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The research population is all students of Narotama University, 1633 students. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents per year by source. More than 10 papers: Solar Energy 26 documents, Energy Procedia 16, Renewable Energy 13, IOP Conference Series Earth And Environmental Science 11. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by affiliation. More than 5 paper: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 13 documents, Universidade de Lisboa 11, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa 8, University of Zagreb 7, Politecnico di Milano 7, Lunds Universitet 7, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet 6. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by country or territory. More than 20 papers: China 34 papers, the United States 34, Italy 28, the United Kingdom 27. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by subject area. More than 30 papers: Energy 161 documents, Engineering 89, Environmental Science 86, Social Sciences 38, Materials Science 32, Computer Science 31, and Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 researches. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by funding sponsors. More than 5 papers: National Natural Science Foundation of China 9 documents, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 7, Energimyndigheten 6, European Commission 6. Crosstab analysis is intended to cross two or more variables to determine the relationship between these variables. The data used is nominal or ordinal type data, categorical data. Student support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, Law, Information System, Computer System, Accounting and PGPAUD. Curriculum support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Law and PGPAUD. Ministry support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, PGPAUD and Accounting. Student support to share MBKM program especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, PGPAUD and Accounting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several conference paper abstracts on organizations and the natural environment. "Sustainable Organizational Innovation via Stakeholder Engagement," focuses on how economic growth affects strategic decision-making. "Corporate Greening Through ISO 14001: A Rational Myth?," discusses research on the standard in environmental management. "Resourcing Environmental Strategy: Behavioral and Resource-Based Perspectives," investigates what kinds of firm resources are most useful for corporate environmental strategies.

The article presents abstracts on topics about organizations and the natural environment which include barriers to greening the relief supply chain, alignment of consumers around low-carbon competitiveness, and the application of scenario analysis in industry sectors regarding climate change adaptation.

The transition to renewable energy resources is a challenge for Romania, as well as for the whole world. The goal of the European Commission is to accelerate the use of renewable resources to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Romania had in 2022, 40,171 prosumers with the forecast that they will reach 100,000 in 2023. The previous research carried out showed a positive attitude of the household population in Romania towards these energy resources, but also important barriers that considerably slow down the process, Romania being behind the target set by the European Commission. Through this research, we seek to identify how gender differences are reflected in the approach to renewable energy resources to facilitate this transition. The present research covers a gap in the specialized literature by investigating, differentiated by gender, the perception of Romanian residents regarding renewable energy resources. The case study was carried out in 2023 on residents of two cities out of the 266 in Romania, Oradea and Timișoara. The reasons for choosing the two cities are related to their similar economic development, positioning in the same part of the country, and, in particular, their performance in increasing the number of green energy prosumers. A questionnaire survey was carried out with a result of 1098 valid questionnaires with a gender structure that allows a differentiated analysis (42.53 men, 53.18 women, 4.28 unspecified). The internal consistency of the answers was carried out with aCronbach. The data processing methods used are Importance-Performance Analysis, RStudio202207.1+554, and qualitative processing with Atlas.ti22. A hypothesis we tested is whether women are more sensitive to environmental issues and the type of energy produced and consumed or the cost factor is the one that dictates. The results suggest gender-differentiated solutions for raising public awareness and encouraging action. Limits of the paper are found only in the two Romanian cities, the geographical extension of the sample being a possible future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy is discussed, monitored and regulated by organizations all over the world in the current context of transition to green economies. Moreover, the focus of the debates in the scientific world is targeted towards emissions reduction which has become one of the most significant impact assessment tool of the renewable energy use. By the extensive review of the publications regarding energy access and the monitoring of sustainable development around the world, it can be concluded that the data regarding the access to energy of the majority of countries (including developed ones) is superficial and the reports use inaccurate generalizations regarding what the European Union refers to as the right of its citizens to have their homes connected to the local electricity network. The results of researches conducted on the subject generally indicate that first poverty must be combated and education programs must be implemented before accessing renewable energy. This paper discusses the significant social issue which is disregarded in the current reports about the monitoring of energy at national levels, namely the access to energy, and proposes a shift in perspective from the purpose of on-grid connections of the households to accessing renewable energy resources which could represent the solution of this social issue worldwide. In order to sustain this proposal, data provided by the World Bank in the latest energy report is processed using Microsoft Power BI. Only by considering important dimensions other than the environmental or economical ones, which would seriously benefit from the use of renewable energy, a fair assessment can be made regarding the impact of transitioning to a green economy. Therefore, the discussion about the social dimension must start with emphasis on the assumptions which are made when assessing the status quo, which is one of the main discussion in this paper. By correctly identifying the social issues, the appropriate solutions can be then implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous CO2 emission from the combustion of fossil fuels continues to plague human beings with climate change. The only way to protect the earth's environment is to drive all facilities with renewable energy. It is especially true for air-conditioning system, which is such an energy hog taking up over 30% of the energy supply. However, the current technology of renewable energy driven air-conditioning system is less than satisfactory at efficiency and cost. To improve, this paper presents a more efficient and cost-effective air-conditioning system that can be driven by different renewable energy. By coupling refrigeration cycle with a battery cycle, the new system realizes energy storage when producing cooling effect. In this way, it overcomes the unreliability of renewable energy. Cost has also been cut by fabricating the core components with the carbon materials derived from three biomass waste, corn cobs, corn stalks, and waste cigarette butts. Investigation has been made on the preparation and characterization of the derived materials. Analysis has been conducted on the performance of the air-conditioning system made from those materials. The new system could be a competitive potential air-conditioner in a coming sustainable low carbon future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As renewable power sources are increasing worldwide, those of South Korea are also expanding. South Korea is conducting a variety of research on renewable energy policies and technologies in order to install the renewable energy of about 58GW until 2031. In particular, South Korea is establishing a new grid code criteria based on the expansion of renewable energy. Currently, its grid code criteria consists of the frequency range, voltage range, and LVRT(Low Voltage Ride Through), etc. This paper explains the new grid code for active power, reactive power, and FRT(Fault Ride Through) that are conducted in South Korea. First, we create databases that include renewable power sources to simulate the grid code criteria. Second, we introduce the frequency range about the active power control for upper and lower frequency. Third, we present the reactive power control method, which is the reactive power requirement and operating range according to the voltage range. Fourth, we cover the FRT requirements: LVRT. When the renewable power source is expanded and the existing LVRT standard is applied, if any disturbance occurs, the renewable power source is dropped due to the violation of the LVRT standard. Therefore, we have applied a new LVRT characteristic curve. In this paper, we performed various grid analysis procedures on the newly developed grid code for the power system that includes renewable power sources. The active power, reactive power, and FRT criteria were examined based on PSS/E Python. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their low impact and high power flux, wave energy converters have unrivaled potential. Studies and research are needed, that will lead to the development of more efficient and low maintenance equipment. The paper presents the mathematical model for determining the total torque (hydrodynamic plus inertial) respectively the forces and speeds that can be transmitted to an electric generator, from a wave energy converter of Fixed oscillating wave surge, type. The mathematical model was transposed into Matlab Simulink and simulated in this environment, and the results obtained will be compared with experimental results in another paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is increasingly used and promoted. In the UK, for example, large scale renewable energy farms have been used to supply electricity with great effect. Given the large number of homes, there is considerable impact to be made by small scale residential renewable energy systems. Despite solar panels being the most common form of residential renewable energy technology, only 4% of buildings in the UK support solar technology of any kind. For direct electricity generation, silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) arrays are the most utilised, and when used in a residential setting, they are typically mounted on the sloped roofs. This is where the problem lies. The technology comes with a high cost, and there is further financial burden of installation and maintenance, making solar energy inaccessible for many UK homeowners. This paper presents a research and design innovation project to make PV technology more accessible in the UK. Edge Solar, the innovative, affordable, new PV system concept for UK homes may become a promising solution to significantly improve the accessibility to the PV technology and renewable energy at the household level in the UK and beyond with further development and commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With electric vehicle penetration steadily increasing and therefore their respective energy requirements, coupled with more intermittent renewable energy comprising the energy mix, new charging innovations are warranted to better facilitate the energy sector’s matching of supply and demand. To carry this out, this requires the cooperation of both sectors - the mobility and the energy sector. Within this study, we extrapolate an innovation ecosystem perspective to the e-mobility and energy space to better understand stakeholder needs and requirements for such mutually-beneficial exchanges. Here, we conducted a stakeholder ecosystem analysis and an expert co-creation workshop. Thus far, our method has provided a comprehensive view of this integrated system and its contributors. Such an analysis can be useful to better guide its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on an original performed command on DC-DC boosts developed for applications in the LMOPS lab for the photovoltaic energy conversion and more specifically the Photovoltaic panels connected to HVDC smart grids. This boost, commonly named MCB-ARS (Magnetically Coupled Boost with Active Recovery Switch) presents great advantages concerning the simplicity of the command on the single constitutive switch, the global efficiency and the voltage conversion ratio. A fine analysis of the losses all over the entire converter shows that losses are not distributed uniformly in the constituting components. So a previous modification described in a previous paper consisting in the conducting assistance on the power flowing intermediate diode, performed advantageously the global efficiency. The present analysis takes into account the fact that the new configuration obtained after this important improvement looks like a classical half-bridge push-pull stage and may be controlled by a twice complementary command. In that way, a comparison has been done between a natural commutation recovery diode and an assisted switch commutation driven in a push-pull mode. As attempted, the switching command laws in charge to assume the energy transfer has been compared to the classical previous system described in anterior papers, and we demonstrate in this publication that a commutation based on a push-pull command mode within the two switches of the MCB-ARS converter is possible and increases the power transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the use of ways to enhance the convection heat transfer processes in Solar Updraft Towers (SUT) by using compost waste heat and transpired solar collectors (TSC) in unison. Previous work has shown the using compost waste heat harvesting enhances the natural convection set-up with a SUT. The current paper presents results for using the SUT with roof and walls constructed from TSC materials which lead to enhance temperature difference in the SUT and thus leading to increased turbine velocity speed and ultimately increased SUT system power output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the dependencies on depleted fossil fuel sources, ASEAN countries adopted renewable energy policies to ensure future energy security. Due to the regions' ideal geographic positions and climatic condition, the solar power generation has been increasing prominence among the sources of renewable energy. Therefore, the study aims to highlight the difference in the potential of solar renewable energy and its development in the respective countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Japan. This paper reviews the solar energy availability, targets, and initiatives for their growth in the respective countries based on the review of published papers, country reports as well as from analysis using an open source tool. Analysis on the potential specific photovoltaic power output using the Global Solar Atlas v2.6 by Solargis found that all four countries have about the same amount of median specific photovoltaic power output with the highest is Malaysia (3.71 kWh/kWp) while Japan is the lowest (3.39 kWh/kWp). In the last decade, the ASEAN countries have started to harness their solar power through solar photovoltaics with steady growth in Malaysia, a late but impressive sudden development in Vietnam and relatively slower implementation in Indonesia. In Japan, solar energy development has grown considerably throughout the decade. From the findings, solar energy has great potentials in these ASEAN countries, and with proper implementation, ASEAN countries will have significant growth in the solar generation for the next decade, as witnessed in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews different computer tools used for planning and modelling power generation. They targeted models are those used to analyse the integration of renewable energy and low carbon sources. Information needed to identify a suitable energy tool for sustainable electricity with integration of renewable energy, storage and smart energy systems is provided. There is no single electricity model tool that addresses all sustainability and other issues related to the transition of the electricity sector and the tools selection and application is a function of specific model objectives to be fulfilled. Various models were identified and reviewed based technologies accounted for, model availability, time parameters used, and previous studies. The paper provides information needed to guide planners in model selection and application to realise sustainable electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A former UK gasworks site has been cleaned up sustainably using solar power. The small but multi-award-winning project involved designing and deploying an in situ remediation system driven entirely by photovoltaic energy. Over 22 months it recovered 6100 l of hazardous coal tar and creosote from a 9.5 m deep infilled former gas holder tank in Gateshead, north-east England. This paper describes how options appraisal, stakeholder mapping and sustainability assessment led to a genuinely low-emissions, cost-effective and durable treatment solution with the highest health and safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world environment is continuously changing due to various factors that include technological advancements, climate change, economic growth, and population increases. These factors contribute to greater demand for food, energy, and water resources. Policymakers need to strategize and plan accordingly to determine how to preserve the environment due to rising temperatures, water sacristy and increased demand for food resources while also efficiently managing these resources in order to meet sustainable goals. Policymakers are tasked with reducing carbon emissions, as well as increasing resource utilization efficiently all while keeping costs down. An approach known as food-energy-water (FEW) nexus is developed in order to promote sustainable development and synergy between resources in the nexus. The adoption of this FEW nexus framework can contribute to a greater understanding between the resources and their connections and thus allow us the evaluation of tradeoffs that exist between the resources and optimize the framework where informed decisions that will aid in achieving sustainability goals (societal, economic, and environmental can be achieved. In this paper, we apply and study the impact of the FEW on a case study in Florida that includes a number of urban farms. The urban farms were developed with the objective of contributing fresh food supply to the local community. The inhabitants of the local community belong to food deserts, where inhabitants are low-income, low-mobility, and do not have access to fresh food within ten miles. Each of the urban farms belongs to a community-scale microgrid (MG) which provides electricity for the local community and the electricity is generated from solar energy. The MG's objective is to meet environmental sustainability goals by contributing fewer carbon emissions compared to traditional energy sources such as coal, crude oil, or natural gas. In addition, solar energy is a viable option due to the amount of solar radiation in the state of Florida. In this paper, the impacts of the proposed framework (urban farms & microgrids) through an analysis of societal, economic, and environmental sustainability measures are investigated. For societal sustainability measurements, the impact of the framework on food security of the local inhabitants are studied. For environmental sustainability, the impact of carbon emissions and the carbon emissions that are avoided due to the use of solar energy are analyzed. Finally, in terms of economic sustainability, the costs of the solar energy infrastructure, as well as possible costs or profits due to lack of electricity production or excess production are estimated. The paper employs an agent-based modeling (ABM) approach to study the interactions between agents in the framework (consumers, urban farms, microgrids) and this will allow to gain a greater understanding of the synergies and tradeoffs that occur in a FEW nexus for the case study considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Venturi Effect is a well-known phenomenon in fluid dynamics. This paper outlines a detailed study of various existing structures where the Venturi Effect has been used for the increase in wind speed, either naturally, or by design. A simple structure is proposed where the wind speed amplification can be achieved. The structure is modeled using SOLIDWORKS, and wind patterns are simulated using FloXpress. Computer simulations have been used to study the effect on wind speed because of changing selected parameters of the structure under study. Guidelines are proposed for selecting design parameters for energy efficient buildings to be used in countries where other forms of energy are either not available or are very expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the security of energy supply of Lithuania, taking into account the use of renewable energy sources in the country. Using cluster analysis, the study categorizes Lithuania as a nation with above-average energy import dependence and an average utilization of renewable energy sources. In 2011, Lithuania's energy import dependency stood at 77.5%, with renewable energy accounting for 19.9% of the country's gross final energy consumption. Over the subsequent decade, as the proportion of renewable energy sources in gross final consumption rose to 28.2%, Lithuania's energy import dependence decreased to 73.3%. Should the present trajectory of energy import dependence persist, Lithuania's import reliance is projected to decrease by a mere 1% by 2025. Conversely, if the current trend in renewable energy adoption continues, the share of renewable energy sources in Lithuania's energy mix could potentially reach 31% by the same year. To substantially reduce future energy import dependence, it is imperative to introduce additional incentives and policies that promote a more rapid shift towards renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the central position of performance management is increasingly significant in human resources management. As the renewable energy market further developing, it has gained some competitive advantage in the domestic market. But these years, most renewable energy engineering projects have encountered a lot of problems, such as low efficiency, quality no guarantee, budget is difficult to control, unresponsive to the market and so on. In this paper, author firstly points out the unique features of renewable energy engineering projects. Taking into account the long cycle, big equipment investment, high risk, and complicated staff task and other actual situation of renewable energy enterprise, this paper aims at establishing a project performance management mode, divide the performance management control points into three categories: stage points, overall points, and post-evaluation. so the renewable energy enterprise can give enough mid-event control to the construction project, to avoid the disadvantage of traditional performance management: only consider the work results, difficult to follow up the progress of project in time, no systemic supervision to the project quality and budget control, and the deviation cannot be corrected timely. This paper will implement the idea of project oriented performance management by establishing an renewable energy construction projects whole process performance management mechanism, which are described in detail in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to the ever-growing importance of resource conservation and sustainable lifestyle, people are searching for new, alternative solutions that will enable a more sustainable use of resources. Because energy production is one of the most pollution-intensive industries, a major factor is renewable energy, which reduces the amount of industry pollution and facilitates sustainable use of resources. One of the sustainable energy resources are Salix and the wood chips produced from them, which are used in energy production at cogeneration plants. The quick-growing nature of Salix make Salix wood chips a valid alternative for fossil energy resources. The objective of this paper is to research the economic opportunities for planting and developing Salix fields in Latvia. The paper analyses the theoretical aspects of renewable energy industry, and the growing and utilization of Salix. The research part focuses on analysing Salix fields in Latvia, calculating the economic gross margin per one hectare of Salix fields with a 25-year life cycle and a 3-year harvesting period on the basis of the gross margin models, developing a MET matrix to discover the environmental impact of Salix growing, as well as surveying Salix growers regarding the cultivation, utilisation and future potential of Salix. The research concludes that Salix growing is an economically viable process. Planting material costs account for the majority of the initial expenses, but this investment is fully returned by the third harvest. The greatest impact on the environment and climate is caused by land cultivation, with toxic materials as the main contributor. According to Salix growers, this is an economically viable field if making use of non-agricultural land and cultivating large areas to reduce machinery costs. The future potential of Salix growing is substantiated by the cogeneration stations in Latvia which are in need of fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation, experimental laboratories in all STEM fields have to be fundamentally reconsidered as experimental work is an indispensable part of a student's education. Creating the necessary materials for a truly useful alternative to in-person work requires looking outside the traditional methods of teaching. This paper is meant to serve as a general framework for the development of video materials. In order to make these accessible and engaging, and therefore effective, the production quality ought to be taken into account. The focus will be set on the development of a series of videos on the phenomenological study of electrolysis of water, with a particular interest in hydrogen and oxygen production. The first part of the series is designed to be accessible to a general audience, regardless of the degree of familiarity that they have with the subject, doubling as a science popularization material. The second and third parts are dedicated to students in the fields related to renewable energies, however they may be useful to any in STEM fields. The third part will include a remote access laboratory set-up by converting the original experiment. This will involve a redesign of the experimental set-up to fit the technological upgrades. This article provides a cost-efficient workflow for adapting traditional on-site experiments to the online medium. Such materials do not have to remain a tool for e-learning, but rather, they can be used as supporting materials for future in person teaching as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable-energy sources are considered to be the energy that is collected from sources that may be regenerated in a lifetime. The renewable-energy sources branch out in five types: wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy and bio energy. However, in this paper, we are analyzing the water, solar and wind, since those three are the most exploited in Romania. Wind power refers to produce electric power, by mechanical powered generators when air flows through wind turbines. Alternatively, to fossil fuels, wind power is clean, without carbon dioxide emissions in operation, doesn't consume water and it's unlimited. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy that produces electricity from fast running water or falling water. A hydro station does not consume the water that it uses to generate electricity and the cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low. Solar energy is a meaningful source of renewable energy and it uses the radiant light and heat from the Sun to convert it into solar power. This is an inexhaustible and clean source of renewable-energy. The large weight of renewable sources of energy makes them highly captivating considering the sources are never ending and clean. Along with the previous idea, using renewable-energy sources to generate electricity brings huge long-term benefits, such as enhancing sustainability, lowering the expenses of fossil fuels, reducing air pollution and slowing down the global warming. In this paper we make a review of fossil fuel in contrast with renewables in Romania, over the last ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the new 600 MW Karuma hydropower project in Uganda, which was completed in 2022. More than 70% of the project's structures were built underground to enhance resilience. Complexities relating to structural analysis and design, advanced engineering technologies, climatic considerations, deep excavations and tunnelling are presented. Key challenges experienced during construction, remedial measures undertaken, lessons learned and a proposed post-construction renewable energy option are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imposition and establishment of a new policy for new energy and renewable energy in Indonesia has become decisive. Indonesia has signed the Paris agreement and has ratified it into national law. Indonesia also has a commitment to fulfill the target of sustainable development goals 7. However, in its implementation there are still challenges and obstacles to increase new and renewable energy in the national energy mix. The research method used is normative juridical with literature study. The objective of this paper is that Indonesia has a new renewable energy policy to meet the achievement of SDGs and Paris Agreement. It will identify and collect laws and regulations related to new and renewable energy. Then map the problems and obstacles in the development of renewable energy in Indonesia. It is desirable for the existing problems and obstacles can be overcome by amending the energy law. Currently, the Indonesian government has outlined the arrangement of the draft of law convening new and renewable energy and is currently incorporated in the national legislative program 2022. Amendments to the new and renewable energy law are important instruments for policy changes to realize the SDGs that can provide legal certainty, strengthen institutions and governance for renewable energy development, create an investment climate and support funding. For this reason, the participation of all elements of the nation is to provide input on the draft law on renewable energy discussion in the House of Representative of Republic Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates on recent studies on renewable energy (solar, bamboo, general RE) in both Indonesia and Malaysia. A series of pertinent studies are identified, and findings and approaches of past publications are reported in this study. The studies are then classified according to the context/theme and focus/approach to form a literature matrix. For the focus/approach, three groups of studies are observed, namely: empirical/experimental study (focusing on technology development), exploratory study (focusing on drivers and impediments), and explanatory study (focusing on demand/supply/impact). The matrix indicates that: research on renewable energy in Indonesia and Malaysia is still limited. The implementation of renewable energy technology needs to be studied in order to be carried out effectively. The direction of further research proposed by the researcher is expected to broaden the understanding of renewable energy in Indonesia and Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central issue in innovation management is the undesirable spillover of harmful routines and cognitive representations from core business to the exploratory innovation space, as dealt with in ambidexterity research. This paper examines a conventional manufacturing SME in a business-to-business market that developed renewable energy technologies in the scope of a new business unit, but has ultimately failed in the market. The aim is to examine how the interface between the old and new business was managed over time. Using an in-depth qualitative longitudinal case study, we investigated innovation processes over time and identified three major sources of failure. First, an organizational separation drift from a textbook-like to a looser form of separation allows for undesirable spillover of routines cannibalizing the new business over time. Second, a mismatch exists between the intended product-market strategy and the actual product-market exploration. A third source of failure is the simultaneous coevolution of several modes of separation, which increases management complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges related to the management of current world energy resources strongly emphasize the necessity to progressively increase renewable energy sources (RES) share in meeting electricity demand. To design efficient and sustainable energy systems, it is mandatory to consider both electrical energy generation characteristics and environment preservation targets. The main objective of intensifying RES deployment nowadays is to concurrently mitigate fossil fuels depletion and environment degradation. However, to account for RES stochastic nature, it is necessary to use an additional element to perform the power balancing function and mitigate inherent power variations. Electricity storage systems represent a solution, accomplishing multiple functions, such as frequency and voltage regulation for small/large scale applications. Nevertheless, economic factors and very oriented technic features narrow their widespread. A much more adaptable solution to this matter is an alternative voltage source, which could respond better and to a wider range of solicitations, therefore enhancing RES-based systems operation. Furthermore, the interaction with the grid is improved. Diesel generators fall in this category; environmental issues arising from their exploitation could be mitigated by employing biomass-based fuels. This paper addresses the design and numerical modeling principles for a hybrid system comprising a micro-wind turbine, a diesel generator and a three-phase load. The system can operate both connected to the power network and in off-grid mode. The aim of the presented work is to develop a model that enables the analysis of the hybrid system’s behavior in different load conditions and random wind speed input, taking into account a customized efficiency curve. The focus on the efficiency curve is crucial because micro-turbines are particularly sensitive to the variation of wind speed and blade profile. The model is developed in Matlab environment, using Simscape/SimPowerSystems blocks. The advantages of such systems are highlighted and further integration benefits are clearly presented based on simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative case study delves into the profound impact of load-shedding, the deliberate and temporary interruption of electricity supply, on small and medium (SMEs) in the Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality (EMLM) of South Africa. The study, conducted within an interpretive research paradigm and a qualitative methodology, provides a nuanced understanding of how institutional forces shape SMEs' behavior, decision-making, and overall functioning in the face of energy disruptions. The persistent power cuts due to load-shedding have had a substantial toll on the survival of SMEs in the EMLM, with businesses across diverse sectors, including hospitality, beauty, manufacturing, retail, and services, struggling to maintain operations. The study brings to light the multifaceted challenges SMEs face, such as disruptions to daily activities, equipment damage, and significant financial losses. It also presents a concerning trend of layoffs by SMEs in the region, contradicting the National Development Plan's (NDP) employment creation goals. The findings provide valuable insight for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders, underlining the urgent need for collaborative efforts to develop tailored programs, promote alternative energy sources, and advocate for policies that prioritize the energy needs of SMEs. The study acknowledges limitations related to geographical specificity, temporary constraints, and data source reliance and recommends further research to extend the geographical scope, conduct longitudinal analyses, and incorporate diverse data collection methods. By addressing these limitations, further studies can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the broader challenges and potential solutions faced by SMEs amid energy-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for super-rapid charging stations powered by renewable energy sources and conducts an analysis of land suitability based on climatic parameters. Initially, data on temperature, solar radiation, and specific humidity were collected for three designated areas, followed by an examination of the variations in these values. Among the three cities, Cernavoda, Medgidia, and Ovidiu, two equal segments of approximately 30 kilometers each were established for the installation of photovoltaic panel systems on both sides of navigable canals. With each segment measuring 30 kilometers in length, a linear area of 60 kilometers was covered on both sides, resulting in approximately 767 photovoltaic panels per kilometer and an installed power of 514 kW per kilometer. The total installed power for the entire 60 kilometers is approximately 30.84 MW, necessitating the division of the network into 1028 kW segments, each with a 1250 kVA transformer with a voltage of 20/0.4 kV. Fifteen transformer substations must be installed on each side of the canal, totaling 30 substations for the entire stretch. The energy produced by this system is utilized for three electric vehicle charging stations, positioned every 15 kilometers on each side of the canal, resulting in six charging stations per segment. Excess energy is injected into the national electrical grid (SEN) via 20/110 kV substations. To achieve optimal efficiency, a 2x25 MVA substation is supplied by 15 transformer substations, one for each side of the canal. The electric vehicle charging stations are of the super-rapid type, with a capacity of 2x175 kW. Initially, these stations exclusively rely on photovoltaic panels for approximately six hours each day, but energy storage batteries can be installed to ensure continuous operation, even during the evening hours. Comparing the analysis of the two segments, it is observed that there are slight differences. In the second segment, closer to the Black Sea with higher specific humidity, there is a slightly higher annual energy production of 390 kWh compared to the first segment, despite similar solar radiation values. Notably, this analysis reveals that specific humidity as a climatic parameter does not significantly influence the efficiency of photovoltaic panels compared to the other two parameters. Through this project, the aim is to reduce pollutant emissions from vehicles on public roads while simultaneously decreasing carbon emissions by replacing conventional electricity generation plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finham 'gas-to-grid' project near Coventry, UK produces renewable bio-methane from the biogas generated by anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge. Completed in 2021, the plant now exports bio-methane to the gas grid, contributing to 'decarbonisation' of gas supply and helping to deliver water utility Seven Trent's 2030 net-zero-emissions goals. This paper focuses on the innovative solutions adopted to maximise production of bio-methane, the plant procurement and delivery process, and the challenges of Covid-19, Britain's exit from the European Union and site-specific constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is widely used to manufacture goods and services in all sectors of the economy. While a country's standard of living and degree of economic development is primarily determined by its energy use, electricity generation and distribution influence productivity and overall economic growth. Unfortunately, many developing nations, like Nigeria, are still unable to supply their populations with enough long-term power, which is essential to enhance their standard of life and fuel economic progress. Despite being Africa's largest economy, only around 60% of the Nigeria's 200 million residents has access to electric power. With a rapidly expanding population, it is critical to increase electrical supply to satisfy demand. The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) wants to boost access to power from 45 percent to 90 percent by 2030. This paper examines policies created from 2001 to 2020 to investigate how they increased the country's generation and supply of electricity. The findings demonstrate that, because Nigeria is still in the early phases of economic development, it would be sensible to promote renewable energy to boost the economy, decrease energy poverty, and protect the environment. This may be accomplished by diversifying the country's energy mix and constructing renewable energy power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drastic climate change we are witnessing today is the result of burning fossil fuels in the last two hundred years primarily to meet our energy needs. Therefore, considerable effort is being put into the global energy transition, which will, through decarbonisation achieve long-term sustainable development of mankind. Apart from renewable energy sources, an important role in this energy transition will be that of alternative clean fuels. Aim of the paper is to investigate the advantages of joining the EU hydrogen-based economy initiative at this exact moment, from the perspective of a company based in the Republic of Croatia, as one of the EU member states, and examine potentials for business cases. The methodological framework employed in this paper was a qualitative analysis through structured interviews with experts from various fields, which included representatives of the academic community and those engaged in a range of industries with potential in the hydrogen economy in the Republic of Croatia. The responses collected during interviews are then processed and presented according to areas and topics so as the highlight the key findings and recommendations. Although the potentials for hydrogen application are numerous, this thesis shows the complexity and challenges of the energy transition. According to the results of the research, until 2050, hydrogen will represent only a small segment of the future energy mix. What is more, the production of hydrogen solely from renewable energy sources is not sufficient to trigger the hydrogen economy, though in the long run, it is the most preferred solution in reaching the set targets for decarbonisation. Though developing a hydrogen economy depends on specific features and potentials of each member state, as for the Republic of Croatia, the results of the research show a number of business opportunities in this field. Additionally, the paper recognizes that even today segment of waste management and waste management technology could provide an economically viable and flexible way of using hydrogen technologies that can contribute to decarbonisation and development of the hydrogen economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of greenhouse gas emissions globally with its dire consequences on climate has intensified the efforts of many countries in proceeding with drastic changes in their supply mixes, recognizing that the power generation sector is the main contributor to air pollution (AlFarra & Abu-Hijleh, 2012; Apergis et al., 2010; Bellakhal et al., 2019). The flexibility and more minor initial capital investment requirements of the renewable energy option also suggest them as a solution to energy (in)security and energy poverty, particularly in developing countries. Even though however, the transition towards renewable energies and "away" from fossil fuels is a given internationally, not all countries adopt the new technologies with the same speed. Cadoret and Padovano (2016) concluded that regardless of the institutional and policy environment where usually decisions on the supply mix are taken, the ideological orientation of the government and industrial lobbying can hinder the adoption of renewable energies. Bourcet (2020) adds that complementary to the policy and regulatory framework included in the literature, the political environment is also considered in some studies: specific projects benefit from political stability and sound regulatory frameworks. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of institutional and policy factors in the decision by countries to use renewable energy in their electricity supply mix in South Africa. To do so, this study will combine empirical evidence from a System Dynamics model and a time-series econometric model. Econometrically, this paper follows a particular part of the literature (Komendatova et al., 2012; Cadoret and Padovano, 2016; Pfeiffer and Mulder, 2013; Verdolini and Vona, 2015; Holdmann et al., 2019) that attributes the delays in renewable energy share increases to the role of national policy frameworks and government efficiency, as well as a historical dependency to fossil fuels and market structures. Most of these studies approached the part of political factors from the point of view of investment risk due to the relatively high cost of renewable energy. The current renewable energy technology pricing conditions are changing rapidly, with IRENA (2018) forecasting that renewable energy will cost less than fossil fuels per unit of electricity generation. In our model, the dependent variable is the growth in renewable energy share in a country's energy supply mix. Following the literature, the explanatory variables will be categorized into three vectors: 1) political economy, 2) economic, and 3) environmental and energy variables. The political and governance variables will represent the quality of governance, institutional structure, levels of corruption etc. The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) from Transparency International and the Control of Corruption Index from the World Bank's World Governance Indicators will be employed to capture the quality of governance in South Africa. Another important factor that might hinder the adoption of new alternative types of energy is the share of fossil fuels historically in South Africa - reluctance to adopt renewables can be rooted in the already established power generation capacity in fossil fuels. Subsequently, with the use of a fundamental system dynamics causal loop model, the study will examine the role of institutions in the renewable energy adoption for the South African electricity sector where the adoption has been considered relatively slow even though the country suffers from overall mismatches between supply and demand resulting in frequent power interruptions. The SD model's parameters will be derived from econometric partial equilibrium models to represent elasticities for the relationships between the model's variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming due to the excessive greenhouse gas emissions has led to the emergence of green technologies in Malaysia, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems. Under the current regulatory framework, islanded operation of the PV system is not permissible. As a result, any renewable energy sources will be disconnected immediately in the event of grid outages. This practice is to ensure the safety of working personnel, as well as the customer equipment connected within the distribution networks. In addition, there is no synchronizing equipment to aid the reconnection of the islanded network to the grid. However, with the shutdown of the Distributed Generator (DG) during islanded operation, the customers are not able to utilize the available renewable energy and the number of power interruption is not improved with the renewable energy sources. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of the PV system in conducting islanding operation with the use of Energy Storage System (ESS). This paper also proposes a control algorithm to maintain the voltage and frequency excursion within the statutory limit by manipulating the real and reactive power flow of the ESS within the transition period between grid connected and islanding operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of kinetic energy in the Nordic power system decreases due to structural changes in the power system. In this paper, the Nordic Transmission System Operators (TSOs) provide a summary of a survey, which was sent out to some small- and medium-sized synchronous areas, in order to learn from their experiences with low kinetic energy situations. The paper summarizes the responses received, thereby providing a view on: the current and future assessment of inertia in the system (including key drivers behind the change), and mitigation methods for low inertia situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermittent output of photovoltaic (PV) generation depending on the weather condition makes the network demand more uncertain. Therefore, increasing of the introduction of PV may violate the criterion of frequency deviation. As a countermeasure to this problem, there is a method to suppress PV fluctuation by increasing the capacity of load frequency control (LFC). In this paper, the authors have proposed LFC using the hybrid air conditioners which can use electricity and/or gas. To prove the effectiveness of proposed hybrid air conditioner control, simulation studies have been performed using the AGC30 model [2] developed by the institute of electrical engineers of Japan (IEEJ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the socio-economic development of any nation, such factors as the amount and type of energy resources available, conversion and extraction pathways employed, the rate of utilization and sustainability must be addressed appropriately. Nigeria is one of the developing countries that is lagging in that regard because of poor and disrupted investment in the energy sector irrespective of its enormous energy resources. Nigeria has enormous potential in both fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. Some of these renewable sources include hydropower, solar energy, wind power, biomass and geothermal energy. In this paper, the focus is on biomass energy because it is one of the sustainable renewable energy sources with high extraction potentials, due to the vast arable land and favourable climatic conditions in Nigeria. The biomass resources found in Nigeria include agricultural resources, forest resources, aquatic biomass, and waste. These resources are capable of generating about 2.33 EJ of energy and about 144 million tonnes in mass, yearly, which can be harnessed through some pathways such as thermochemical, physio-chemical, and biochemical, for heating or cooling, electricity generation, and as fuel for transportation. Some authors argued that the utilization of the available landmass for the production of biomass resources poses a great threat to food security in Nigeria. However, this challenge can be offset by enhancing the existing agricultural practices to improve the quality of yield without tampering with the quantity of food produced. Biomass is reliable, cost-effective, sustainable, and has the capacity to create both direct and indirect jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crises may have challenged the EU in many ways, forcing it to rethink its policies; however one thing the Union remained true to is the idea of promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency as a means for achieving sustainable growth and a low-carbon society. In fact, by setting its 2020 and 2050 policies, the EU sees the crisis as an opportunity for investment in its own competitiveness and growth, and therefore continues to present a "green" role model. In this line, being an essential part of the EU enlargement policy - the Western Balkan countries - play an important role in contributing to a greener Europe since they are to implement these EU energy and climate change policies. This paper will assess the level of adoption and implementation of EU energy efficiency and renewable energy policies in the region by comparing the case studies of Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania for the purpose of stating whether Macedonia as the country with longest experience of candidate status is the most advanced; and this paper will also draft recommendations for Macedonia. From the analysis that has been conducted it is clear that the least successful state is Albania, which is still a potential candidate for EU membership, while the level of successfulness in the area is almost tied between Macedonia and Montenegro, however Montenegro proved to be the greenest country. Concrete recommendations for Macedonia are that Macedonia should follow Montenegro's example for having a green leader as a Deputy Minister; and should establish an Energy Efficiency Fund. Further recommendations which Macedonia should undertake are having a separate Energy Efficiency and a separate Renewable Energy Law; strengthening the capacities of its implementing institutions; introducing energy awareness raising campaigns which include wide intersector cooperation; as well as introducing many incentives and implementation tools leading towards reaching the EU goals for 2020 and 2050. Methodologically, the paper considered relevant regional studies on the topic, EU documents, the EU progress reports and similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on renewable energy alternative of wind turbines does not include a multidimensional benchmarking studythat can help investment decisions as well as design processes. This paper presents a data-centric analysis of commercial on-shore wind turbines and provides actionable insights through analytical benchmarking through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), visual data analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The paper also introduces a novel visualization approach for the understanding and the interpretation of reference sets, the set of efficient wind turbines that should be taken as benchmark by inefficient ones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is one of the most feasible approaches towards significantly lowering the consumption of oil and improve fuel economy with today's existing technology. The paper focuses the design optimization of the PHEV charging station with battery storage units. The battery units conserve the low price clean energy and discharge when demanded. The on-site installed photovoltaic (PV) and off-site (virtual) wind farm are the main supply of charging station to charge the battery units. The grid electricity plays an auxiliary role in the station when the renewable sources and the demands are unbalance or the trading provides economic benefits to the charging station. The paper examines the PHEVs charging trend, and proposes an optimized operation for the battery storage schedule, and strategy of power trading to minimize the cost of station. Analysis based on level of forecast uncertainty is utilized to evaluate the optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes an on-demand control system for demand and supply control, which is mainly suitable for small independent power grids with unstable renewable energy generators. The proposed system has been named as “On-demand Generation Regulation Control (OGRC)” system and can be installed at control centers of the small independent grids. This system is observing the unstable generator outputs and watching all generators/batteries status including electric vehicles to realize on-demand regulation of unstable generators. The performance of the proposed system is verified through numerical simulations based on an actual ongoing test site. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using hybrid renewable energy is one of the best alternatives to supply the electrical energy at remote areas. Renewable energy sources are depended to weather conditions or other factors, so for supplying load with renewable sources appropriate capacity of these sources should be selected. In determining the capacity of renewable energy such as wind and solar, considering the stochastic nature of wind speed and solar radiation is very impressive. In this paper, a new algorithm for determining the capacity of hybrid wind, photovoltaic and battery generation system with considering the uncertainty in wind and photovoltaic power production is proposed. The algorithm of determining capacity of wind, photovoltaic and battery for supplying certain load is formulated as an optimization problem that the objective function is the minimization of the cost and with constrain of having specific reliability. Probability density of wind speed and solar radiation and Mont Carlo simulation method is used to considered uncertainty in wind and photovoltaic power generation. Particle swarm optimization is used for optimal sizing of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over last two decades, solar and wind energies have become an alternative to traditional energy sources. These alternative energy sources are non-polluting, free in their availability and are renewable. Another alternative is tidal energy, which is related to falling and rising ocean water levels. Tidal behavior can be predicted easily and this means that if it is enabling to harness tidal energy, it can be produced power for specific periods of time. In this paper, a new hybrid combination of renewable energy sources is considered. The combination of wind, photovoltaic and tidal is taken into account as a primary and battery as an auxiliary source. The aim of design is to minimize the annualized cost of the generation system over its 20 years of operation. Determining the capacity of hybrid wind, photovoltaic, tidal and battery is formulated as an optimization problem. The objective function is the minimization of the cost with the constrain having specific reliability index. To evaluate the system reliability level, the Equivalent Loss Factor (ELF) has been used as an index. Comparison between hybrid wind, solar and battery and new combination of renewable energy is done and it is shown that the combination of wind, solar, tidal and battery is more economical. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used for optimal sizing the system. Simulation results are carried out by MATLAB software. It is shown that hybrid system is the best configuration that has minimum cost and can satisfy all constrains. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the establishment of the Paris Climate Treaty in 2015, South Korea has set its ambitious goal of 'Reduce emissions by 37% compared to 2030 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Outlook (BAU)' as of June 2015. As a measure to reduce carbon, countries are increasing the ratio of renewable energy sources in each country. South Korea also aims to increase the proportion of renewable energy sources to 53GW by 2030. In this paper, we will study the methodology for the power system development plan of the future power system which consists of various scenarios such as the amount of renewable energy and the installation of new transmission line. First, we describe the construction process of database w.r.t the ratio of renewable energy and load level. In order to increase the stability of future power system in South Korea, we have come up with various scenarios for a combination of transmission line, VSC-HVDC and FACTS. Then, the comprehensive tests based on static and dynamic analysis are processed using the proposed simulator based on PSS/E Python. Through the above process, the optimum future system reinforcement plan is calculated. The automatic simulator with various function of DB creation, simulation and decision based on PSS/E Python have been developed to validate the proposed methodology and tested using the large-scale future power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of mobile smart devices, there are increasing number of data traffic which will consume large amounts of energy. In this paper, we investigate a renewable energy allocation scheme in a multi-node edge-computing system. Specifically, several renewable power suppliers (RPSs) cooperate with each other to provide each node with green energy resources to the base station (BS) in the backhaul are considered. These RPSs supplying energy to each backhaul node have a complementary relationship, and the game between them is modeled as "successive Coordinated Cournot". Assuming that the RPSs offer undifferentiated renewable energy and, the energy storage are produced in the fixed proportions, the equilibrium prices for the whole system are characterized by a system of linear equations. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed pricing scheme can increase the profits of the RPSs. In addition, the factors that influence the equilibrium selling prices and profits are studied, and the simulation results show how the quantity of RPSs influences the equilibrium price and the renewable energy production capacity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally clean and economically sound energy systems widely use renewable low-grade energy of soil and water for functioning of geothermal and hydrothermal heat pump systems. Analysis of existing systems demonstrates that they are not always adjusted to actual operating conditions and object location. The scientific approach to development of appropriate configuration of thermal collector, to methodology of their optimal mounting and to efficiency determination depending on operating conditions is quite topical issue. The paper describes the results of experimental research of efficiency of two heat pump energy systems where low-grade heating energy of soil and low-grade heating energy of water are used as renewable primary heating energy source for functioning of the heat pump. Two experimental systems (geothermal and hydrothermal) were developed for that purpose. Both underground and ground sections of the system have mounted sensors of temperature, pressure and coolant flow velocity. The software for archiving and visualization of obtained data was developed. The research procedure was developed. As part of study observation data were received and performance efficiency of each system was calculated. The comparative analysis was carried out and conversion effectiveness of heat pump energy system was calculated depending on used renewable energy source. The data obtained as part of study have great scientific and applied significance for engineering of geothermal and hydrothermal energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for secure and reliable applications will increase due to the growing necessity for sustainably and independently produced energy. For example, the amount of energy generated by individuals at their homes will probably grow fast in the near future so requiring for easy-to-use and precise solutions. To transform and facilitate the processes related to energy sector it is possible to use blockchain technology. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyse different areas of blockchain application in the renewable energy sector. Using content, SWOT and PESTLE analysis, the results show that the main strengths and opportunities are confidentiality, immutability of recordings and potential involvement of each individual, while weaknesses and threats - scalability, compatibility and legal framework. Latvia is already using more (42.1%) renewable energy than in the European Union on average (22.1%) but in order to meet the binding targets for the Member States by 2030, the blockchain technology could promote development in this sector. The results of the study improves the scientific opinion on blockchain technology in sustainable energy field by identifying potential implementation benefits and challenges; thus, gathering the knowledge for easier moving towards real-life implementations and also highlighting the areas with the need for specific further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to investigate the opportunity of implementing and optimizing an electricity production structure from renewable sources that can be integrated into a university campus building consisting of photovoltaic solar panels, respectively their management using deep learning techniques, in particular long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. A comprehensive study and starting from it the designing of a technical solution based on the use of local energy potential that contributes to increasing energy efficiency and reducing costs by storing energy or transferring the surplus to the public power network are performed. Also, a mathematical model that allows the optimization of the investment in renewable solutions such as photovoltaic panels is proposed as a base for energy management decision support. A case study for Central Romania region for different university campus buildings (a student residential building and a professional activity building) is performed for testing and validation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy represents one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century due to the rapid growth of the global population and economy. However, gaining a Net-Zero emission is one of the main considerations when governments aim to address energy demands. For this, they aim to increase the role of renewable energy sources to solve these issues. But, it is also beneficial to obtain integrated energy systemswith intelligent operations and control systems.The main aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of blockchain in the renewable energy sector. In this regard, different application areas of the blockchain in renewable energy field are discussed, and then the challenges faced in this concept are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]