Several challenges are then identified and this paper concludes with observations on future trends of international student education development, with a special focus on the implications of “the Belt and Road”. This paper contributes to a better understanding of China’s role as an emerging host nation of international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspectives of capital market performance and social responsibility, this paper empirically tests the effect of MBA education in China. The research shows that, on the one hand, the current problems of MBA education in China are mainly reflected in the following aspects: weak integration with the reality of Chinese enterprises, insufficient teachers, inadequate selection mechanism for students, less coordination between quality and quantity, and lower social recognition; on the other hand, the effect of China's MBA education is more reflected in the performance of social responsibility, and the company's social responsibility is better performed after the CEO received the MBA education compared to the Growth Enterprises Market (GEM) listed companies where the CEO didn't receive MBA education, but the company's performance in the capital market doesn't show any substantial difference. The research in this paper broadens the research scope of MBA education in China, and has certain reference value for understanding the actual effect of MBA education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of higher education on total factor productivity in China using province-level panel data over the period of 1995-2016. The results show that higher education has a significant U-shaped impact on total factor productivity with a threshold value of 0.323, indicating that higher education development would have a positive impact on total factor productivity after the ratio of college graduates to population exceeds 32.3%. Further analysis reveals that the impact of higher education on total factor productivity is mainly through the Technical Efficiency channel and the Scale Efficiency channel. Moreover, according to the results of the paper, higher education in most provinces of China's is still below the threshold level, suggesting that developing higher education would be an important policy strategy to promote productivity in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and China have made sizeable growth in publishing science and engineering research papers in co-authorship with international institutions and patents granted in collaboration with foreign inventors during the period 1997-2012. However, the growth in case of China is much higher in comparison to India. The pace of growth in publishing research papers in co-authorship with international and domestic institutions is more or less the same in case of China, whereas India has shown higher growth in publishing research papers in co-authorship with international institutions in comparison to those with domestic institutions. The share of India and China to research papers published in co-authorship with international institutions increased from 1.8% and 4.1% respectively, in 1997 to 3.5% and 14.7% respectively in 2012. China's share to patents granted in collaboration with foreign inventors increased from 0.94% in 1997 to 13.68% in 2012, compared to an increase of 0.56% to 7.39% in case of India. The analysis shows that China has harnessed the fruit of its international cooperation in S&T to its advantage, as reflected by significant increase in research papers co-authored with international institutions and patents granted in collaboration with foreign inventors in comparison to India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is now the second most popular destination country for African international students. This paper investigates the discourse surrounding this emergent flow of students, and the main aim is to offer a new means to conceptualize mobility between non-Western nations. The article highlights weaknesses in current postcolonial conceptualizations of student mobility. A key contribution to the literature on international student mobility is that it extends and adapts existing work on the unequal and asymmetrical nature of international student mobility by drawing on the concept of semi-peripheral (post)coloniality, to examine how specific modes of integration into the "world-system" result in particular discursive formations around international student mobility. The main argument is that relative structural positions between the sending region and receiving country are mirrored in discourse around international student mobility, which contains examples of civilizational paternalism and pursuit of pragmatic foreign policy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas there is a large literature evaluating the impacts of education, most of the focus has been on getting to universal primary enrollment and understanding the returns to basic education; but it misses the major shifts toward higher education in many fast-growing parts of the developing world over the last 20 years. In this paper, I study the returns to higher education in China using the reinstatement of the National College Entrance Examination in 1977 as a natural experiment, investigating the causal impacts of higher education on later life outcomes and well-being. Through a combination of regression discontinuity and difference-in-difference methods, I find that cohorts that were more likely to complete high school and obtain a college education as a result of the reform were no more likely to be employed, but were more likely to have a high-socioeconomic (SES) occupation in their early 30s, and lesser of the same in their 40s. Cohorts with higher education work for fewer days in a week, and, on average, earn a higher monthly income by 56 percent in their late 40s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HE-D and DE-D were stable; most regions showed a relatively concurrent development of DE and HE. • D of the two subsystems differed in different regions with "high in the east and low in the west." • CCD fluctuated relatively steadily with differences of "high in the northern and coastal regions". • "HE benefits" and number of academic papers are the primary influencing dimension and factor in HE. • "DE input" and popularity rate of mobiles are the primary influencing dimension and factor in DE. Analyzing the coupling coordination interactions of higher education (HE) and digital economy (DE) to achieve sustainable growth is crucial. Thus, we constructed the coupling coordination interaction mechanism and the comprehensive evaluation system of the two subsystems to measure their coordination interactions; then, we processed the temporal-spatial analysis of the development status and the coupling coordination degree (CCD) in the case of China. Furthermore, we used the gray correlation model to determine the primary influencing factors and proposed differentiated policymaking suggestions. We found that: (1) the development status of higher education (HE-D) was more stable than that of the digital economy (DE-D), which showed a slight upward trend; besides, there were noticeable spatial differences for HE-D and DE-D. (2) The temporal changes of CCD were not noticeable. (3) Expenditure on research activities in HE and the number of patents were the significant factors affecting DE; the popularity rate of mobile phones and the number of employees in the DE industry were the significant factors affecting HE; besides, HE's output benefits and DE's input was more influential in the coordination relations. Furthermore, we also put forward targeted, specific, and differentiated policymaking suggestions, which can guide policymakers to formulate regional sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the massive expansion of higher education in China from the late 1990s onwards, private ("social") forces have increasingly funded higher education institutions. In today's competitive and commercialized environment, private universities are under increasing pressure to make themselves more attractive to potential students. As a result, private HEIs sometimes resort to misleading marketing practices in order to entice prospective students and hike up tuition fees, despite often providing substandard education. The handling of student–university disputes by the courts and other bodies tends to remain administrative in nature. Students are to be regulated rather than seen as consumers with rights and interests to be protected. The system fails to provide adequate redress for the shoddy treatment and educational service that students in private institutions often receive. This paper suggests that a more "consumer welfare" approach would complement the current institutionally focused, academic administration approach found in mainland China today. Given the problems with many private HEIs in China, it would also reflect more realistically the needs of the emerging "student-consumer." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on university autonomy in China's higher education system in the past three decades has focused on the macro-relationship between the party-state and university leadership. This paper focuses instead on university-level management practices and college-level academic autonomy. Drawing on the discourse of "administerization" and "de-administerization" within Chinese academia, we demonstrate how the dual administration system and outdated management practices common in the higher education system limit academic quality and educational autonomy at the college level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China implemented an unprecedented expansion of higher education along with excellence initiatives that propelled more universities into the global rankings. Yet, the international influence of the higher education system pales in comparison to its economy. This paper argues that governance reforms in higher education only partially address the increasingly complex social and geopolitical realities. With more institutional and professional autonomy, universities and the academic research enterprise would be better placed and more inclined to find innovative solutions to urgent problems of domestic and global sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on archival material and interviews, the paper argues that the autonomy of Hong Kong's institutions of higher education has varied since 1911, with the colonial state initially exercising tight control and relaxing it especially as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong approached. China has sought to reassert control especially since 2014 in what continues to be contested space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the emergence of China’s ‘university cities’ (daxuecheng) as a governmental strategy to modernise higher education and to promote its socio-economic integration. To the disappointment of policy makers, the model of university cities has largely failed to yield satisfactory educational outcomes and economic productivity. Drawing from ethnographic research at the Higher Education Mega Center (HEMC) in the suburb of Guangzhou City, this paper analyses the characteristics and problems of China’s university cities. It discusses how various disjunctures between planners’ visions and students’ everyday experiences undermine the missions of university cities: Universities intended to reinforce the reputation and growth potential of cities overestimated the need for such facilities; students rejected the vision of isolated education enclaves as a style of living; and productive connections with research and development sectors were not realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on transnational Higher Education governance has provided a thesis explaining how East Asian states have successfully selectively blended elements of globalisation in Higher Education with their pre-existing regulatory regimes. However, this paper argues that the thesis overlooks the significance of local politics in understanding the formulation of Higher Education policy, thus insufficiently acknowledging the indeterminacy that arises in the globalisation process. To address this argument, this paper examines the transnational Higher Education development in Singapore and Hong Kong and explains how political resistance and corresponding policy changes that emerged in these two societies help reconceptualise transnational Higher Education governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While feedback in education is important, formative feedback that leads to improvement in students' learning outcomes and emotional disposition is vital. This argument has been made repeatedly in the Western literature, both by researchers and by students participating in their research in higher education. This paper presents both affective and non-affective improvement as the most frequently occurring theme identified in a mixed-methods study conducted at a National Key University in mainland China, which investigated 232 Chinese students' experiences and expectations of feedback from their Chinese tutors. This paper, thus, concludes that mainland Chinese university students and Western researchers and students likely agree on the primary function of tutor feedback. The desire for tutor feedback to also or chiefly play a formative role appears not to be a geographically or culturally specific phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with global trends, China experienced a rapid expansion in its higher education system in the second half of the twentieth century, and has seen especially large growth since the early 2000s. The expansion of higher education means an increase in the total quantity of educational opportunities. Although it is expected that education expansion can lead to a more equalized distribution of educational opportunities, based on the extant research in China, there is currently no consensus regarding the impact of higher education expansion on equality in educational opportunity. Moreover, only a few researchers have examined the difference in its impact between elite and non-elite higher education. By analyzing the data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2015, this study aims to investigate the relationship between higher education expansion and inequalities in educational opportunities in the context of China and to analyze the difference in the influence of this expansion between elite and non-elite higher education. The findings of this study show that, except for gender disparity, inequalities affected by household registration, family economic status, and parental education level were not ameliorated after expansion. In addition, the decrease in gender inequality in access to higher education was greater in elite than non-elite higher education. Possible reasons and policy implications are given based on the data analysis in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on data collected from questionnaires distributed among German students and from interviews with university professors and contacts in cooperating companies in both Germany and China, evaluates dual studies in Germany and their applicability to China. The study finds that most students are satisfied with the theory phase and the practical phase. Practical experience and grants from companies are mentioned as important advantages of dual studies. In addition, expert interviews carried out in Germany show that students acquire both professional knowledge and occupational skills in the course of their dual studies. Interviews with Chinese experts point to the fact that the German model of dual studies could be applicable to China. Therefore, dual studies at Chinese application-oriented universities which interlink theory with practice and offer both a Bachelor's degree and a professional qualification in 3- to 4-year programmes could be an attractive alternative for Chinese students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the expansion of university enrollment in China, the cost of running a school is getting higher and higher. Under the circumstance of insufficient state investment in higher education, the education charge paid by students has become an important source of the university income. It has become a hot topic of social concern to formulate a reasonable charging model to enable more students to enter higher education institutions. In this paper, we mainly put forward the basic differential equation models describing the problem of higher education charges in China. Through the qualitative analysis of these two basic models, we draw several conditions for universities to maintain or stabilize their education charges and give some suggestions on macrocontrol of university education charges in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some of the first evidence on the effect of information and communications technology (ICT) on college students' labor market performance. Using a large, representative survey of college students in China, we examine outcomes before and after students were exposed to technology-aided instruction, compared with students who were not exposed to such instruction. The results indicate that the ICT program significantly increased students' likelihood of obtaining a job offer in the labor market and the wage they were offered. The positive effect comes from students' increased use of computers and the internet for job search. While most previous studies of the use of technology in education focus only on students' academic achievement and find zero or negative effects, our study demonstrates that technology may be an effective tool for improving college students' labor market performance, and that the potential benefits of technology might be underestimated if we focus only on test scores and ignore students' career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing pandemic due to SARS CoV2 is really a big one, which would never welcomed from any countries anytime, but knocked the door all of a sudden! The SARS CoV-2 first appeared in China in late December 2019. The virus isolated on January 7, 2020; the disease named as COVID-19 afterwars. Since this was a SARS virus not an influenza, nobody seem to expect it as a pandemic agent, spread so fast and so globally. But actually it did spread to many countries and declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The pandemic hit the universities hard. The most important topic for universities during the pandemic was of course distance and remote learning, which become widespread already. The pandemic will cause profound impacts and changes on the higher education system around the world in terms of education-teaching methods, research, internationalization and mobility. The response of Council of Higher Education of Turkey to pandemic could be evaluated in four phases: 1) Close monitoring, 2) Preparing, 3) Action, 4) New normalization. In this paper we will review the response of Turkish higher education institutions and Council of Higher Education to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yali College, a four-year institution operating under the aegis of Yale University, offered a US-style undergraduate education in China's Hunan province from 1914 to 1927. It developed a robust curriculum and an impressive physical plant but collapsed after a little more than a decade. This paper, drawing on new archival research, focuses on the circumstances leading to that collapse. It argues that a deep divide emerged over Yali's form and function, pitting modernisers at the institution's helm against its tradition-minded faculty and trustees, eventually crippling the college. The case of Yali helps us understand the perils of ideological misalignment in education, especially when it occurs in challenging sociopolitical contexts like 1920s China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid sociopolitical and economic progress taking place over the past decade in the remote multi‐ethnic and multilingual Derung community in Dulongjiang Township, in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China, the local Derung people, one of the less populous ethnic groups in China, have been experiencing noticeable changes to their language ecology. This paper sets out to explore in particular the status and functions of English in its interaction with other languages in the Derung's language ecology, through investigating the local linguistic landscape and carrying out a survey of language instruction in the local elementary and secondary schools. The study reveals that English has become the second most frequent language after Mandarin Chinese (Putonghua) and further explores the reasons leading to this rise in the status and the functions of English as part of the changing language ecology in the Dulong River valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study, the form and features of institutional governance in private universities in China are investigated. Using a comparative case study approach, it focuses on two private universities, each with differing institutional histories and forms of governance. It draws on thematic analysis of extensive documentation relating to the governance of private higher education and data from in-depth interviews with 26 senior managers on 38 separate occasions. Through the lenses of principal–agent and stewardship theories, the roles of the Council, as the governing body, and the University Committee, as executive team, in the institutional governance of private universities are explored. The principal features of the two governance forms relating to autonomy and control of shareholders and managers are identified. The paper fills a gap in the study of the institutional governance of Chinese private universities in English literature. As such, it provides insight into practice for policymakers, senior managers, and academics in the field of governance of private universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the state and the university is predominantly shaped at a national level which tends to reflect the specific traditions and circumstances of individual countries. In China the Communist Party has played a crucial role in university governance making it different from any other country. However the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in universities, particularly in private universities, has rarely been discussed in English literature. This paper examines how the University Communist Committee of the Party (UCCP) is set up and works within private universities, and the various patterns of institutional governance that can emerge. It draws extensively on documents of the CCP and interviews with 32 senior managers on 44 separate occasions. The study shows that while allowing private entrepreneurs considerable freedom to invest in higher education, the CCP still has control over the private universities in their socialist development. This is partly achieved through the requirement that every private university must have a UCCP to oversee the implementation of CCP policies in the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of outcomes-based education(OBE) has become a central issue for global university education, which is benefited to drive the education development by a series of assessments for historical teaching data, especially student course score, and employment information. The issue of how to timely update the talent training plans for computer major in a university has received considerable critical attention. It is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the requirement of fast shortened update cycle in IT area. One of the main obstacles is that the teaching inertia and the fixed awareness of a major training plan may delay the feedback of teaching problems. There is still a contradiction between the plan rationality and the real-time needs of contemporary IT enterprises. Hence, this paper puts forward a novel data-based framework to evaluate the relevance between the major courses, employment rate, and enterprise needs through the decision tree expression, thus providing reliable data support for systematic curriculum reform. On top of that, A recommendation algorithm is proposed to automatically generate the computer course group that satisfies the staff requirements of IT enterprises. Finally, teaching and employment data of Xihua University in China is applied as an example to undertake course optimization and recommendation. The consequences have an obvious positive effect on student employment and enterprise feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional higher education growth in non-federal states has not attracted much academic attention. This paper is one of the first attempts to explore China's latest higher education expansion and its systematic and regional impact from the perspective of multi-level governance. This article argues that the state had explicitly utilized the Commanding Heights Strategy to diffuse the higher education authority to sub-national level and promote regional growth. The Central authorities allowed the Ministry of Education establishing a vertical elite coalition to command the heights of tertiary institutional hierarchy and key resources for tertiary development. In addition, the state used both financial incentives and sectoral incentives to mobilize resources for regional expansion. The Commanding Heights Strategy shapes China's response to the higher education trilemma of costs, access, and quality. Under this strategy, the unprecedented tertiary expansion has expanded college access, but at the expense of affordability, quality, and a large and increasing regional variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the lived experience of the initial two Chinese professionals, competitively selected by a Traditional Chinese Medicine university, to attend and graduate from the Creighton University entry-level Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD) program. The process and challenges facing implementation of an international, inter-institutional collaborative relationship between a Jesuit institution and a public higher education institution in China is discussed as well as the challenges facing international students immersed in Jesuit health care education. A review of Jesuit education in China provides a historical background to identify the differences between Eastern and Western higher education. The Chinese professionals' experential perspective as students is iterated based on interviews focused on learning styles, learning environment, spirituality and academic support. The graduates' perceptions of the value of their Jesuit education and experience in occupational therapy, a developing profession in China, and their reflection, integration and impact of incorporating the Ignatian values into their current professional employment as occupational therapists is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wider context of national growth and investment in higher education in China, more mature students seek to gain access to university education. Considering the far-reaching socioeconomic and political shifts in contemporary China and its higher education sector in particular, this study explores the experience of mature university students in this country and poses the seemingly simple question as to why these students did not pursue higher education when they were school-leavers, but chose to study at a mature age. Drawing on biographical interviews with 20 Chinese mature university students, the paper explores their aspirations, motivations and tribulations behind embarking on higher education. Revisiting Bourdieu's ideas on 'inherited' and 'acquired' cultural capital and examining the related Chinese cultural notion of mianzi ('face'), it is argued that family and social networks are decisive factors in mature students' orientation towards higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]