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Ammonia, recognized as a promising clean energy source, plays a significant role in advancing sustainable development. This paper detailly investigates the multifaceted aspects of ammonia, encompassing its background, synthesis methods, storage, transportation, and diverse applications. A comparative analysis is presented, contrasting the conventional Haber process of ammonia synthesis with innovative methods utilizing clean energy. The green ammonia synthesis process, currently gaining prominence, is highlighted for its potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions. The efficacy of various catalysts in green ammonia synthesis is also examined, revealing the superiority of low-displacement catalysts. Furthermore, the paper explores ammonia's extensive applications in the energy sector, from its role in fuel cells, which can be supplied directly or post-catalytic decomposition, to its utility as engine fuel, either in pure form or in combination with other fuels. The study also underscores ammonia's potential as an auxiliary hydrogen carrier, enhancing the safety and efficiency of hydrogen storage and transportation. By offering insights into ammonia's synthesis processes and its multifarious applications, this research contributes to the discourse on new energy paradigms, emphasizing the benefits of transitioning from traditional energy sources to cleaner, more efficient alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid frameworks have as of late become more famous than earlier enterprises for an electric provider dependent on sustainable power entrance into the power network, where the framework has changed to far-off and disconnected interest that is not provided directly by the energy enterprises. The microgrid is coordinated as a limited-scale network that can associate energy users locally. In the microgrid, photovoltaic and power module frameworks give huge potential to bring down reliance on non-renewable energy sources. To coordinate all power plants on the microgrid, the right mix is a basic consideration. These papers show a mix of power units for the microgrid dependent on fossil and non-fossil base units, just as a running expense, using the optimizing calculation. The IEEE-30 framework was picked as a model for finding power-based and energy components that would be functional 24 hours every day, seven days per week. Besides, the executions have been approved in an assortment of exhibitions relying upon load request variances for 24 hours. Non-fossil-based power plants can lessen the power period on every day and pinnacle load premise. These arrangements have additionally been powerfully demonstrated during the whole activity in different adjusted utilization among fuel and contamination costs, just as power misfortune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science, technology and politics agree: hydrogen will be the energy carrier of the future. It will replace fossil fuels based on a sufficient supply from sustainable energy. Since the possibilities of storing and transporting hydrogen play a decisive role here, the so-called LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers) can be used as carrier materials. LOHC carrier materials can reversibly absorb hydrogen, store it without loss and release it again when needed. Since little or no pressure is required, normal containers or tanks can be used. The volume or mass-related energy densities can reach around a quarter of liquid fossil fuels. This paper is to give an introduction to the field of hydrogen storage and usage of those LOHC, in particular. The developments of the last ten years have been related to the storage and transport of hydrogen with LOHC. These are crucial to meet the future demand for energy carriers e.g. for mobile applications. For this purpose, all transport systems are under consideration as well as the decentralized supply of rural areas with low technological penetration, e.g. regions of Western Africa which are often characterized by a lack of energy supply. Hydrogen bound in LOHC can provide a hazard-free alternative for distribution. The paper provides an overview of the conversion forms as well as the chemical carrier materials. Dibenzyltoluene as well as N-ethylcarbazole - as examples for LOHC - are discussed as well as chemical hydrogen storage materials like ammonia boranes as alternatives to LOHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effect of combining a gas turbine power plant (GTPP) with electrolyzer and storage facilities for hydrogen (H2) in the same location. We investigate how the co-location may provide new opportunities for the GTPP owner, through the ability to generate new products (in addition to the sales of electricity) that may increase the profitability for both assets: sales of H2 and, ultimately, additional flexibility services that can be generated with the co-location. We also consider the ability of GTPP to co-fire H2 together with NG. The paper relies on LCOE and NPV calculations, which are typical indicators for decision makers in the power industry. We use a time-based approach (named after considering historical operational data from gas-fired power plant) that enable implementing calculations on an hourly basis (compared with the 'conventional' approach for LCOE and NPV), in order to derive the energy quantities that serve to compute the LCOE and NPV. Results show that hydrogen appear to be non-competitive in most cases, with increased values for LCOE and negative NPV. Moreover, none of the incentives we consider (namely carbon pricing, lump-sum grant based on CAPEX, and subsidy that decreases the price of H2 when it is bought and increase the perceived price when it is sold) allow making hydrogen competitive with consistent values. Among the main obstacles is the decisions rule we assumed to determine the sizing of electrolysis and storage. The rule only considers the hydrogen the GTPP needs at peak times, which leads to overdimensioning the hydrogen facilities. This results in high LCOH and, in turn, high LCOE for the GTPP. One solution to overcome this barrier would consist in giving more weight to the objective of having low LCOH in the sizing rule. Another avenue to increase competitiveness relies on adding new products that we did not implement in this preliminary version of the paper. First of all, we want to assess the benefit that may arise from including the revenues generated by grid flexibility services. We leave this for the next version of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, three phenomena are developing into critical global problems, requiring urgent attention from leaders all over the world. The first of these is the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to the escalated use of coal, resulting in the gradual increase of the Earth's average temperature. The second is the continually diminishing fossil fuel resources, e.g. oil and natural gas, which are the primary sources of energy for vital services like transportation and domestic heating. The third is the unforeseen and rapid "world population boom" since the beginning of the 19th century after the invention of the steam engine by JamesWatt. The combination of these three factors signal imminent danger. With the increase of the world population, there is a subsequent rise in the usage of both electrical and non-electrical types of energy. At the same time, not only are the sources of these energy forms, i.e. the fossil fuels, depleting because they are non-renewable but their usage is also severely detrimental to the environment. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and switch to renewable or even nuclear resources as alternatives, in order to prevent an impending climate disaster. Hence, taking the aforementioned problems into account, a method is proposed in this paper to create a safe, reliable and regenerative electrical energy supply system using renewable wind and solar energy as well as hydrogen storages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge demand of energy worldwide and the depletion of fossil based energy, is a strong reason to rapidly develop any kind of renewable energy resources, which has economical advantages and zero pollution effect. One of the renewable energy technologies aimed in this paper is the generation of electric-energy based on fuel-cell technology, where the input hydrogen (H2) gas is supplied by electrolysis system powered by renewable energy system based on solar cell. In this paper, the authors explain the development of electrolysis system which is powered by solar cell array to supply hydrogen for fuel-cell system. The authors explain in detail how to design an efficient electrolysis system to obtain high ratio conversion of electric energy to hydrogen gas volume. It includes the explanation of the usage of multiple anodes with a single cathode for many solar cell inputs in a single electrolysis system. Hereinafter this is referred as multiple anode electrolysis system. This multiple anode electrolysis system makes the management of hydrogen gas becomes more efficient and effective by using only a single hydrogen gas storage system. This paper also explain the careful design of the resistance value of the electrolysis system to protect or avoid the solar cell panel to deliver excessive current to the electrolysis system which can cause damage on the solar cell panel. Moreover, the electrolyte volume detector is applied on the system as a tool to measure the electrolyte concentration to assure the system resistance is still in the allowed range. Further, the hydrogen gas produced by electrolysis system is stored into the gas storage which consists of silica-gel purifier, first stage low pressure gas bottle, vacuum pump, and second stage high pressure gas bottle. In the first step, the pump will vacuum the first bottle. The first bottle will collect the hydrogen from the electrolysis system through the silica gel to get rid of water vapor. When the first bottle pressure is close to atmospheric pressure, then the vacuum pump will evacuate the hydrogen gas from the first bottle to store into the second high pressure bottle. When the first bottle become vacuum then the procedure is repeated again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen storages play an important part in hydrogen energy scenarios. Several methods have been investigated to store hydrogen effectively and adsorptive approach is one of the best methods proposed. Porous carbon is among adsorbent materials that have the potential to be used. Unfortunately, on its own, carbon showed a low hydrogen storage capacity. One way to improve the hydrogen uptake is to impregnate carbon with metal. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of adsorbent based on nickel oxide/porous carbon for hydrogen adsorption. The porous carbon employed was polymer-derived carbon synthesized by pyrolysis of phenolic resin (1170 m²/g specific surface area and 6.05 nm mean diameter). As comparison, a commercial carbon of biomass-derived carbon was also studied (1320 m²/g specific surface area and 1.80 nm mean diameter). Both porous carbons were impregnated with a 20 wt.% nickel or a mix of 10 wt.% nickel and 10 wt.% magnesium in their oxide forms. To load metal in carbon, a wet incipient method was implemented to disperse nickel precursor inside pores of carbon followed with a calcination process at 375°C. The characterization by scanning electron microscopy-EDX showed a successful dispersion of metals on carbon. Adsorption measurement was performed at ambient temperature and resulting in an enhancement of hydrogen uptake by metal oxide-loaded carbon compared to only pristine carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a three-dimensional hydrogen absorption model is applied to a cylindrical LaNi5 hydride bed embedded with multiple U-shaped cooling channels having fins fitted in different orientations. Four number of cooling channels are placed radially at equal distances to achieve uniform heat removal from the bed. The fins are fixed to the coolant channel in transverse and radial directions. The fins volumetrically collect heat from the bed and deliver to the coolant channels. Three metal hydride bed cases are numerically studied, they are with: only coolant channels - case 1, coolant channels fitted with transverse fins - case 2 and coolant channels with transverse and radial fins - case 3. From the simulation results, it is revealed that the presence of fins in the coolant channels significantly improves the heat transfer and hydrogen absorption rate in the bed. The hydrogen absorption in the bed approaches 90% of saturation in 998 s, 867 s and 656 s for case 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Detailed multi-dimensional contours of temperature and hydrogen to metal ratio distributions in the bed are presented for different cases. This study provides a better understanding of heat and mass transfer during the hydrogen absorption in a metal hydride bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main and crucial fundamental thermodynamic properties are the enthalpy’s formation. It is know that the enthalpy of formation plays a keys role in energy balance calculation combustion properties, equilibrium constants of reactions and fuel characteristics of materials. Several methods have been carried out in calculation and estimating the enthalpy of formation, such a semi empirical model, Miedema model and density functional theory calculations. Currently, the datamining is the newly developed approach which attracts and increasing care of the material science researches. In the current paper, the one know datamining approach based on artificial neural network (predictive technique) has been proposed to estimate the enthalpy formation for several hydrides. An (3-13-1) architecture structure has been developed to predict the enthalpy of formation for rare-earth dihydrides CeH2, PrH2 and DyH2, Also, an (6-15-1) architecture of artificial neural network has been developed to estimate the enthalpy of formation, for the 39 ternary hydrides selected from different published works. The performance indices such a relative error, coefficient of determination and mean square error were used to control the performance of obtained results. The obtained results for enthalpy of formation for CeH2, PrH2 and DyH2 are basically consistent with the density functional theory and are in good agreement with experimental data. In other hand, the obtained results for 39 ternary hydrides are also in good agreement with experimental data available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of material at high temperature and pressure is of immense interest for both theory and experimental point of view. For this, the behavior of thermal parameters such as bulk modulus and thermal expansion coefficients as a function of high temperature and high pressure have been studied by using quasi harmonic Debye model as implemented on GIBBS package. The obtained plots are presented and discussed in the paper. We expect that the obtained results will be very useful for experimental research in the search for new hydrogen storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the use and applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) expand, the need for a lighter weight fuel allowing for longer duration flights has become the primary limiting factor in the advancement of these vehicles. To extend the operational envelope of UAV, onboard condensed hydrogen storage for missions exceeding one week is necessary. Currently, large spherical liquid hydrogen tanks that are pressurized with external helium tanks or electronic heating elements are utilized for this purpose. However, the mass, size, and power consumption of the fuel storage tank and fuel pressurization system significantly limit the flight envelope of UAV. In an effort to alleviate these issues, this paper investigates the technological feasibility of orthohydrogen-parahydrogen catalysis as a method of fuel pressurization. Typical pressurization requirements for takeoff, cruise, and landing are reviewed. Calculations of the catalyst system mass and response time are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes heat and mass transfer process in metal hydride hydrogen storage systems as key element in the development of a solar powered pump system. Hydrogen storage and compression performance of the developed reactors are investigated according to the type of metal alloys, the metal hydride bed parameters and system operating conditions. To reach the desired goal, some metal hydride from groups AB5 and AB2 were synthesized and characterized using elements substitution for tailoring their properties: reversible hydrogen absorption capacity between the hydrogen absorption and desorption pressures at equilibrium at small temperature differences. For the designed hydrogen storage reactors, a new technical solution which combines the effective increase of the thermal conductivity of MH bed and good permeability to hydrogen gas circulation, was implemented and tested. The results permitted us to develop a heat engine with metal hydride, the main element of the functional model of a heat operated metal hydride based water pumping system using solar energy. This is a free energy system able to deliver water, at a convenience flow and pressure, in remote places without conventional energy access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive utilization of fossil fuels presents serious environmental threats. In this context, today the development of renewable energies is an urgent issue. Due to the stochastic nature of renewable energy sources an energy storage is needed in renewable energy generation systems. Hydrogen-based energy storage system or hydrogen buffer can help to stabilize unregulated renewable energy generation. In the hydrogen buffer system, the excess wind energy is stored in the form of hydrogen via conversion through the electrolyzer. The fuel cell is used to produce electrical power when the load demand exceeds that produced by the renewable energy sources. Hydrogen buffer includes two main operational stages: electrochemical and power electrical. This paper explores the techno-economic analysis of the electrochemical stage of the hydrogen buffer in order to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production in the renewable energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aerospace technology that is being developed for space and aeronautical applications has great potential for providing technical advances for terrestrial power systems. Some recent accomplishments arising from activities being pursued at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Centers is described in this paper. Possible terrestrial applications of the new aerospace technology are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most of the inhabited Greek islands are not connected to the central electricity grid and their energy needs are satisfied by diesel power stations. The operation of such stations has negative economic and environmental effects related to the high transportation cost of fuels, increasing oil prices and emissions. The replacement of fossil fuelled stations with hybrid ones that combine renewable energy technologies with energy storage systems will provide a promising clean energy generation alternative and contribute to the limitation of the aforementioned drawbacks. The current paper deals with the integration of such a hybrid power system in the autonomous power system (APS) of the Greek island Agios Efstratios. The objective is to study the effect of energy storage (ES) in increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the hybrid system. Two storage technologies, based on lead-acid batteries and compressed hydrogen, have been studied for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, attention in focused on the nanostructured magnesium films for hydrogen storage. It is shown that 2 μm thick Mg film is transformed into MgH2 film under high-flux and fluence hydrogen plasma immersion ion implantation at 450 K for 15 mm. All hydrogen desorbs around 530 K temperature, which corresponds to the decomposition of MgH2 -> Mg + H2. The Mg-based hydrides compounds are too stable for practical applications and can be destabilized by adding small amount of transition metals (Ti, V, Ni). The results provide new aspects of hydriding of thin nanocrystalline film materials under highly nonequalibrium conditions on the surface and destabilization oh hydrides using additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium alanate Mg(AlH4)2 is one promising material for H2 storage because it has 9.3 wt % H2 storage capacity and decomposition temperature close to 160 °C. In this paper we present a study on the structural characterization and thermal stability of Mg alanate thin films. Samples in form of Mg/Al multilayer thin films prepared by electron beam deposition and then submitted to thermal annealing in UHV conditions to promote the atomic mixing and stimulate the formation of Mg-Al phases. Annealed samples were then coated by a thin Pd capping layer to catalyse the D2 adsorption during thermal treatment at 150 °C in D2 atmosphere. The structural characterization of the thin film samples was carried out by XRD and the thermal stability of the deuterated samples was studied by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS). The TDS spectra show a maximum of the D2 effusion rate at T ∼ 200 °C which is attributed to the deuterium desorption from the Mg alanate. Analysis of the effusion kinetics indicates that the D2 effusion is controlled by the decomposition of the Mg alanate and presents an effective activation energy value of 1.33 ± 0.02 eV. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports Mössbauer study of cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) before and after hydrogenation. The CoHCF was synthesised by chemical precipitation method. The sample was characterized by using various techniques (XRD, TG, EDX and FTIR). The CoHCF paricles show fcc structure. The hydrogen storage property was measured at different temperature. The COHCF shows maximum 0.93 wt% hydrogen storage capacity at 223K. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic study shows the effect of hydrogenation on the electronic structure in terms of electronic charge distribution and volume expansion. Isomer shift and quadrupole splitting values were found to be increased after hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this growing age, everything that lives in this world needs energy. Energy has many forms. The most widely used non-renewable energy is petroleum, coal, and natural gas, non-renewable energy. Hydrogen is a promising new source of energy, and the choice of hydrogen storage material is crucial. To calculate hydrogen capacity storage in a material, Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculation method can be used. In this research, we conducted MD calculations of hydrogen adsorption on graphite. The temperature variations used in this simulation are 77 K, with the pressure at each temperature are 1 atm, 8 atm, 10 atm, 14 atm, 18 atm, and 20 atm. The MD calculation results are compared to the results from the experimental one. Both shows that the increase of pressure results increase in hydrogen capacity until it reaches absolute pressure to be saturated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to renewable energy sources for a sustainable, low-carbon future is driven by the need for the mitigation of climate change. The integration of RES-based systems and storage units can deal with the intermittent nature of natural variables. The selection of storage technology is determined by various parameters related to space, topography and water resource availability. In the present study, two different storage methods, wind-powered pumped hydro storage and hydrogen fuel cells, are compared in terms of fulfillment energy and water demand of a small Aegean Sea island for the project's 25-year lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NASA is considering multiple missions involving long-term cryogenic propellant storage in space. Liquid hydrogen and oxygen are the typical cryogens as they provide the highest specific impulse of practical chemical propellants. Storage temperatures are nominally 20 K for liquid hydrogen and 90 K for liquid oxygen. Heat loads greater than 10 W at 20 K are predicted for hydrogen storage. Current space cryocoolers have been developed for sensor cooling with refrigeration capacities less than 1 W at 20 K. In 2011, Creare Inc. demonstrated an ultra-low-capacity turboalternator for use in a turbo-Brayton cryocooler. The turboalternator produced up to 5 W of turbine refrigeration at 20 K; equivalent to approximately 3 W of net cryocooler refrigeration. This turboalternator obtained unprecedented operating speeds and efficiencies at low temperatures benefitting from new rotor design and fabrication techniques, and new bearing fabrication techniques. More recently, Creare applied these design and fabrication techniques to a larger and higher capacity 20 K turboalternator. The turboalternator was tested in a high-capacity, low temperature test facility at Creare and demonstrated up to 42 W of turbine refrigeration at 20 K; equivalent to approximately 30 W of net cryocooler refrigeration. The net turbine efficiency was the highest achieved to date at Creare for a space-borne turboalternator. This demonstration was the first step in the development of a high-capacity turbo-Brayton cryocooler for liquid hydrogen storage. In this paper, we will review the design, development and testing of the turboalternator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanocrystalline Mg3CoNi2 alloys have been synthesized from Mg, Co and Ni pure metal powder by using a SPEX 8000 High Energy Milling through wet method with its vial and ball made of stainless steel. A weight ratio of ball to sample was set at 8:1 and the milling times were set at 20 and 30 h. SANS measurements were performed in an instrument SMARTer at BATAN using a distances between 1.5, 4 and 13 m and a wavelength, λ, of 0.39 nm. The SANS investigation results showed that the intensity profiles decrease with q and a power law exponent of about 4. It is suggested that surface Porod scattering dominates. The relative intensity decreases with increased hydrogen concentration, indicating a decline in surface area. Hydrogenation leads to significant changes in the scattering curves mainly due to the 1 Mg2Ni attice expansion and changes of the Mg2Ni-H/Mg2Ni phase boundaries and that of the Mg2Ni or Mg2NiH4 grain boundaries. The samples absorb about 3.3 and 1.9 wt% hydrogen with increasing milling time of 20 and 30 h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on its 2030 vision Saudi Arabia seeks future renewable clean energy as an essential input into most industrial sector production processes. As a model, Neom city is targeted 100 % dependent on renewable energy, limiting climate change caused by CO2 emissions. On the other hand, hydrogen as a clean energy source has gained much attention in recent years. Moreover, hydrogen storage is considered a promising energy carrier that can be merged in the renewable energy system to store a large amount of energy. The research focuses on adding hydrogen storage in a photovoltaic (PV) plant in Neom city represents the vision "2030" to limit CO2 emission. Hydrogen storage could provide a fully renewable and clean power source for fixed and mobile applications. Must scaled-up hydrogen production and the legislative framework needed to define commercial deployment models explicitly. More technology advancements are expected to minimize the associated costs of extraction, storage, and transportation and more investment in the infrastructure supporting Neom city. This work presents a techno-economic study of adding hydrogen storage to a photovoltaic (PV) plant in Neom city. Utilizing the System Advisor Model (SAM) software to calculate the payback period (PP) and the intern rate of return (IRR), and other economic parameters of the project with and without adding the hydrogen storage. The net present value of PV plant with hydrogen storage is considered $6,887,662, which means more time value of money from the supplied value. The techno-economic assessment of this study was limited to a PV plant with a total capacity of 30 MW on-grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a potential secondary energy source having several advantageous characteristics compared with others. Moreover, the trend of decarbonisation of fossil fuels has significantly motivated the utilization of hydrogen to store and transport the energy. In this study, the routes of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization are analysed and compared. To achieve low cost of produce hydrogen, hydrogen production from low rank coal is assumed. For storage and transportation, three methods are analysed: liquid hydrogen, liquid organic hydrogen carrier using toluene-methylcyclohexane, and ammonia. In addition, in the utilization side, hydrogen is utilized mainly for power generation. The comparison of total energy efficiency for each scenario is performed. Ammonia with direct utilization, including combustion and fuel cell, is calculated to have the highest total energy efficiency and the lowest total cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article deals with a possibility of using metal hydride materials for the hydrogen compression and points out the necessity for the interim hydrogen storage when changing the temperature of a pair of tanks containing the La0.85Ce0.15Ni5 alloy in a tandem arrangement. For the purpose of the required heating and cooling, the tank is equipped with a pair of the Peltier modules with water cooling. The analysis of the measured operational parameters facilitated obtaining the thermal, output, and kinetic parameters of the thermal field balancing necessary for the operation of a hydrogen compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative research related to hydrogen adsorption capacity of multi wall nanotubes (MWNTs) and poly aniline (PANI) doped with Ruthenium (Ru) was carried out. Carbonic materials are considered to be one of the most promising materials for hydrogen adsorption and storage; they have different applications and fuel cells technology may be considered the most important of them. By using transitional metals for doping carbonic materials, the adsorption capacity. PANI has been prepared and doped in laboratory while MWNT used in experiments have been purchased from the market and afterwards doped in laboratory. The doping procedure consists of a physical-chemical method which involves salts of the metal for doping and the use of ultrasounds in order to activate the substrate by inducing fractures within its internal structure. The adsorption capacity of the carbonic materials, which is a consequence of spill over phenomena, has been determined both by physical adsorption in a PCT Pro- User apparatus and by cyclic voltammetry, using VoltaLab-40 apparatus. Both substrates have been characterized in order to determine their porosity, BET surface and structure. The collected data have been processed by using the PCT Pro-User apparatus's software. The results have been compared with the available data from literature and a good consistency was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and future energy supply are two major challenges facing American public today. To overcome such challenges, it is imperative to maximize the existing fuel utilization with new conversion technologies while exploring alternative energy sources with minimal environmental impact. Hydrogen fuel cell represents a next-generation energy-efficient technology in transportation and stationary power productions. In this presentation, a brief overview of the current technology status of on-board hydrogen storage and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in transportation \viii be provided The directions of the future researches in these technological fields, including a recent "big idea" of "H2@Scale" currently developed at the U. S. Department of Energy, will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal of the Hydrogen Storage Program (the Program), part of the Fuel Cell Technologies Office within the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, is to develop and demonstrate advanced hydrogen storage technologies to enable successful commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell technologies. Compact, reliable, safe, and cost-effective hydrogen storage is key for the widespread commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). A fundamental challenge is how to cost-effectively store quantities of hydrogen on-board FCEVs to achieve a driving range of at least 300 miles, without sacrificing passenger and cargo space. The current state of the art is to store compressed gaseous hydrogen fuel in carbon fiber reinforced Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) at 700-bar pressure. The Program is developing strategies and supports R&D efforts to address the high cost of carbon fiber reinforced composite materials needed for safe high-pressure COPVs in FCEVs. The following provides an overview of supported R&D addressing lower cost carbon fiber precursor materials and processing, alternative fibers to carbon fibers, alternative resins, and alternative COPV designs and manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerenes are considered as a promising material for use as a hydrogen storage. The development of methods of synthesis and purification from impurities has high practical importance. In this report, arc discharge method of synthesis of carbon black containing fullerenes has been developed and purification methods of fullerenes has been optimized. Synthesis of fullerenes was carried out in helium environment. The graphite rods were atomized by electric arc and products were obtained by plasma chemical reactions at the following discharge parameters: p=300 Torr, U=30 V and I=300 A. The extraction of fullerenes from carbon black was carried out by known method of dissolution of carbon black in benzene followed by filtration and drying. The samples obtained were investigated by optical DM 6000M (Leica, Sweden) microscope and Ntegra Spectra scanning probe microscope. The results confirm that the obtained crystals are C60 and C70 crystals of fullerite. In order to conduct the qualitative assessment of the fullerite crystal structure, the Raman signal was accumulated using continuously moving sample, as the prolonged exposure to laser radiation may result in polymerization of fullerenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]