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The paper presents data on the nature of post-vaccination reactions in cattle immunized with a vaccine from a weakly agglutinogenic B. abortus 82 strain. The work was carried out from 2017 to 2022. on a farm recovered from brucellosis. Since the farm is located in a threatened area, the entire cattle population was subjected to immunization with reimmunization of cows every 24 months. Routine serological studies were performed every six months using standard S-diagnosticums and experimental samples made from Brucella homologous to the vaccine strain used. It has been established that in some animals specific antibodies to Brucella can persist in the blood serum for more than 6 months. In most of the reacting animals, immunoglobulins were detected in the minimum diagnostic titers (CFR 1:5++-1:10++). It was noted that during the entire period of observation in serological reactions, the activity of complement-fixing antibodies was significantly higher with the R-brucella antigen than with the standard (S-) antigen. The use of an antigen made from dissociated forms of Brucella made it possible to differentiate post-vaccination reactions. As a result of the studies, it was noted that with repeated immunization of cattle with a vaccine from the B. abortus 82 strain with periodic revaccination of cows, the number of reacting animals decreased dynamically [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review paper I am going to take you through a deep journey showcasing how the largest trouble of 2019-20 the COVID-19 and challenges in manifestation of vaccines against this. Corona viruses are ultra-microscopic in size with a diameter ranging from 65-125nm; they possess a high stranded RNA as their nucleic material and are classified as alpha, beta, gamma and delta corona viruses. Source of provenance and distribution of viruses are useful in the identification and development of preventive measures against infestation. SARS-CoV-2 was originally believed to occur from raccoon dogs and palm civets. However, when samples segregated from civets were analysed, the existence of viral RNA indicated that civet palm was a peripheral host. Later, Rhinolophus bats were found to possess anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, thus demonstrating bats as a powerful source of viral replication. After the eruption of the novel corona virus in 2020; the genomic analysis showed a similarity between the genetic code and the SARS-bat and the corona virus; thus, proving the source of provenance of the bats. The main cause of animal transmission to humans is the consumption of infected animals as a source of food. In addition, virus get transmitted to a normal individual on maintaining close contact with an infected person. For such case of virus there is no medicinal care unlike for bacteria the only way out is a vaccine which can create antibodies due to which future infection can be prevented here we are going to see how and what were the challenges as well as different vaccine available and used for this terror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of an immune system has long been and will continue to be one of dominant themes in both ecology and biology due to its importance. In this paper, we consider Marchuk's model of an immune system where this model is governed by a system of three differential equations with time. This model has two equilibrium states which are healthy state and chronic state. It is healthy state when the antigen reproduction is small while chronic state is when antigen reproduction rate is large. The objectives of this paper are to analyse the stability of this model, to summarize this stability using bifurcation diagram and to discuss interaction between the healthy and chronic states at stationary solution. The methods involved are stability theory and bifurcation theory. Our results show that healthy states are saddle and only one chronic state is asymptotically stable for a region of parameter considered. For the bifurcation's case, as we increase the value of a parameter in this model, the chronic state shows that there are increment in the number of antigen, plasma cell and the antibody production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 signal transduction pathway can achieve tumor immune escape by enhancing tumor cell immune tolerance and inhibiting the activation of T lymphocytes. In recent years, immunosuppression, as one of the many mechanisms of tumor immune escape, has also become a research hotspo. The optimized CAR-T cells released immunosuppression by secreting antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, CAR-T therapy targeting tumor micro environment and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are important methods for cancer treatment. This paper summarizes the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in mediating tumor escape in tumor microenvironment, and briefly introduces CAR-T immunotherapy and its TME-related targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate the biochemical protocol that has been used in our studies, for the immobilization of antibodies in cladding and uncladding Plastic Optical Fibers. Immobilization of antibodies anti-E.coli is the primary step in developing a biological immunosensor. This immunosensor is based on the immunocapture methodology, where the target cells (bacteria), are captured through the strong link with the recognition element (antibodies), identifying, in minutes, the presence of E.coli in contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosensors research combines molecular-level with system-level challenges. The molecular challenge is to rapidly and reliably detect very low concentrations of molecules in a complex biological sample. The system challenge is to find principles that enable the integration of a series of process steps in a disposable cartridge. This paper describes how both aspects can be served by the actuation and detection of magnetic particles, illustrated by the example of immunoassay biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemibagrus nemurus, river catfish is a hardy fish with high nutritive value, good meat quality and excellent flavour that is commercially important in the fishery industry. However, due to asynchronous maturation in female and male, inability to reproduce in captivity, and low larvae survivability, this species is used as a model tropical fish for reproductive assay development in artificial propagation. Vitellogenin (Vtg) is a sex-specific protein that plays a direct role in oocyte development and is entirely responsible for egg maturation. This protein has proven to be a simple biomarker for determining reproductive status in female fish. However, due to the complexity of Vtg molecules and species specificity, no polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) for tropical fish, particularly river catfish, are available for the development of spawning prediction tools. Thus, the aims of this study are to produce and characterize PAbs specific to river catfish, in order to develop a reproductive assay. The purity of the river catfish Vtg revealed a high amount of 170 kDa and 120 kDa by SDS-PAGE, which was confirmed to be Vtg by Western blotting. Rabbits were then immunized to generate PAbs against the river catfish Vtg and their serum samples were purified using affinity chromatography. The purified PAbs were characterized, and a competitive ELISA was developed to quantify plasma Vtg. The sensitivity of the Vtg assay was 2.35 ng/mL, with a maximum of 92.5% antibody binding, corresponding to 31.2 ng/mL Vtg. The assay also has good intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation, which are 6.4 and 12.5%, respectively. The findings indicate that PAbs enable specific Vtg recognition in blood plasma, making them more suitable for rapid and sensitive reproductive assay screening. Furthermore, Vtg antibodies successfully demonstrate for Vtg measurement and can be used for reproductive condition assessment and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunosensors are characterized by antibodies as biological recognition element, responsible for the specificity of the biosensor. For the development of immunsensors based on plastic optical fiber (POF) technology, it is necessary the amination of the fiber core surface, which is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In this study we compared four functionalization protocols of PMMA and immobilization of antibodies on the surface of the immunosensor development for the detection of Escherichia coli. Tests with bacterial suspensions in 108 CFU/mL concentrations were carried out to evaluate the response of the immunosensors functionalization with different protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the pandemic, apart from maintaining social distance, people are encouraged to vaccinate. Vaccination is a step to make the body's immune stronger against COVID-19. Several types of vaccines circulating in Indonesia are Sinovac, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Moderna and Pfizer. Nowadays people often share opinions on social media regarding many things. One of them is about the vaccination program. Many people talk about experiences with vaccines, types of vaccines, vaccine resistance and other things related to vaccines. To succeed in vaccination program, the government needs to monitor and analyze public opinion related to vaccines to make better vaccination policies. This research proposes to cluster public opinion from social media using the K-Means algorithm with the Elbow method to get the optimal number of clusters. Each cluster will be grouped based on the similarity of one record to another. From the result of the experiments, it was found that 3 is the best number of clusters. Cluster 1 is the largest cluster with a discussion pattern about the experience of having been vaccinated and post-vaccinated. Cluster 0 contains the relationship between Israel and Palestine related to vaccines and cluster 2 talks vaccines related to schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is a mosquito borne viral disease causing over 390 million infections worldwide per annum. Even though information on how infection is controlled and eradicated from the body is lacking, antibodies are thought to play a major role in clearing the virus. In this paper, a non-linear conceptual dynamical model with humoral immune response and absorption effect has been proposed for primary dengue infection. We have included the absorption of pathogens into uninfected cells since this effect causes the virus density in the blood to decrease. The time delay that arises in the production of antibodies was accounted and is introduced through a continuous function. The basic reproduction number R0 is computed and a detailed stability analysis is done. Three equilibrium states, namely the infection free equilibrium, no immune equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium were identified and the existence and the stability conditions of these steady states were obtained. Numerical simulations proved the results that were obtained. By establishing the characteristic equation of the model at infection free equilibrium, it was observed that the infection free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1. A threshold value for the antibody production rate was identified for which the infection gets completely cured even if R0 > 1. Stability regions are identified for infection free equilibrium state with respect to the external variables and it is observed as the virus burst rate increases, the stability regions would decrease. These results implied that for higher virus burst rates, other conditions in the body must be strong enough to eliminate the disease completely from the host. The effect of time delay of antibody production on virus dynamics is discussed. It was seen that as the time delay in production of antibodies increases, the time for viral decline also increased. Also it was observed that the virus count goes to negligible levels within 7 − 14 days after the onset of symptoms as seen in dengue infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica has entrenched surface chemistry which allows for the surface functionalization with various functional groups, including those of biomolecules. In this study, the aim is to modify fluorescent natural silica nanoparticles (FSNP) with E.coli antibody. The precursor for fluorescent natural silica-based nanoparticles (FSNP) was obtained from a silica precipitate of geothermal power plant in Central Java, Indonesia. This offers a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly route towards the preparation of such nanomaterials. FSNP was synthesized using the sol-gel method to produce impurity-free fluorescent nanoparticles, then activated the groups to conjugate with E. coli antibodies. The surface functionality of the amines is obtained by reacting FSNP with an aminosilane crosslinker (APTES). To produce aldehyde functionality, it is further treated with glutaraldehyde. These aldehyde groups react with the amine groups of biomolecules such as antibodies to form amine bonds. Based on the BraunerEmmett-Teller (BET) analysis, the average surface area is 134.32 m2/g FTIR results showed the formation of NH2 groups after modification of FSNP with APTES at a wavelength of 1635 cm−1. The intensity of FSNP modified FSNP and APTES measured using fluorescence spectroscopy at the FSNP intensity was 688,430 a.u while the intensity of the APTES modified FSNP was 450,474 a.u. The approach of conjugating E.coli antibodies to fluorescence natural silica-based nanoparticles via the APTES crosslinker opens up the possibility of future use of the system as a biosensing platform, particularly the detection of E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique geographic distribution, with endemic areas in southern China and intermediate incidence rates in Southeast Asia including Indonesia. NPC is the most common head and neck cancer in Indonesia. The cause of NPC is suspected to be an interaction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. EBV infection has been shown to play an important role in the cause of NPC. EBV DNA and anti-EBV can be detected in most NPC patients in endemic area, making EBV-related antibody as important non-invasive test for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The objectives of this study were to investigate serum level and prevalence of EBV EA-IgA and VCA-IgA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 15 untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang were recruited, in parallel with 15 healthy individuals as controls. Serum EA-IgA and VCA-IgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive criteria were: EA-IgA > 8 U/ml, VCA-IgA > 8 U/ml. Results: The prevalence of serum EA-IgA and VCA-IgA in NPC patients (66.7% and 80.0%) was significantly higher than in the control groups (0.0% and 0.0%) (p<0.05). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients had higher EA-IgA levels (114.705±136.524) compared to healthy controls (1.749±0.498) (P<0.05) and higher VCA-IgA (mean 22.958 ±16.919) compared to healthy controls (1.571±0.572) (P<0.05). Conclusions: The IgA antibodies level to Epstein-Barr EA and VCA were elevated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and were more prevalence in NPC patients than those in the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant disease such as Rice tungro disease (RTD) becomes a major problem in rice production and also will effect in the economy loss in the country. Therefore, to tackle this problem at early stages, the immunosensor application is a most reliable sensor nowadays because of advantages towards detecting biological molecule. Thus, in order to deal with immunosensor development, it can be done by undergoing the formation of immunosensor format on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Results can be elaborated with the potential applications to detect the viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the results of the first stages of the project, which evaluated the composition and quality of milk from the 2nd to 5th postpartum milkings and developed a methodology for the determination of Ig concentration in the transition milk. The levels of protein, dry matter and immunoglobulins in the transition milk highly correlated and decreased with each milking. Immunoglobulin levels (g kg-1) were 47.88, 30.69, 15.86, and 10.09 for the second, third, fourth, and fifth milkings, respectively. The strong correlation between the Brix of the milk and the levels of immunoglobulins allows selection of the milk used for preparation of the preparation on the basis of the Brix, easily determable on site. In freeze-dried preparation/product, the IgG content above 40% is considered optimal/sufficient. The technology developed enables this criterion to be achieved, if the Brix of the original milk is over 15. Based on the content of immunoglobulins in the milk, milk from second and third milking with Brix >15 are suitable for the preparation of Ig preparation. The content of immunoglobulins in the milk of the fourth and fifth milkings is already so low that with proposed, relatively simple, technology it is not possible to achieve a sufficient content of IgG in the preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne encephalitis is a severe acute viral disease of the central nervous system that can lead to death or to long-term neurological sequels. The aim of our work was to highlight the current problems and risk factors of tick-borne encephalitis, the diagnostic options, seroprevalence rate and the recommended precautions. Methods: The study included 550 serum samples from persons occupationally exposed and patients of neurological and skin department. For the quantitative determination was used detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in serum. Participant of the study also filled questionnaires about possible risk factors for tick borne disease and basic socio-economic characteristics. Tick-borne encephalitis serum positivity was confirmed with a commercial ELISA test. Results: From total amount of investigated persons 161 respondents were vaccinated against encephalitis, of whom 136 were detected with the presence of antibodies (means that antibodies against vaccination were present in 84.4% vaccinated persons). Despite vaccination, antibodies were not detected in 25 vaccinated participants. In the non-vaccinated group (n = 389) only 19 respondents (4.8%) were detected with antibodies. As a risk factors were confirmed contact with ticks and frequent outdoor activities (16 persons), drinking of raw milk (5 persons). In 2 seropositive persons with the presence of antibodies, we didn't confirm any risk factors (no tick contact, no drinking of raw milk or other suspected activity). The antibodies were detected more frequently in males (n = 13) compared to females (n = 6), and also antibodies more commonly in people from the countryside (n = 16) to the town citizens (n = 3). Conclusion: Various preventive measures consist of individual protection, possible avoiding to preventable risk factors, personal protection during outside activities and the most effective way is vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high gradient magnetic separation system for medical protein using affinity magnetic nano-beads has been developed. Medical protein such as monoclonal antibody or immunoglobulin is an important substance as a medicine for cancer etc. However; the separation system of these medical protein has very low separation rate and the cost of product is extremely high. The developed system shows very high separation efficiency and can achieve low cost by large production rate compared to the system now using in this field. The system consists of a 3T superconducting magnet cooled by a cryo-cooler, a filter made of fine magnetic metal wires of about 30µm diameter and a demagnetization circuit and a liquid circulation pump for solvent containing medical protein. Affinity magnetic nano-beads is covered with the medical protein after agitation of solvent containing the protein and nano-beads, then the solvent flows through the system and the beads are trapped in the filters by high gradient magnetic field. The beads are released and flow out of the system by the AC demagnetization of the filters using LC resonance circuits after discharge of the magnet. The test results shows 97.8% of the magnetic nano-beads in pure water were captured and 94.1% of total beads were collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affection exchange theory proposes that the communication of affection enhances physical health by bolstering the body's ability to manage stress. This study applied the stress-modulating hypothesis to natural killer cell cytotoxicity, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin A, indices of the strength of the immune system, and resting pulse rate, an index of cardiologic health. With the effect of received affection controlled, expressed affection significantly predicted NK cell cytotoxicity, immunoglobulin M, and resting pulse rate for both women and men. The association with immunoglobulin A was nonsignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to find out the concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) in subclinical acidosis affected cows and supply of immune substances in the newborn calves after consumption of colostrum. The research was carried out in a loose housing system cow shed with 400 cows, 210 of them were milking cows. Thirty-two milking cows were used for the experiment; they had calved from 24 April to 23 June 2010. The cows are fed on a total mixed ration with low fiber content that causes subclinical acidosis in all cows. Calves are kept in individual cages for 3 months after birth. Due to management peculiarities on the farm, the first feeding time of colostrum is not controllable. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in calves are observed. Monthly mortality rate of calves is 8 to 10%. The concentration of immunoglobulin in colostrum and in the serum of calves was estimated by using semi-quantitative methods measuring the colostrum density with Kruuse Colostrum Densimeter, Ig in calves' serum was estimated with Na2SO3 precipitation reaction, GGT activity in calves' serum was estimated in the Central Laboratory, Ltd. The average amount of immunoglobulin was 1054.6 ± 1.8 mg/dl, Ig concentration in the serum of calves after colostrum feeding was from 1000 to 1500mg/dl, and the average GGT result was 1744.4 ± 437.8 IU/l. The Ig concentration in colostrum and GGT parameter in calves are not dependent on the subclinical acidosis background in the herd. The level of Ig in colostrum does not differ significantly by lactations. GGT parameter in calves from the first-calf heifers is lower than in calves obtained from cows of lactations. The use of semi-quantitative tests in control of the herd health improves the breeding management of young animals and decreases mortality rate in calves during the first weeks of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental studies have been performed for cell suspensions to compare efficiencies of DNA and antibodies deliveries by using sonoporation and electroporation. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. Getting colostrum into a newborn calf as soon as possible is critical for a good resistance to diseases. After six hours, the ability of the gut walls to absorb immunoglobulins (Ig) decreases by one third. After 24 hours, the gut walls can absorb only 11% of what could originally be absorbed. Refrectrometric total serum protein (TP) values above 5 g/dl in neonates at 24-hour-age has been used to indicate colostral Ig absorption. The standard recommended feeding system is: first, two liters of high quality colostrum from the bottle with a nipple (nipple) in a two-hour-period after calf's birth. Then, in next 12 hours, the calf needs to get two liters of colostrum. American and German advisers recommend the following: first time the calf needs to be fed 4 liters of colostrum by oesophageal feeder (tube) two hours after birth. The aim of our study was to compare indicators of health to newborn calves fed different doses of colostrum using tube or nipple. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The experiment was performed in the calf shelter of the 275 dairy cows herd in February 2014. The calves were kept in individual cages and were fed two times a day. In the control group (C), 10 calves were fed as usually: the first time calves were fed 2.4±0.2 liters of colostrum from the nipple as soon as possible (1-6.5 hours) after birth. In the experimental group (E), 10 calves got 3.6±0.1 liters of colostrum by tube in the period of 0.5-7.0 hours. The health indices were controlled every day during 15 days. On Day 1 (D1) and Day 15 (D15), the live weight of calves was calculated from the measures of the chest perimeter, blood samples were collected from v. jugularis for hematological and biochemical analyses. The intensity of diarrhea was scored in 3 point system. The data were statistically analyzed by software "Stata 12.2". RESULTS. On D1, the live weight of calves in group E was 42.1±1.4 kg significantly (p<0.05) lower than in group C 47.1±1.3 kg, but on D15 there were not significant (p>0.05) difference between both groups (48.4±1.7 kg and 53.2±1.7 kg, respectively). On D1, in group E TP and globulins were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in group C (TP 62.6±1.5 g/l and 56.5± 2.2 g/l and globulins 41.7±1.8 g/l and 34.9± 2.4 g/l, respectively). It means that the group E calves have got more Ig within 24 hours of life. The calves of group E had less expressed signs of diarrhea (mostly on D5-D10). On D15, a significant negative correlation between TP level and severity of calves' diarrhea (r=-0.47; p<0.05) were detected. It was associated with restriction of milk in nutrition of ill calves and protein loss during diarrhea. Feeding restrictions as well as fluid, electrolyte and protein loss during diarrhea made it difficult to interpret the significant correlations between clinical signs, hematological and biochemical data on D15. CONCLUSIONS. The newborn calves fed with 3.6 liters of colostrum by oesophageal feeder 24 hours after birth have more total serum proteins and globulins in the serum, have better live weight gains during 15 days period and have lighter diarrhea signs than calves fed 2.4 liters of colostrum by a bottle with nipple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]