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The process of selecting the routing protocols is one of the most critical choices to be made during the design of an advert hoc network. Several things are essential to be known to choose the route correctly. Simulators are a way of testing the system. Network researchers may use other simulation methods performance like OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool), NS-2 (Network Simulator version 2) and NS-3 (Network Simulator Version 3) in addition to many other simulation programs and tools. In this paper, we have used NS-2.35 for simulation. By using different routing protocols, we have measured and compared our results and were able to figure out throughput, average end delay, PDR, and Nodes energy residual using the Random mobility model. The simulation results showed that the AODV routing protocol has been more efficient in terms of its performance than other routing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security threats have been introduced in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks due to the mobility and portability of the wireless communication devices. These threats are due to the utilisation of multiple hops as a result of limited transmission ranges between the source and destination nodes. This study aims to prove the impact black hole attacks can have on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. More specifically, how attacks impact two different reactive protocols. The protocols to compare are AODV and DSR. The simulation criteria used have network conditions favourable to reactive protocols, to function optimally. That is, the conditions should not affect normal protocol operation. Optimal conditions include densely distributed nodes that do not move sporadically. This study includes simulation results of AODV and DSR while under attack. The simulation is conducted using ns-3 and NetAnim. The simulation involves the use of a base implementation of AODV and DSR from ns-3 as a benchmark for the effects that black hole nodes introduce into a network. Similarly, the AODV and DSR implementation that have black hole nodes present in the network is also included, to measure the effects black hole nodes introduce. These protocols then have their performance compared while under attack, keeping the environment the same. From the results, we can see that DSR outperforms AODV while having black hole nodes in the node population under various configurations. DSR's dominance is because DSR can keep several routes and decide on those routes, while AODV gives more responsibility to the network for the best route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper provides a brief description of the wireless sensor network and the protocol to be used. Through this technology, benefits are obtained that provide the sensor networks together with greater freedom when placing the sensors in the vicinity of the target. In wireless sensor networks, routing is a critical and important aspect. The work focuses on the performance of the quality of services in the wireless sensor network (WSN) under the AODV routing protocol. This document tries to characterize the AODV protocol by performing simulations in the NS3 (Network Simulator Version 3) program. In the simulations of the AODV protocol, a set of metrics that can be used for comparisons in different scenarios are shown. The main objective of this document will be to offer a suitable simulation environment to determine the operation of the protocol to be used in wireless sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) use many different routing protocols to route data packets between nodes. The performance of these routing protocols has been widely studied and evaluated. However, previous studies evaluate the performance of routing protocols using traffic generators that do not correspond to specific applications. Additionally, the scenarios used in previous research are rather simple and do not correspond to real and complex situations, where various types of traffic coexist in the network. We study the performance of proactive and reactive routing protocols when specific application traffic exists in the network. A number of nodes need to receive large data files from the same source node, using File Transfer Protocol (FTP), while other non-specific application traffic also exists in the network, thus comprising a complex and more real-like scenario. We examine the generic case where the data to be transferred is different for each destination node, so multicasting algorithms cannot be used. By executing several simulations, we conclude that the type of the traffic load in the network plays an important role on the performance and operation of the most popular routing protocols used in MANETs, regardless of the mobility model employed by the relay nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main challenge of future wireless networks is providing quality of service and quality of experience to satisfy the consumer. This can be achieved by providing mechanisms that will serve optimally the users with the required system resources according to the QoS. Satisfying video consumer require enhancing video streaming quality. Therefore, video streaming over wireless network and particularly over MANET necessitate deeper investigations. In this context, this paper focused on performance analysis of routing protocol over MANET for scalable video streaming. In this work the video codec under evaluation is H.264/SVC and the routing protocols are DSR, AODV, DSDV and AOMD. Our evaluation carried using the Ns-2 simulators configured to support an ad-hoc environment. The QoS metrics used in this analysis are Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-end Delay and packets loss rate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are self organized networks whose nodes are free to move randomly while being able to communicate with each other without the help of an existing network infrastructure. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) is demand driven one of the best and popular routing algorithm. AODV is severely affected by well-known black hole attack in which a malicious node injects a fake route reply message that it has a fresh route towards destination. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed that makes a modification in existing AODV routing protocol. A novel approach finds the safe route between sending and receiving node. The simulations show that the proposed approach is efficient than normal AODV with high packet delivery ratio and throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In wireless ad hoc networks such as Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), limited coverage of WiFi and high mobility of the nodes generate frequent topology changes. Therefore Quality of Service (QoS) support becomes an essential aspect. In this work we have identified the need for QoS improvement in VANETs. Survey of related work depicts that, an efficient routing strategy plays a crucial role, to improve the QoS parameters. To address the QoS limitations in VANETS, routing protocol is optimized by applying a meta heuristic algorithm — Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Network Simulator (NS2) has been used to carry out the experiment where Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) is optimized. Multimedia traffic is being transferred, which promises more realistic results. Meta heuristic algorithm can improve upon the QoS parameters, such as end to end delay in routing protocol, which is comparable to well known existing multipath routing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad hoc Networks are wireless networks without an infrastructure which are set up for a temporary basis to serve a particular purpose with a specific period of time. In this Modern technology the aim of Mobile Ad hoc Networks is to provide seamlessly communication in wireless technology by adopting routing protocol functionality in the mobile nodes. Multimedia real time system like voice, data, videoconferencing with Quality of service support in big issues and challenges task on Mobile ad hoc Network. Lots of research work and effort have been done since last few years to provide the solution of different problem and challenges related to Mobile ad hoc Networks. But still the new generation technology need increase in Quality of service in area such as routing, bandwidth, security, power consumption, collision control due to mobile nodes move for achieving 4G Network and resulting best. We have proposed five routing protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR, TORA, GRP) to compare this routing protocol in term of throughput, delay, upload response time, download response time toward the contribution for the best performance on 4G cellular network systems with an extension of Mobile ad hoc network. Opnet simulations give a good result on real time basic toward 4G cellular network system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous mobile nodes that communicate with each other over wireless links. Such networks are expected to play increasingly important role in future civilian and military settings, being useful for providing communication support where no fixed infrastructure exists or the deployment of a fixed infrastructure is not economically profitable and movement of communicating parties is possible. However, since there is no stationary infrastructure such as base stations, mobile hosts need to operate as routers in order to maintain the information about the network connectivity. Therefore, a number of routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc wireless networks. This paper presents the application of Taguchi's loss function approach, a multi-response optimization method, for achieving better performance during routing process of ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. Seven parameters namely terrain size, network size, number of sources, transmitted packet rates, pause-time, node speed, and transmission range are optimized with considerations of multiple performance metrics including maximum packet delivery ratio and minimum routing overhead, packet drop and end-to-end delay. Based on multiple signal-to-noise ratio (MNSR), optimum levels of parameters have been identified and significant contribution of parameters is determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the terrain size, number of sources, transmission packet rates, network size, pause time, nodes speed and transmission rang are the significant parameters affecting AODV performance in mobile ad-hoc networks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of communication devices or nodes that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and predetermined organization of available links. Security is a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies. The black hole attack is a well known security threat in mobile ad hoc networks. However, it spuriously replies for any route request without having any active route to the specified destination. Sometimes the Black Hole Nodes cooperate with each other with the aim of dropping packets these are known as Cooperative Black Hole attack. This research work suggests the modification of Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. we are going to use a mechanism for detecting as well as defending against a cooperative black hole attack. This work suggest two new concepts, first one is Maintenance of Routing Information Table and second is Reliability checking of a node. This system also decreases the end to end delay and Routing overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In MANET mobile node is responsible for route establishment using wireless link where each node behave like both as a host and router. MANET encounter by number of security thread because of its open entrusted environment with little security arrangement, whether security over MANET is not to be enhance up to satisfactory level because of its characteristics. Among all of security thread worm hole is consider to be a very serious security thread over MANET. In worm hole two selfish node which is geographically very far away to each other, makes tunnel between each other to hide their actual location and try to believe that they are true neighbours and makes conversation through the wormhole tunnel. Recently research will focus over wormhole detection and prevention but existing technique having very higher false negative rate along with overloaded control packet and routing overhead. In this paper a dynamic wormhole detection and prevention technique has been proposed which is based on an hybrid model that encapsulate neighbour node and hop count method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes connected through wireless links forming an temporary network without fixed topology, centralized access point, infrastructure. In such a network, each node can act as a router and host simultaneously, it can move out or join in the network freely as required. Various routing protocols have been discussed so far in this paper a brief comparison of two reactive protocols DSR and AODV along with proactive protocol DSDV will be done. Detail study of the network performance such as throughput, overhead, delay, pause time is done when position-based routing is used. As the node performance gets affected due to mobility and position error, the variation in performance are analyzed by use of varying simulation time. The simulations are carried out using NS-2 simulator. The results presented specify the importance in careful evaluation and implementation of routing protocols in an ad hoc environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile ad-hoc network is infrastructure less networks having nodes which can act as a transmitter, router or receiver. MANETs have a dynamic topology where nodes are mobile. To monitor the working of the nodes and nature in which they behave while sending, receiving or forwarding data is classified by a set of rules known as routing protocols. Many routing protocols have been designed to fit the needs of Communication in MANET. These protocols have their own advantages and disadvantages depending in which network they are used. This paper will discuss the evaluation of performances of three routing protocols which include Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector DSDV. The goal of our work is to study the behavior of above mentioned routing protocols with multimedia traffic source in the network based on the following performance metrics: energy consumption, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet drop, control overhead, delay. A simulation model using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) is developed to study the scenario and evaluate them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Routing plays a vital role in ad hoc networks and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is considered one of the most famous routing protocols in ad hoc networks. Unfortunately it doesn't specify security measures. This has motivated the researchers to design secured version of AODV. However Security always collides with performance. The higher the security level is, the lower the performance level. This paper presents a performance comparison between Secure AODV (SAODV) and Modified SAODV (MSAODV). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we propose a new cross layer routing metric that estimates the interference, load and delay of a link efficiently for multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) to improve the performance. WMNs are an emerging technology and are used as a backhaul networks to connect to the internet. These networks employ Multi-Channel Multiple Radio (MCMR) mechanisms to achieve high performance. But, performance of WMNs still depends on the routing protocols and its routing metrics to support QoS of multimedia applications. Also, the presence of MCMR leads to intra-flow and interflow interference. In this context, several routing metrics have been proposed to improve the routing performance by considering interference and other link quality parameters. However, most routing metrics lack the efficient monitoring mechanisms for considering the interference, load and delay together in order to support the routing algorithms. In this paper, a new routing metric called Cross-Layer Interference, Load and Delay aware metric (CL-ILD) is proposed. Our metric finds the optimal path by measuring the intra-flow interference at network layer, inter-flow interference at physical layer, load at MAC layer, and delay by computing Expected Transmission Time at network layer. We have implemented our metric in AODV protocol using NS2 simulator. The performance of our metric is compared with metric of interference and channel diversity (MIND) and iAWARE using QoS parameters throughput and end-to-end delay. The results reveal that the proposed metric performs significantly better than MIND and iAWARE. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In real-world Ad hoc networks, nodes have heterogeneity which is reflected in unidirectional and asymmetric links. Unidirectional links often lead to establishing route difficultly, long route path construction time, routing handoff frequently and randomly etc al. The performance of Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol based on symmetrical and bidirectional routing path is severely affected once it operates in the real-world heterogeneous network. We discuss the challenges for AODV and focus on the problem of how to establish bidirectional path. In this paper, we propose the Bidirectional Symmetric Routing (BSR) scheme that effectively improves the stability of the routing. Meanwhile, Two-hop Bidirectional Route (TBR) technique is introduced to expand the scope of the local connectivity and reduce the response time. We deploy an actual indoor scene to verify the BSR compared with AODV. The practical test results demonstrate that our mechanisms have greater improvement than AODV with higher throughput, shorter latency and lower packet loss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) augment the conventional wireless networking paradigm by facilitating multi-hop routes among participating nodes, without help from any pre-constructed infrastructure. This potency is endowed by many state of the art routing protocols proposed in recent years. Some of these protocols focus on proactive formulation and maintenance of routes to every destination, some follow a rather reactive approach to locate a route only when it is needed, and others try to find a balance between the both. This article reviews and provides a comprehensive performance comparison of three on-demand routing protocols DYMO, AODV, and DSR. The comparison will help ad hoc network designers and researchers to choose a more appropriate routing protocol for their needs [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV) is a reactive routing protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). There have been several past works done to mitigate black hole effect but most of the methods incur overhead to the existing protocols. For the aforesaid reason, in this paper, we propose a new method MEAODV(Modified Enhanced AODV), based on the previous work EAODV(Enhanced AODV). The MEAODV is based on route discovery process for mitigating black hole effect. It does not incur any overhead to the network. It has similar logic as in EAODV but has few different condition parameters for checking the RREP message for better route discovery mechanism. In simulation, MEAODV has outstanding results in terms of better Performance Delivery Ratio(PDR) and less End-to-End Delay as compare to EAODV method by varying malicious nodes whereas it offers better PDR than EAODV by varying number of nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Routing in wireless network is fundamental task which helps node to send and receive packets. Due to lack of centralized authority security in mobile ad hoc networks is very difficult. Traditionally, routing protocols were designed for good performance only and security issues were not considered. So either new routing protocols should be designed which have security parameter also or security parameters must be included in the existing routing protocol. There are number of attacks on routing protocol, one of them is wormhole attack. We will evaluate the performance of AODV and DSR routing protocol under wormhole attack and compare the performance of these protocol without wormhole attack. Performance parameters are Average end to end delay, Throughput, and Packet delivery ratio(PDR). We will use Qualnet Simulator 5.0. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, an adaptive routing algorithm is presented in Mobile Adhoc Networks using modified AODV by calculating the load on different routes using parameters like nodes remaining energy and aggregate interface queue length. The weight value of each route is computed and stored in a metric. This metric value is used to choose a path to the destination. The AODV protocol is modified in such a way that only the destination node will respond to a route request which greatly reduces the transmission of control data packets in a network. The performance of modified AODV is also evaluated based on metrics like throughput, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the increasing deployment of unmanned and energy-constrained sensor devices in large-scale wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency and network lifetime have become key considerations in designing ad hoc routing protocols. In this work, we propose a fully distributed, multi-path load-balancing routing protocol based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) to improve network lifetime performance. The new protocol is simulated in ns-2 and compared with the commonly used Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and DSR protocols. Our simulation results show that the new routing protocol has improved network lifetime significantly without sacrificing packet delivery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the tremendous increase in wireless sensor technology, wireless sensor networks have been employed in various applications from industrial surveillance to medical monitoring. In wireless ad hoc and/or sensor networks, energy is the most critical constraint as it directly corresponds to operational lifetime of the nodes. To overcome this problem topology control protocols that extend the lifetime of dense ad hoc networks while preserving connectivity are used. In this paper we propose a modified SPAN protocol achieve efficient utilisation of node resources. Furthermore, our implementation of modified SPAN protocols yields a lifetime improvement of about 15 to 30% at each node. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile devices such as laptops, handheld digital devices, personal digital assistants and wearable computers forming a temporary network without the aid of any infrastructure or centralized administration. In MANET, the task of routing is distributed among network nodes which act as both end points and routers in a wireless multi-hop network environment. To discover a route to a specific destination node, existing on-demand routing protocols employ a broadcast scheme referred to as simple flooding. Broadcasting is a means of diffusing a control message such as route request (RREQ) for route discovery in MANET environment. In on-demand routing protocols such as DSR and AODV, route request (RREQ) packets are propagated throughout the MANET to determine a route from source to destination. This paper presents the analysis of the impact of broadcast mechanism in proactive routing protocol (DSDV) and reactive routing protocols (DSR and AODV) on network performance with respect to broadcast overhead, network load, MAC load, and throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile an ad hoc network is a self organizing wireless network for built spontaneously to connect the mobile devices. It does not require any fixed infrastructure due to no wired backbone. It is suitable to use in environment that have need of on the fly set-up. Every host is a router and packet forwarder. Each node may be mobile, and topology changes frequently and unpredictably due to the arbitrary mobility of mobile nodes. This aspect leads to frequent path failure and route rebuilding. Routing protocol development depends on mobility management, efficient bandwidth and power usage which are critical in ad hoc networks. Cross layer scheme is the new method for wireless mobile devices become to increase the capacity network. In this paper, proposed a new cross layer scheme based algorithm to reduce the link break in MANETs. This present three schemes to reduce packet retransmission ratio by distribution signal information between PHYSICAL LAYER and MAC LAYER, and to discuss the frequent route failures in MANET by identify shortly to be broken links instead of prediction of received signal power, To find optimized route maintenance by taking into consideration of Bandwidth, Delay which results by improvement of QoS. The performance of cross layer process for all the schemes simulation are carried out to evaluate network performance using network simulator NS-2 based on the basic parameters like Throughput, packet delivery ratio(PDR) in term of number of nodes when various pause times. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Routing is a fundamental networking function in every communication system including wireless Ad hoc networks. Operation of the entire network can be affected by attacking the service. Such attacks can be performed easily in wireless networks due to the unsupervised access to the wireless medium. The malicious manipulation of routing messages results in the dissemination of incorrect routing information leading to network malfunction. Attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols disrupt network performance and reliability. In addition intermediate nodes can be corrupted and thus exhibit arbitrary behavior. The novel algorithm that detects internal attacks by using both message and route redundancy during route discovery. Route discovery messages are protected by pair wise secret keys between a source and destination. The routes are established by public key cryptographic mechanisms. We propose and analyze the performance of secure implementation of the existing routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a collection of large number of sensor nodes which are distributed in an ad-hoc manner. They have wide range of applications in military as well as in environmental monitoring. There is no fixed topological infrastructure maintained for sensor nodes. Some of the sensor nodes are mobile nodes. Sensor nodes are battery powered devices. A large amount of energy is wasted due to mobility of the nodes. If the battery gets drained completely then that sensor node is of no use and connectivity of nodes will be lost. Even in energy harvesting nodes battery power will be drained completely if it used frequently for transmission. This paper addresses the problem by the implementing Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing together with the energy level consideration and cost for scheduling transmission in an optimal path. The Markov process for decision making to schedule transmission based on current battery level of energy harvesting sensor nodes is also considered in the proposed system. This helps to maintain the connectivity of the nodes, finding optimal path and also to prolong the lifetime of the network. The widely used ns2 tool is used for simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile adhoc networks are self-configuring network connected by wireless links which forms a random topology of mobile nodes. Topology of these network changes rapidly and unpredictably. Due to lack of infrastructure support each node acts as a router and any nodes can join and leave the network at any time. Providing security to these networks is a challenging issue because these type of networks suffer for various kinds of malicious attacks. One of the attacks which are more difficult to detect in the Mobile adhoc network is Gray hole attack. In this paper first an analytical approach to detect Gray Hole attack is developing for AODV protocol. Second, a simple algorithmatical framework is created for generating attacks. Third, experiments are simulated for Gray Hole attacks under variety of adhoc network conditions such as packet delivery ratio, dropped packets. Overhead, normalized routing load in order to understand the severity of this attack. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a type of Ad hoc Network which changes its location and configures itself. MANETs have been broadly applied in various fields, such as military, health monitoring, and environment observation. It is a self-configuring infrastructure less network. A major advantage of MANET is its wireless nature as can be deployed more rapidly and less expensively than wired networks. Despite its mobility, decentralized control and dynamic topology MANET is vulnerable to wide range of attacks. It is very difficult to detect some attacks when it becomes part of network. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) is a popular routing protocol but exposed to well known packet dropping attack, where a malicious node intentionally drops packets without forwarding them to destination. When groups of node act collaboratively to drop packets in network, the message communication in network may be severely degraded and sometime completely disrupted. In this paper, we discuss a security mechanism to defend against packet dropping attack in MANET & results are simulated with ns-2. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Data communication through wireless channels faces a challenging issue towards congestion and link quality variation. Regardless of stationary or mobile nodes in the network, the link between the nodes experiences a fluctuation in link quality. Congestion is an intriguing issue which occurs when there is a detoriation in QoS at the link which carries the data. The consequences of these problems are overcome by cooperative communication which has revealed a new path in research by uniting the nature of broadcasting in autonomous network and the link quality fluctuation. Our solution in tackling this problem is put forward as CARMAN (Congestion Avoidance through Cooperative Routing in MANets). This CARMAN is triggered by setting a threshold value for “Number of hops” and the “Number of packets”. There exists a methodology proposed as Cooperative Opportunistic Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (CORMAN) which has an issue regarding congestionand also a problem towards multi packet transmission. These problems can be overcome by our proposed scheme. This scheme (CARMAN) has been simulated for results in Network Simulator-2 (ns2) to compare the performance with CORMAN and AODV respectively. The simulated results show a drastic increase in packet delivery ratio and reduction in packet drop compared to CORMAN & AODV, thus proving the efficiency of the proposed scheme. This CARMAN helps in congestion and traffic control along the path. Also the overall time delay of the network is managed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wireless networks are undergoing changes on many levels and are becoming more and more ubiquitous in recent years, ranging from mobile analog and digital cellular telephony to satellite broadcasting. Therefore, a high Quality of Service (QoS) in delivering voice, video and data in this context has emerged as one of the most important areas of challenge of the new century. Q'S is especially important for the new generation of Internet applications such as VoIP, video-on-demand and other consumer services. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), number of nodes, latency (delay), mobility and error rate are elements of network performance that fall within the scope of Q'S. The allocation of network resources to different users looms as an area of major concern in communication networks of embedded systems. A limited amount of resources has to be shared among many different competing traffic flows in an efficient way in order to maximize the performance and the use of network resources. The current existing system adheres to the use of FIFO Scheduling algorithm. In FIFO when the queue becomes full, congestion occurs and the new incoming packets are dropped. The queuing delay increases as congestion increases and such additional delay affects all queued packets. Consequently, real-time applications or, in general, applications with strict delay and jitter constraints, can suffer and experience bad performance. Hence a method to enhance the Q'S of the system is required. A genetic algorithm was hence written coupled with a fuzzy based priority scheduler to improve the Q'S of an example wireless ad-hoc network. Appropriate simulations were performed on the example network using the simulation tool OPNET with respect to end to end delay and packet delivery ratio. The system responses were observed when AODV and DSR routing protocols were used on the system. The results were plotted and various graphs obtained. This template will assist you in formatting your paper. Please, copy it on your computer and insert the text keeping the format indicated. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. There is a limitation of 12 pages. [Arial, 10-point,normal, upper and lower case and alignment left] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selective forwarding attack is a notorious security problem in MANET environments. The attacking method can seriously cause a failure in MANET transmission. So, several previous schemes have proposed to solve the problem. However, all of the previous schemes still have some drawbacks. Hence, in this paper, we have designed a new challenge and response scheme to detect the selective forwarding attack. The prototype of our design has also been implemented on CORE emulator, and been experimented on. The experimental results have demonstrated that our new scheme can effectively identify the selective forwarding attacker. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with the characteristics of mobile ad-hoc networks and the issue of quality of service assurance in these networks. The work is focused mainly on the routing protocol AODV and its ability to provide different processing probabilities for different types of network traffic. Firstly, the development of the MANET simulation model and implementation of AODV protocol are described. The Network Simulator 3 was used as the key software tool for this purpose. The analysis of the efficiency of QoS mechanism implemented into AODV protocol and the final evaluation are posted at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) offer a dynamic environment where data exchange and routing between nodes occur without the help of any centralized server or human intervention, providing that nodes cooperate with each other. In such environment, the presence of malevolent nodes may result in wormhole attacks. In this paper, a secured AODV-based routing scheme (referred to as Timed and Secured Monitoring Implementation - (TSMI)) is proposed for mitigating such attacks. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, using the packet delivery ratio, the number of broken links detected, and the number of packets received by destination, as performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) is a loop-free routing protocol for ad-hoc networks. It is designed to be self-starting in an environment of mobile nodes, withstanding a variety of network behaviours such as node mobility, link failures etc. Black hole attack is a type of denial-of-service attack in which a router that is supposed to relay packets instead drops them. In this paper, the effect of black hole attack in AODV based network is studied. The network parameters like Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio and Average End to End Delay are calculated for normal network (without black hole) and a network with one black hole. After detecting the black hole attack in order to resume data transmission, the black hole node is bypassed and the route to the genuine destination is resumed again. The performance of network parameters are compared in all the three scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has received considerable attention as a means to achieve connectivity in community and commercial networks. Protocols at different stack layers have varying effects both on the energy consumption and the general performance of WMN backbone nodes. Previous studies have shown that, simulations have often been used to obtain protocol performance data, but simulation results are at best an abstraction of the real world network performance. Thus, simulations often provide an unrealistic measure of protocol performance and testbed-based studies are proving more realistic. This paper analyses the performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols in WMN using both simulation and indoor testbed. Although, the simulation and testbed results aligned with each other for Packet delivery ratio and average throughput, but the magnitude of the difference between the two results is wide. However, the simulation result contradicts that of the testbed for the lifetime. Based on the results of this study, we argue that simulation results only give a rough estimate of the real world network performance. Hence, whenever it is feasible, validating simulation results using a testbed is highly recommended in order to improve our understanding of protocol performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

MANETs are a group of wireless computers which do not have pre-existing infrastructure in the form of communication network. Administration of these kinds of networks are not dependent on any special user. There are many problems in the creation of MANETs. such as routing in wireless media, power consumption, transportability and efficiency. Here we have concentrated mainly on the importance of efficiency related considerations. For example in the field of military, industrial, vehicular control and monitoring applications some crucial efficiency parameters should be considered. It involves packet delivery, routing overhead and shortest available path. A simulation was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the seven MANET routing protocols (DSR, AODV, DSDV, TORA, FSR, CBRP and CGSR) so that an engineering methodology could be constructed depending on requirements, restrictions and availabilities. From the detailed simulation results and analysis, a suitable routing protocol can be chosen for a specified network and goal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Nodes in Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) are highly mobile. As a result, network topology and neighbouring nodes of each node vary abruptly which affects the communication. Communication also fails when a node intrude from one network to another. Communication goes well until every node is within its range, else transmission fails. Therefore it is necessary to build an efficient routing to solve this problem. Here we introduce a new protocol named Enhanced Adhoc On demand Distance Vector (EAODV) to solve this link failure. In this paper we first calculate the average power of a node and the number of hops in the actual path. Secondly, when there is a link failure or path failure we mathematically calculate the number of hops the data has travelled and the remaining number of hops that the data has to travel in that route to reach the destination. At last the paper is concluded by defining the working of this protocol. In this paper we have increased the packet delivery ratio with reduced delay and increased life span of each node. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to the node mobility, one of the key challenges in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) [1] is to deal with link failures. To overcome this problem, Local Repair scheme is activated by the intermediate nodes in Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) [2] protocol. And the new path from the repairing node to the destination node can be re-established, but the upstream nodes are invisible. Therefore, the information stored in the routing tables of the upstream nodes is not updated immediately, which may cause the route repair again, and causes the increase of the latency of package delivery. In this paper, a new local repair algorithm with delay constraint (DC-AODV) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, we modified the repairing ndoes' behaviors in the repairing process, and the nodes involved in the repairing route are able to be updated immediately. The simulation is done through network Simulator-2 (NS2), and the results show that DC-AODV routing algorithm has a good performance in average latency of packets delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that creates a dynamically wireless network among them without using any fixed infrastructure. Nodes are mobile and free to move, independent of each other which makes routing much difficult. The routing protocols in MANET should be more dynamic so that they quickly respond to topological changes. In this paper simulation based experiments are performed to analyze the performance of Hybrid Routing Protocols ZRP, CBRP on the basis of Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End delay and Average Throughput. These results are compared with AODV, DSR and FSR routing protocols by varying number of nodes. The comparison shows that Hybrid routing Protocol for adhoc networks performs better as compared to AODV and DSR routing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are an emerging class of network architectures that are characterized by their highly dynamic topology, limited resources (i.e., bandwidth and power), and lack of fixed infrastructure. Nodes being highly mobile in nature throw a challenge in routing of packets between a pair of source and destination. Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network node forward packet to and from each other. The work carried out in this paper is an analysis on the performance of two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile Ad-Hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) under an environment where nodes are considered to follow freeway mobility pattern. It was evident that even though DSR and AODV share similar on demand behaviour, the differences in the protocol mechanics can lead to significant performance differentials. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to wireless communication, dynamic topology, limited resources and lack of centralized administration, MANETs are vulnerable to various types of DoS attacks on network layer. In Gray hole and Black hole attacks malicious nodes deliberately disrupt data transmission in the network by sending incorrect routing information. It is a challenge to keep the communication route free from such attackers. In this paper, we propose a scheme for Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, in which an intermediate node detects the malicious node sending false routing information, routing packets are used not only to pass routing information, but also to pass information about malicious nodes. The proposed scheme not only detects but also removes malicious node by isolating it, to make safe and secure communication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The infrastructureless nature of communication in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET) pose many challenges to the researchers in terms of improving the reliability within the constraints of limited resources. Most of the performance measures and evaluation on different protocols in various network conditions proved the trustworthiness of the routing schemes as well as their limitations. In the present investigation, a statistical analysis of the simulated network characteristics was performed using response surface method for a possible prediction of the influence of network conditions on the response variables by using AODV and its multi-path variant AOMDV as the routing protocol. The mobility and workload was primarily varied at different levels and the responses such as throughput and end-to-end delay was measured. The optimization of the given input data provided a clear understanding of the effect of mobility and workload on the response variables. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Network without fixed infrastructure is called ad hoc network. All the nodes communicate directly with each other with dynamically changing topology. This poses a challenge for developing efficient routing protocols. In this paper we presents a comprehensive study on the performance of ad hoc network routing protocols with two Mac layer models. The routing protocols used in this study are AODV and ZRP which comprise a good mix of proactive and hybrid routing protocols. The Mac layer models used here are 802.11 and 802.11e. Their performance is analyzed on throughput, jitter, end-to end delay and total packets received measuring metrics by varying the number of nodes in the network using QualNet 5.0.2 network simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The increase in users of mobile electronic gadgets with communication facilities day by day all around the world is resulting growth in research on multi hop wireless network getting exponential in past few years. Mobile ad hoc network is the suitable one for providing communication between these users (known as nodes) in a network as far as the application and physical structure of the network is considered. The mobile ad hoc network being infrastructure less is flexible to form. However the existence of the network for a long duration depends on the lifetime individual nodes belongs to that network. The life time of a node depends on the battery power. Most of the power consumed in a node is because of transmission. Therefore it is important to know the effect of transmission power on the performance of network so that for specific applications the transmission power of nodes can be decided based on the network area and the number of possible nodes that to work in the network which can work for long duration. In this paper we have described the analysis of the effect of transmission power on the performance of network such as packet delivery fraction, routing load, average energy consumption per node and hop count. The analysis is made for a network with different number of sources and different transmission power of nodes for a fixed network area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years the rapid development in telecommunication technologies leads to a non linear growth in the number of users of mobile electronic gadgets accessible to a communication network. These electronic gadgets are nothing but the nodes of the MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) and thus the mobility of the nodes effects a much the performance of the network. A change in mobility can be meant as the change in speed of node during motion in the network or pause time at different points during its motion between a source and destination point in the network. Due to change in mobility link between neighbour nodes can break a number of times as a result of which the performance of a network may be hampered. Also a number of packets may be dropped at different layers of the network. One of the way of analyzing the performance of a MANET is by considering the packet delivery fraction (PDF). This paper describes a detailed analysis of performance affected due to change in mobility in different terrain area. The parameter describing the reason of variation in performance is the number of packets delivered. The simulator we have used in our work for the calculation of performance matric is GLOMOSIM. The performance comparison has also made considering two types of routing protocols AODV and DSR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) can support large as well as small scale network topology. Based upon our specific small scale MANET requirement, we have taken the combination of horizontal and vertical topology with less number of nodes to check how the various MANET protocols like pro-active (DSDV) and re-active (AODV and DSR) performs in this manner. In this research study, we have observed these MANET protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End Delay and No of Packets Dropped. Finally in this research study, we observed that DSDV protocol performs better in less number of nodes in the combination of horizontal and vertical topology. Simulations of this research study performed in NS2 (i.e. Network Simulator Version 2.34) [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Design of a routing protocol of vehicle to vehicle (V2V) is a critical issue for VANET due to dynamic change of traffic road environments. Among all the proposed solutions, there is no a single solution which is applicable to all kinds of road environments. In this paper, we propose a hybrid architecture with cross-layer design to provide alternative routing protocols according to different needs. The hybrid architecture is based on multiple routing-path plane, cross-layer path selection, integration of broadcast packets, and a routing module integration layer (RMIL). Simulation results show that the proposed solution outperforms both AODV and GPSR in terms of delivery ratio and throughput in both freeway and grid-street scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A MANET, by definition, comprises of nodes which are mobile. It has a dynamic topology and lacks a central controlling entity. These features along with undefined and unsecure boundaries make its security a very challenging issue. Blackhole and grayhole attacks can in fact seriously compromise the performance of a critical infrastructure like a MANET. In this paper we propose a mechanism to detect and remove the blackhole and grayhole attacks. The solution we are proposing tackles these attacks by maintaining an Extended Data Routing Information (EDRI) Table at each node in addition to the Routing Table of the AODV protocol. The mechanism is capable of detecting a malicious node. It also maintains a history of the node's previous malicious instances to account for the gray behaviour. Refresh packet, Renew Packet, BHID Packet, Further request and Further reply packets are also used in addition to the existing packets (RREQ and RREP). Our technique is capable of finding chain of cooperating malicious nodes which drop a significant fraction of packets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the main implementations of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is monitoring equipment. These types of equipment can range from transmission line systems to hydro usage data collection in residential areas. The functionality of WSNs can also be extended to sending commands or instructions to external systems based on varying conditions or emergencies. Mesh networks have proved valuable in smart grid applications based on the self-configuring, self-healing nature of the mesh networking protocols. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol has been chosen as a base for redesigning a routing protocol to monitor transmission lines and collect data. Lowering overhead in network traffic is crucial to decreasing latency times, which is the motivation for our proposed design. Our design exploits the static nature of the data collection and Smart Grid monitoring networks. AODV-Uppsala University (AODV-UU) is a reactive, self-healing, and self-configuring routing protocol designed for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Due to the fact that high frequency periodic rediscovery of neighbors is not necessary with a more static network topology, neighbor discovery in AODV-UU has been modified to lower the control overhead traffic. Additionally, through extending the lifetime of valid routes our design can throttle down control messages used for route maintenance. The modification was implemented in a real-time prototype and our results show increased throughput and a lower end-to-end delay of data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]